Physics 1 - Practical Manual (2022)

PHYSICS 1- PRACTICAL MANUAL
Faculty APPLIED AND COMPUTER SCIENCES
MATHS, NDT & PHYSICS

Department
PHYSICS 1
Course
APHYS1A
Title
Compiled By M J THEBE, L MALINGA & L LODYA
Year 2022
NQF Level
Credits
Student #:
Surname & Initials:

A. FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................. 2
B. PLANNING .................................................................................................................................... 2
C. CONTACT PERSONS ................................................................................................................ 2
D. RULES AND REGULATIONS ................................................................................................... 3
E. INTRODUCTION (BLACKBOARD) ........................................................................................... 4
1. SPEED OF SOUND EXPERIMENT ........................................................................................ 14
1.1 Objectives.................................................................................................................................... 14
1.2 Materials & Equipment ............................................................................................................... 14
1.3 Background Information ............................................................................................................. 14
1.4 Procedure .................................................................................................................................... 14
1.5 Data Analysis and Synthesis ........................................................................................................ 15
2. Diffraction grating experiment .................................................................................................. 18
2.1. Objectives................................................................................................................................... 18
2.2 Materials & equipment ............................................................................................................... 18
2.4 Procedure .................................................................................................................................... 19
2.5 Data analysis & synthesis ............................................................................................................ 19
3. SIMPLE CIRCUIT EXPERIMENT ............................................................................................ 22
3.1 Objectives.................................................................................................................................... 22
3.4 Procedure .................................................................................................................................... 23
3.5 Data Analysis & Synthesis ........................................................................................................... 23
4. SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY EXPERIMENT ........................................................................ 25
4.1 Objective ..................................................................................................................................... 25
4.4 Procedure .................................................................................................................................... 26
4.5 Data Analysis & Synthesis ........................................................................................................... 26
APPENDIX A. THE MULTIMETER ................................................................................................. 29
APPENDIX B. ELECTRONIC COLOUR-CODE TABLE .............................................................. 30
APPENDIX C. LISTS OF USEFUL CONSTANTS ........................................................................ 31
APPENDIX D. FORMULA SHEET .................................................................................................. 32
Page 1 of 33
A. FOREWORD
The Department of Non-Destructive Testing & Physics welcomes you as a learner to the
Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences at the Vaal University of Technology.
As soon as you become a VUT graduates, your future employer will assume that you have
certain skills. These include problem solving, the ability to operate and use specialised
apparatus, the ability to plan and execute an experiment, the ability to collect, to analyse and
to interpret the data and, very importantly, the ability to communicate and present your
findings in the form of report. These skills will be taught in the Physics 1 Laboratory, and
since it is much more likely that you will be employed for possessing these skills rather than
for your detailed knowledge of some obscure fact or formula. You should take your practical
work very seriously.
To get the most out of your laboratory sessions, both from learning and an enjoyment point
of view, you should always come to the lab prepared for that session. To assist you in your
preparation, below is a Calendar of the Laboratory work so that you have advance
knowledge of the experiment or other activities to be done each week.
B. PLANNING
Week Date Experiment Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
C. CONTACT PERSONS
INITIALS AND OFFICE
TELEPHONE AND E-MAIL ADDRESS
SURNAME NUMBER
Mr M. THEBE C202-1 016 950 9904 / mohapit@vut.ac.za
Mrs L. MALINGA C201-1 016 950 7848 / livhuhanis@vut.ac.za
Ms T. MALATSI C201-2 016 950 9365/tshegofatsom3@vut.ac.za
Ms K. MODISAKENG C201-2 016 950 9365/ kgomotsom2@vut.ac.za
Dr L LODYA Secunda lonzechel@vut.ac.za
Page 2 of 33
D. RULES AND REGULATIONS
These rules are set for the good management of the lab. They affect everyone who is using the
Physics laboratory and they MUST be followed:
1. Student repeating the course: Students repeating the course may apply for exemption from
practicals within the first two weeks of the semester. A form is attached at the end of your
learning guide. Take it to your previous lecturer to complete it. He/she will also send an email
to the new lecturer informing him/her of the exemption and the mark. The student must
however do the practicals until written notice of exemption is given. If exemption is not
granted, the student must repeat all the practicals.
Exemption may be given only if a student has done the practicals at the VUT in the
past year (2 semesters) and had more than 40% for the practical exam and more than
50% final practical mark.
2. Attendance to practicals is compulsory: If a student misses an experiment for any reason,

he/she must inform the technologist/technician and a written letter/proof must be submitted.
If a student was not well, the medical certificate from the doctor must have the same date as
the date of experiment. A student will be given an opportunity to perform the missed
experiment during a catch-up week.
3. BE PUNCTUAL (BE IN THE LAB ON TIME): STUDENTS WILL NOT BE ALLOWED TO

ENTER THE LAB IF THEY ARE MORE THAN FIFTEEN (15) MINUTES LATE.
4. YOU WILL NOT BE ALLOWED TO PERFORM AN EXPERIMENT IF YOUR PRE-TEST LAB

IS INCOMPLETE OR NOT DONE AT ALL.
5. EACH EXPERIMENT MUST BE COMPLETED WITHIN 2 HOURS OF THE PRACTICAL

SESSION AND SUBMITTED BEFORE LEAVING THE LAB.
6. ALL EXPERIMENTS MUST BE COMPLETED IN ORDER TO BE ELIGIBLE FOR

PRACTICAL EXAM.
7. Practical exam: A practical exam will be written at the end of the semester. The date for this
exam is written in the Theory Learner Guide any changes will be communicated to students
during the semester.
8. Be prepared at all times: Come to lab prepared to perform the experiment (That is the reason
for a pre-test lab). Follow all written and verbal instructions. When in doubt, ask the
technologist/technician.
9. No Eating and Drinking in the lab: Eating and drinking during the practical session is strictly
prohibited (not allowed).
10. Be careful with the lab equipment: Use equipment with care and for purposes for which it is
intended. Report all accidents, injuries or breakages to the technologist/technician
immediately. Also, report any equipment that you suspect is malfunctioning.
11. Leave your lab area cleaner than you found it: Collect all paper towels, tissue papers, etc…
from the workbench and put them in the bin before you leave the lab.
12. If you have any problem concerning your laboratory report, do not wait until the end of
semester before you report it to the technician, because it might be too late.
13. Make sure that your results are written in ink and signed by the technologist /technician
before you leave the laboratory
Page 3 of 33
E. INTRODUCTION (BLACKBOARD)
Table of Content
Figure 1: Putting blackboard website on internet explorer
Figure 2:Login Menu
Figure 3: Main Menu
Figure 4: Physics 1 Home Page
Figure 5: Physics 1 practical main menu
Figure 6: SECTION A: INTRODUCTION TO DATA REPORTING AND ANALYSIS
Figure 7: Practical learning module and its contents menu
Figure 8: Practical Notes Page
Figure 9: Practical Video Menu
Figure 10: Practical Video Viewing
Figure 11: Pre-test Menu
Figure 12: Pre-test launching
Figure 13: Pre-test Instructions
Figure 14: Submitting The Pre-test
Figure 15: Submission Info
Figure 16: Feedback of the Pre-test
Figure 17: SECTION C: APPENDICES
Figure 18: LOGOUT
Page 4 of 33
Figure 1: Putting website on internet explorer
User must put this website:

vut.blackboard.com in internet
explorer textbox.
Figure 2: Login menu
Please enter your student

number and your password.
In order to login the user is required to enter their student number and password.
Page 5 of 33
Figure 3: Main Menu
User can click the link to

view Physics 1 Home page
Figure 4: Physics 1 home page
User can click the link to get

an access to practical’s
Page 6 of 33
Figure 5: Physics 1 practical main menu
User can click to get an access to

rules and regulations and analysis
User can click Experiment

1 to get access to files
User can click to get access to notes

on apparatus and equipment’s and
list of constants
Figure 6: SECTION A: INTRODUCTION TO DATA REPORTING AND ANALYSIS
Page 7 of 33
Figure 7: Practical learning module and its content menu
User can click Practical

Notes then click the file in it
All the folders in practical learning module are enforced sequential viewing mode. Meaning
users are required to progress through the content in the order that is set within the learning
module. Users will be unable to advance to a page within the learning module without
viewing the previous page.
Figure 8: Practical Notes page
Users will be able to read the notes. At the end of the notes, if a user didn’t fully understand,
then there’s a link to follow for more information regarding the practical.
Page 8 of 33
Figure 9: Practical Video menu
User can click the practical video content

to get an access to practical video link
Figure 10: Practical Video
User can click the play button

to watch the practical video
Page 9 of 33
Figure 11: Pre-test menu
User can click the PRE TEST content

to get an access to pre-test link
Figure 12: Pre-test launching
User can click to launch the pre-test
Page 10 of 33
Figure 13: Pre-test instructions
User can click the begin button

whenever ready to answer the questions
Figure 14: Submitting the pre-test
User must save the answers

after answering all of them
User can save and submit the test

after answering all the questions
Page 11 of 33
Figure 15: Submission info
User can click OK to view the results
Figure 16: Feedback of the pre-test
Student can view how much they achieved in the pre-test
Page 12 of 33
Figure 17: SECTION C: APPENDICES
A user will be able to access appendices. The information will also be available in the
copy Practical Manual.
Figure 18: LOGOUT
After doing everything right a user can

click logout button
Page 13 of 33
1. SPEED OF SOUND EXPERIMENT
Date
Time
ITS Group
Marks:
/20
1.1 Objectives
To determine the speed of sound in air in the pipe.
1.2 Materials & Equipment

Meter stick (ruler)
Tuning fork set
Resonance tube
Stopper (black piston with a long handle)
Detachable stand X2
Digital Thermometer
NOTE: If you are not confident in identifying the apparatus, PLEASE SEEK ASSISTANCE
from the Technician.
1.3 Background Information

Practical notes, video and pre-test are on blackboard (VUTela). All the folders in the practical
learning module are enforced sequential viewing mode. Users are required to progress
through the content in the order that is set within the learning module. Users will be unable to
advance to a page within the learning module without viewing the previous page.
No student will be allowed to perform the practical before interacting with notes,
video and answering the pre-test on blackboard.
1.4 Procedure
 Starting with the fork of highest frequency, strike it on the provided rubber and hold it
over the mouth of the tube.
 Pull the piston slowly inside the resonance tube until you locate the first node
position, i.e. first resonance. Record the length (L1) of air column.
NOTE: The resonance air column will emit a loud sound when the stopper is at
a node.
Page 14 of 33
 Repeat the above procedure, using other tuning forks of different frequencies (high
to low), each time locating L1.
 Complete table 1 by recording the frequency, the period and three different trials for
the length (L1) for the first resonance.
1.5 Data Analysis and Synthesis
Room Temperature: To = (1)
Theoretical Value: Vtheory = (331 + 0.6To) m/s = (1)
Table 1: The recordings for frequency, the period and three different trials of the length. (8)
f( ) 1/f ( ) L1 Mean Standard Standard Error

trial 1 trial 2 trial 3 Deviation
1.5.1 Plot the graph of against on the attached graph paper. (5)
1.5.2 Calculate the gradient (slope) of the graph. (1)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
1.5.3 Calculate the EXPERIMENTAL VALUE of the speed of sound in air. (2)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Page 15 of 33
1.5.4 Use the percentage error method to compare the calculated theoretical value and
experimental value of the speed of sound in air. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
1.5.4 Draw an overall conclusion based on the value of the percentage error. (2)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Page 16 of 33
Page 17 of 33
2. Diffraction grating experiment
Date
Time
ITS Group
Marks:
/20
2.1. Objectives
To determine the wavelength of light using a diffraction grating.
2.2 Materials & equipment

Screen (Paper)
Optics bench
Diffraction grating
Light source
Ruler
Page 18 of 33
2.4 Procedure
 Mount and align the Light Source, the Diffraction Grating and the Screen on the
optics bench.
 Switch on the light source and observe the diffraction pattern that forms on the
screen.
 Move/slide the screen so that an evenly spaced diffraction pattern can be seen.
NOTE: The spacing between spots must be well resolved and big enough so that
they can be measured conveniently.
 Measure the distance between the diffraction grating and the white screen.
Record the value in table 2 as value of length (L).
 Measure the distance between the central bright fringe and the second order bright
fringe from the Left Hand Side (LHS) and from the Right Hand Side (RHS) and record
them under Y2 from the table.
 Hence calculate their average values between the LHS and RHS.
 Repeat the procedure for different values of length L until you have six set of
measurements.
 Make sure that you get the correct number of lines per unit length for the
diffraction grating that was used.
 Record the values of L and Y2 in the table 2.
2.5 Data analysis & synthesis

Table 2: The measurements for the length and the distance values.
L( ) Y2 for 2nd order ( )

LHS RHS Average
Page 19 of 33
2.5.2. Plot the graph of Length (L) versus Distance (Y2) for the second order fringe. (5)
2.5.3. Calculate the spacing between the slits in the grating (d) using number of lines per
unit length. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2.5.4. Use the slope of the graph and Equation 13 to determine the angle in degrees. (3)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2.5.5. Using the calculated angle and Equation 12 to calculate the wavelength of the light
used. (3)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2.5.6. Use percentage error method to compare the calculated experimental value of
wavelength of light used with the theoretical value of wavelength given on the light used.
Draw and overall conclusion based on the value of the percentage error (4)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Page 20 of 33
Page 21 of 33
3. SIMPLE CIRCUIT EXPERIMENT
Date
Time
ITS Group
Marks:
/20
3.1 Objectives
To investigate the relationship that exists between current and voltage in series and parallel
circuit.

Resistor x 3
Battery x 2
Multimeter
Circuit board
Connecting wires
2 Light bulbs
Data collection system (PASCO interface, voltage & current sensor)

Page 22 of 33
3.4 Procedure
1. Series connection:
 Connect 2 light bulbs, a resistor and 2 batteries in series using connecting
wires.
 Measure voltage across each element using the voltage sensor.
 Measure the currents in the portions of the circuit indicated in table 3 using
the current sensor.
2. Parallel connection:
 Connect 2 light bulbs, a resistor and 2 batteries in parallel using connecting
wires.
 Measure voltages across the elements as indicated in table 3 using voltage
sensor.
 Measure the currents in the portions of the circuit as indicated in table 3 using
current sensor.
3.5 Data Analysis & Synthesis

3.5.1 Complete the table below (12)
Table 3: Voltage and current measurements.
1. Series Connection
Voltage Measurements ( ) Current Measurements ( )
1.1 Battery x 2 A : Between (1.1 & 1.2)
1.2 Bulb 1
1.3 Bulb 2 B: Between (1.1 & 1.4)
1.4 Resistor 1
2. Parallel Connection
Voltage Measurements ( ) Current Measurements ( )
2.1 Battery x 2 A : Between (2.1 & 2.2) =
2.2 Bulb 1
2.3 Bulb 1 B. Between (2.2 & 2.3) =
2.4 Resistor 1
C : Between ( 2.3 & 2.4) =
Page 23 of 33
3.5.2 How does the voltage measurement found in 1.1 compare with the other three (1.2, 1.3
&1.4) measurements? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3.5.3 What can you say about the current measurements from the series connection? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3.5.4 What can you say about the voltage measurements from parallel connection? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3.5.5 What is your observation regarding current values from the parallel circuit? (1)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3.5.6 What is the function of the resistor in both electrical circuit connections? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3.5.7 Draw an overall conclusion on the usefulness of series and parallel association of
resistors. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Page 24 of 33
4. SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY EXPERIMENT
Date
Time
ITS Group
Marks:
/20
4.1 Objective
To determine the specific heat capacity of different solids.

Calorimeter
Digital thermometer
Steam generator
Solids (Copper, Aluminium and Brass)
Weighing balance
Stopwatch

Page 25 of 33
4.4 Procedure
 Measure the mass of the empty calorimeter on the weighing balance.

 Fill in the calorimeter less than a halfway with water and measure the mass of
calorimeter with water.
 Determine the mass of the water.
 Measure the temperature of the cold water in the calorimeter.
 Measure the mass of the provided metal piece.
 Fill the steam generator more than halfway with water.
 Switch on the steam generator and heat up the water until it boils. Allow the water to
boil with the metal solid inside for at least 10 minutes.
 Measure the temperature of the hot solid (Hot water) at the end of ± 10 min period of
boil off.
 Remove the hot solid from the steam generator and insert it into the calorimeter with
cold water.
 Measure temperature of the mixture (water and hot solid inside the calorimeter)
every 30 seconds for 3 minutes. Record the values in table 4.
4.5 Data Analysis & Synthesis

Table 4: Recordings of different parameters that were involved in the experiment.
Mass of empty calorimeter t(s) Min:Sec Temp

Mass of calorimeter with water 30
Mass of the water 60
Cold water temperature 90
Name of solid 120
Mass of solid 150
Hot solid temperature 180
Final temp. mixture 210
4.5.2 Calculate the specific heat capacity of the solid used in this experiment. (5)
_________________________________________________________________________
Page 26 of 33
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
4.5.3 Use percentage error method to compare the calculated value in 4.5.2 with the
theoretical value found in APPENDIX C. (2)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4.5.4 What conclusion can you draw based on your answer in 4.5.3? (2)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Page 27 of 33
Page Intentionally Left Blank!!
Page 28 of 33
APPENDIX A. THE MULTIMETER
LCD Display
Transistor Input Terminal

SELECT Button
Rotary Switch
COM Input Terminal

10A Input Terminal
Other Input Terminal
The multimeter is a widely used instrument in science, technology and industry. The
Goldstar DM-9183 is simple, accurate to three figures, and fairly robust. Still, do not drop it! It
cost about R300 and if you break you pay! The multimeter is simple to use. You can best
learn how to use it by trying out, measuring some VOLTAGE and RESISTANCE.
For measuring the POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE between two points, put one lead in COM,
the other into VΩ, and connect the other ends of the leads to the points between which you
want to measure the potential difference. Set the switch to an appropriate range (Marked in
white) for direct voltage measurement. This is marked by V . The multimeter is now a
voltmeter. This sounds complicated; it is easier to understand when you have the multimeter
in front of you.
For measuring RESISTANCE between two points, put one lead in COM, and the other into
VΩ, and connect the other ends of the leads to the points between which you wish to
measure the Resistance. Set the switch to an appropriate range (Marked in white) for
resistance measurement. The multimeter is now an ohmmeter. For example, the scale
marked 200 will measure resistance up to 200 ohms.
For measuring the CURRENT in a wire, disconnect this wire. Connect one end and to the
mA input of the multimeter, and the other to the COM input. In this way the Current is
directed through the multimeter. Set the switch to the appropriate range (Marked in white) for
a direct current measurement, indicated by A . The multimeter is now an Ammeter. For
example, with scale 200 m, current up to 200 milliamps will be measured.
Page 29 of 33
APPENDIX B. ELECTRONIC COLOUR-CODE TABLE
Most resistors have four coloured bands. The first three bands indicate the nominal value of
the resistor and the fourth band indicates the tolerance in value. The first two bands form the
mantissa and the third the exponent of 10.
COLOUR CODE TABLE
COLOUR VALUE
BLACK 0
BROWN 1
RED 2
ORANGE 3
YELLOW 4
GREEN 5
BLUE 6
VIOLET 7
GREY 8
WHITE 9
The tolerance band is typically either gold or silver. A gold tolerance band indicates that the
measured value will be within 5% of the nominal value. A silver band indicates 10%
tolerance. For example a resistor with colour code brown-black-red-silver indicates a
nominal value of 1 k . The first two bands (brown-black) produce the mantissa (10) and the
third band (red) is the exponent of ten (102 = 100). So the value is 10 x 100 = 1 k . Since
the tolerance band is silver, we can expect the measured value of the resistor to be between
900 and 1100 .
Example:
(i) Green-Blue-Brown-Black-Brown
= 560 ± 1%
(ii) Red-Red-Orange-Gold
= 22 000 ± 5%
(iii) Yellow-Violet-Brown-Gold
= 470 ± 1%
(iv) Blue-Grey-Black-Gold
= 68 ± 5%
Page 30 of 33
APPENDIX C. LISTS OF USEFUL CONSTANTS
SUBSTANCE COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION

Aluminium
Brass
Copper
Iron
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Steel
Tin
Zinc
SUBSTANCE SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

Aluminium
Brass
Copper
Iron/Steel
Lead/Platinum
Zinc
Silver
Ice
Glass
Tungsten
Air
Steam
Mercury
Water
Page 31 of 33
APPENDIX D. FORMULA SHEET
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. | |
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17. |( )
|
18. √
19. | |
20.
21.
22.
23.
Page 32 of 33

Physics 1 - Practical Manual (2022)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Physics 1 - Practical Manual (2022)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Physics 1 - Practical Manual (2022)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PHYSICS 1- PRACTICAL MANUAL

Faculty APPLIED AND COMPUTER SCIENCES

MATHS, NDT & PHYSICS

Compiled By M J THEBE, L MALINGA & L LODYA

Surname & Initials:

2. Attendance to practicals is compulsory: If a student misses an experiment for any reason,

3. BE PUNCTUAL (BE IN THE LAB ON TIME): STUDENTS WILL NOT BE ALLOWED TO

4. YOU WILL NOT BE ALLOWED TO PERFORM AN EXPERIMENT IF YOUR PRE-TEST LAB

5. EACH EXPERIMENT MUST BE COMPLETED WITHIN 2 HOURS OF THE PRACTICAL

6. ALL EXPERIMENTS MUST BE COMPLETED IN ORDER TO BE ELIGIBLE FOR

User must put this website:

Figure 2: Login menu

Please enter your student

User can click the link to

Figure 4: Physics 1 home page

User can click the link to get

User can click to get an access to

User can click Experiment

User can click to get access to notes

Figure 6: SECTION A: INTRODUCTION TO DATA REPORTING AND ANALYSIS

User can click Practical

Figure 8: Practical Notes page

User can click the practical video content

Figure 10: Practical Video

User can click the play button

User can click the PRE TEST content

Figure 12: Pre-test launching

User can click to launch the pre-test

User can click the begin button

Figure 14: Submitting the pre-test

User must save the answers

User can save and submit the test

User can click OK to view the results

Figure 16: Feedback of the pre-test

Student can view how much they achieved in the pre-test

Figure 18: LOGOUT

After doing everything right a user can

1.2 Materials & Equipment

1.3 Background Information

1.5 Data Analysis and Synthesis

Room Temperature: To = (1)

Theoretical Value: Vtheory = (331 + 0.6To) m/s = (1)

f( ) 1/f ( ) L1 Mean Standard Standard Error

1.5.2 Calculate the gradient (slope) of the graph. (1)

2.2 Materials & equipment

2.3 Background Information

2.5 Data analysis & synthesis

L( ) Y2 for 2nd order ( )

3.2 Materials & Equipment

3.3 Background Information

3.5 Data Analysis & Synthesis

Voltage Measurements ( ) Current Measurements ( )

1.1 Battery x 2 A : Between (1.1 & 1.2)

1.3 Bulb 2 B: Between (1.1 & 1.4)

Voltage Measurements ( ) Current Measurements ( )

2.1 Battery x 2 A : Between (2.1 & 2.2) =

2.3 Bulb 1 B. Between (2.2 & 2.3) =

C : Between ( 2.3 & 2.4) =

4.2 Materials & Equipment