NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 015.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

CONTENTS

S.NO. EXPERIMENT PAGE NO.

1 DETERMINATION OF PIPE FRICTION 3

2 CALIBRATION OF VENTURIMETER 7

3 CALIBRATION OF ORIFICE METER 12

4 CALIBRATION OF V – NOTCH 17

5 CALIBRATION OF PRESSURE GAUGE 22

6 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP 25

7 JET PUMP 29

8 SUBMERSIBLE PUMP 33

9 RECIPROCATING PUMP 37

10 GEAR PUMP 41

11 SCREW PUMP 45

12 FRANCIS TURBINE 48

13 PELTON TURBINE 53
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 015.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

PAGE
S.NO. DATE EXPERIMENT REMARKS
NO.

10

11

12

13

2
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

1. DETERMINATION OF PIPE FRICTION

AIM

To determine the friction factor for the given commercial pipe.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

It consists of a piping circuit with G.I. pipe lines of sizes 15, 20 and 25 mm diameter. These
pipes are fitted with valves at their outlet ends. There is a common inlet and outlet for each
pipe. Two peacock valves are fitted 3 m apart on each pipe and these are connected to the two
limbs of a U-tube manometer by polythene tubing. Arrangements are made in such a way that
it is possible to allow flow through any one of the pipe at a time. A measuring tank is used to
measure actual discharge in a pipe.

THEORY

Darcy-Weisbach equation states that

hf =

where,

hf = Head loss due to friction between any two positions in a pipe ‘l’ metre apart (m)

v = Velocity of flow in a pipe (m/s)

g = Acceleration due to gravity ( = 9.81 m/s2)

d = Diameter of the pipe (m)

f = Friction factor

PROCEDURE

1. The size of the collecting tank is measured.

2. The peacock valves and outlet valves in all the pipes except the given pipe are closed.
3. The gate valve, which regulates the water supply from the discharge pipe of the pump, is
closed and the pump is started after priming.

3
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

TABULATION

Diameter of the Pipe (d) = Size of the Collecting Tank =

Length of the Pipe (l) = Area of the Collecting Tank (A) =

Time
taken for
Head Reynolds
y cm Rise Friction
Manometer Reading Lost Discharge Velocity Number
in Factor
Collecting
S.No
Tank
h1 h2 h = h1 – h2 hf t Q= v f Re =

M m m m s m3/s m/s

Average hf =
4
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

4. The gate valve is slowly opened and water starts flowing through the given pipe. When
the difference in the mercury level is maximum, the gate valve is held in that position.
5. For this particular discharge, the manometer readings in the left and right limb are noted
and the time taken for the 10 cm rise of water in the collecting tank is noted.
6. By slowly closing the valve at the end of the pipe, various discharges are obtained in the
pipe. Step 4 is repeated for each discharge. Totally 6 readings are taken.

MODEL CALCULATION (Reading No. )

Area of the collecting tank (A) = m2

Area of the pipe (a) = m2

Left limb reading (h1) = m

Right limb reading (h2) = m

Difference (h = h1 – h2) = m

Specific gravity of the manometric liquid(S)= 13.6

Specific gravity of water (S0) = 1

hf = h (S-S0)

= m

Rise of water in the collecting tank (y) = m

Time taken for y cm rise of water

in collecting tank (t) = s

Discharge (Q) =

= m3/s

5
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

Velocity in the pipe (v) =

= m/s

Friction factor (f) =

Reynolds number (Re) = ( = 10-6 m2/s)

GRAPH

A graph is drawn

hf Vs v

RESULT

The friction factor for the given pipe of _______ diameter =

6
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

2. CALIBRATION OF VENTURIMETER

AIM

To determine the coefficient of discharge of the given Venturimeter

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

The experimental setup consists of a pipe of diameter 25mm with upstream and downstream
valves. A centrifugal pump supplies water to the setup with the diameter ratio d2/d1 of 0.6.
The differential pressure between the inlet and the throat is measured by means of a U- tube
mercury manometer. The discharge through the meter is measured using a collecting tank.

THEORY

The area, velocity and pressure at the inlet and at the throat are given below:

Inlet Throat

Area A1 A2

Velocity V1 V2

Pressure p1 p2

Datum Z1 Z2

Applying Bernoulli’s theorem between inlet and throat

+ ………………….(1)

From continuity equation A1V1=A2V2

V2=

Taking the axis of the meter as the datum

Z1 = Z2 = 0

7
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

TABULATION

Diameter of the pipe (d1) = m Diameter of the Throat (d2) = m

Size of the Collecting Tank =

Manometer Reading
Time Taken
for y cm Rise Theoretical Co-efficient
Head Actual
in Collecting Discharge of
Left Right Differential Lost Discharge
Tank Discharge
Limb Limb Reading
(y = )
S.No
H
h1 h2 h = h1 – h2 t Qa Cd

m m M m s m3/s m3/s

Average Cd :

8
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

Equation (1) can be written as

H= *

Theoretical discharge (Qth ) = A1V1

PROCEDURE

1. The dimensions of the collecting tank are measured.

2. The centrifugal pump is primed. The delivery valve is kept fully closed and the motor is
started.
3. All the valves except the one connected to the given meter are closed.
4. The air bubbles present in the tube connecting the manometer with the venturimeter is
removed by operating the peacock valves carefully so that the mercury in the manometer
is not ejected out.
5. The gate valve in the pipeline in which the given meter is fitted is operated to get a
required discharge through the meter.
6. The manometer readings are noted
7. The time taken for y cm rise in water level in the collecting tank is determined with the
help of a stopwatch.
8. Steps 5, 6 and 7 are repeated for 6 discharge conditions and the data are tabulated as
given in the table.
9. The actual discharge Qa is obtained by dividing the volume of the water collected by the
time taken.
10. The theoretical discharge is calculated by using the formula,

9
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

Where,

A1 = Area of the pipe (m2)

A2 = Area of the throat (m2)

g = Acceleration due to gravity ( = 9.81 m/s2)

H = Manometric head (m)

= h* where h is the differential manometer reading and γ2 and γ1 are the

specific weights of the manometer liquid and flowing liquid respectively.

11. Calculate the coefficient of discharge from the formula,

Cd = =

Where, K=

MODEL CALCULATION (Reading No. )

Time taken for y cm rise of water
in the collecting tank (t) = s

Qa =

= m3/s

h = h1 – h2

= m

10
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

H =

= m

√H =

K= =

Qth = =

Cd = =

GRAPH

The graphs are drawn

1. Cd Vs H

2. Qa Vs H

RESULT

The coefficient of discharge of the given Venturimeter =

11
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

3. CALIBRATION OF ORIFICEMETER

AIM

To determine the coefficient of discharge of the given Orifice meter.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

The experimental setup consists of a pipe of diameter 25mm with upstream and downstream
valves. A centrifugal pump supplies water to the setup. The differential pressure between the
inlet and the orifice is measured by means of a U- tube mercury manometer. The discharge
through the meter is collected in a collecting tank.

THEORY

The area, velocity and pressure at the inlet and at the orifice are given below:

Inlet Orifice

Area A1 A2

Velocity V1 V2

Pressure p1 p2

Datum Z1 Z2

Applying Bernoulli’s theorem between inlet and orifice

+ ………………….(1)

From continuity equation A1V1=A2V2

V2=

Taking the axis of the meter as the datum

Z1 = Z2 = 0

12
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

TABULATION

Diameter of the Pipe (d1) = m Diameter of the Orifice (d2) = m

Size of the Collecting Tank =

Manometer Reading
Time Taken
for y cm Rise Theoretical Co-efficient
Head Actual
in Collecting Discharge of
Left Right Differential Lost Discharge
Tank Discharge
Limb Limb Reading
(y = )
S.No
H
h1 h2 h = h1 – h2 t Qa Cd

M m M m s m3/s m3/s

Average (Cd):

13
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

Equation (1) can be written as

H= *

Hence the theoretical discharge = = A1V1

PROCEDURE

1. The dimensions of the collecting tank are measured.

2. The centrifugal pump is primed. The delivery valve is kept fully closed and the motor is
started.
3. All the valves except the one connected to the given meter are closed.
4. The air bubbles present in the tube connecting the manometer with the orifice meter is
removed by operating the peacock valves carefully so that the mercury in the manometer
is not ejected out.
5. The bate valve in the pipeline in which the given meter is fitted is operated to get a
required discharge through the meter.
6. The manometer readings are noted.
7. The time taken for the y cm rise in water level in the collecting tank is determined with
the help of a stopwatch.
8. Steps 5, 6 and 7 are repeated for 6 discharge conditions and the data are tabulated as
given in the table.
9. The actual discharge Qa is obtained by dividing the volume of the water collected by the
time taken.
10. The theoretical discharge is calculated by using the formula,

14
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

where,

A1 = Area of the pipe (m2)

A2 = Area of the orifice (m2)

g = Acceleration due to gravity (=9.81 m/s2)

H = Manometric head (m)

= h* where h is the differential manometer reading and γ2 and γ1 are the

specific weights of the manometric liquid and flowing liquid respectively.

11. Calculate the coefficient of discharge from the formula,

Cd= =

Where, K = =

MODEL CALCULATION (Reading No. )

Time taken for y cm rise of water
in the collecting tank (t) = s

Qa =

= m3/s

h = h1 – h2

= m

15
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

H =

= m

√H =

K= =

Qth = =

Cd = =

GRAPH

The graphs are drawn between

1. Cd Vs H

2. Qa Vs H

RESULT

The coefficient of discharge of the given orifice meter =

16
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

4. CALIBRATION OF V-NOTCH

AIM

To determine the coefficient of discharge of the given V- notch.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

The experimental setup consists of a centrifugal pump which supplies water, a rectangular
flume at the end of which is fitted with a V- notch, a point gauge to measure the depth of
flow over the notch and a collecting tank to measure the actual discharge.

THEORY

dy H
θ

Fig .1

The theoretical discharge can be obtained by considering an elemental area (fig1)and

integrating the flow over the whole depth.

dQ = dy

Q = = dy

= H5/2

PROCEDURE

1. The dimensions of the collecting tank are noted.

2. The centrifugal pump is primed. The delivery valve is fully closed and the motor is
started.

17
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

TABULATION

Apex Angle of the Notch (θ) = Sill Level of the Notch (h0) =

Size of the Collecting Tank =

Time taken
for y cm
Point Coefficient
Rise in Actual Theoretical
Gauge Head H5/2 of log Qa log H
Collecting Discharge Discharge
S.No Reading Discharge
Tank
(y = )
h1 t a H Qth
3
M s m /s M m3/s

Average Cd:

18
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

3. The gate valve is slowly opened to get a particular discharge through the flume.
4. The time taken for y cm rise in the collecting tank is noted.
5. The present point gauge reading is noted.
6. The discharge is varied by operating the gate valve and steps 4 and 5 are repeated for 6
readings and the data are tabulated as shown in the table.
7. The sill level is measured after draining the water above sill.
8. The actual discharge is calculated using the formula,

Qa = m3/s

9. The theoretical discharge is

Qth = H5/2 ( = semi vertical angle45⁰)

= C H5/2
10. The coefficient of discharge is given by,

Cd =

MODEL CALCULATION (Reading No. )

Time taken for y cm rise

in the collecting tank t = s

Actual discharge Qa =

= m3/s
H = h1 – h0 = m
H5/2 =
C =

Qth = CH5/2

= m3/s

19
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

Cd =

DETERMINATION OF Cd BY GRAPHICAL METHOD

The formula for discharge over the weir may be expressed in a general form:

Qa = K Hn

Where,

Qa = Actual discharge (m3/s) log Qa

K = Constant of the notch

n = Exponent

H = Head over the notch (m)

Taking logarithms on both sides, log H

log Qa = log K + n log H

The above equation represents a straight line on a log – log plot. Hence the intersection of the
straight line with the ordinate gives the value of log K from which the value of K is found
out. The slope of the straight line gives the value of the exponent, n.

From the graph,

log K = and n=

K=

For V- notch

K= = Cd C

Cd =

=
20
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

GRAPH

The graphs are drawn between

1. Cd Vs H

2. Qa Vs H

3. log Qa Vs log H

RESULT

The coefficient of discharge of the given V-notch =

21
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

5. CALIBRATION OF PRESSURE GAUGE

AIM

To calibrate the pressure gauge.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Pressure gauge
2. Weights

PROCEDURE

1. Open the release valve

2. Close the gauge connector stopper on the union connector or alternatively, remove the
gauge stopper and fix the gauge on the union connector. Hand tightening is sufficient if
Piston unit (PU) washers are used and over tightening should be avoided. Over tightening
PU washers may block the oil path to the gauge.
3. Slowly turn the screw pump handle clockwise completely
4. Pour oil into the oil cup, filling it almost completely.
5. Slowly turn the screw pump handle anticlockwise completely. This will fill the screw
pump with oil. On the first use, turn the handle clockwise again and slowly turn it back
anticlockwise. This is to remove air that might be there in the system.
6. With the handle turned fully anticlockwise, close the release valve and fix the gauge to be
tested if it has not been fitted in step 2.
7. Load the necessary weights on the weight carrier as per requirement. Please note that in
some machines the carrier weight is split into two parts. One fixed on the piston (using
taper matching) and other to be loaded on top of the fixed piece. This has been done to
reduce chances of transportation damage in an improperly packed machine. Make sure
that both carrier pieces are put on the machine before any readings are taken.
8. Turn the screw pump handle clockwise to generate pressure until the weights lift to
approximately the middle of its range of motion. Rotate the weights and piston to reduce
the effects of friction.

22
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

TABULATION

Pressure Gauge
Weight
S.No Reading Error
Kg kg/cm2

23
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

9. At this time, note the reading in the pressure gauge under test.
10. Repeat steps 7, 8 and 9 for five more readings.

GRAPH
A graph is drawn between the pressure gauge reading and the actual load.

RESULT
The given pressure gauge is calibrated.

24
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

6. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

AIM

To find the characteristics of centrifugal pump at its rated speed of 1390 rpm.

DESCRIPTION

A centrifugal pump is rotodynamic type and consists essentially of an impeller rotating inside
a casing. The impeller has a number of curved vanes. Due to the centrifugal head impressed
by the rotation of the impeller, the water is sucked from the sump. This enters at the centre of
the impeller and flows outward to the periphery. This is collected in the volute casing which
serves to convert a part of the velocity head into pressure head. The centrifugal pump in the
laboratory is coupled to 3 HP capacity squirrel gage induction motor by means of V belt and
constant speed of 1390 rpm.

PROCEDURE

1. The dimensions of the collecting tank are measured.

2. The difference in level between the centre of pressure gauge and sump water level is
noted.
3. The pump is primed.
4. The delivery valve is fully closed and the motor is started.
5. The pressure gauge reading and time taken for y cm rise in the collecting tank are noted.
6. The number of flickerings of the energymeter per minute is noted.
7. The delivery valve is adjusted to give desired pressure gauge readings and the operations
4 and 5 are repeated for 6 discharge conditions.
8. After taking all the readings the delivery valve is closed fully and the motor is switched
off.

MODEL CALCULATION (Reading No. )

Area of collecting tank A = m2

Pressure gauge reading p =

Total head H = (p * 10) + Z

25
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

TABULATION

Size of the Collecting Tank = Energymeter Constant (EC) =

Speed of the pump =

Difference in Elevation between the Centre of the Pressure Gauge and Sump Water Level (Z) = m

Total Head Time

against taken for
Pressure No. of y cm Rise
which the Output Input
Gauge Flickerings in Discharge Efficiency
Pump Power Power
Reading for t2 (60s) Collecting
S.No Works Tank
(y = )
p n H t1 Q OP IP η
kg/cm2 m s m3/s kW kW %

26
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

Time taken for y cm rise in collecting tank t1 = s

Specific weight of water w = 9.81 kN/m3

Discharge Q =

= m3/s

Output power = w *Q * H

= kW

No. of flickerings of the energymeter/min n =

Time taken for n flickerings in energymeter t2 = 60 s

Energymeter constant EC = rev/kWh

Input Power IP =

= kW

Efficiency η = * 100

= %

GRAPH

The following characteristic curves for the given centrifugal pump are drawn.

1. H Vs Q
2. IP Vs Q
3. η Vs Q

From the graph the following are noted:

Total head corresponding to maximum efficiency Heff =

Discharge corresponding to maximum efficiency Qeff =

27
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

Specific speed of centrifugal pump Ns =

RESULT

Maximum efficiency of the centrifugal pump =

Total head corresponding to maximum efficiency of the centrifugal pump =

Discharge corresponding to maximum efficiency of the centrifugal pump =

Input power corresponding to maximum efficiency of the centrifugal pump =

Specific speed of the centrifugal pump =

28
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

7. JET PUMP

AIM

To find the characteristics of jet pump set at the rated speed of 2880 rpm.

DESCRIPTION

The jet pump combines the centrifugal pump at the top of the well and a jet attachment
located down in the water. The pressure energy of water is converted into kinetic energy by
means of the jet and this jet transfers its momentum to surrounding fluid causing it to move
upwards.

Water under pressure is supplied through the nozzle in the jet attachment from the centrifugal
pump. The water acquires high velocity and the pressure around the nozzle of the jet falls. The
chamber surrounding the jet is connected to the foot valve of the pump and the water from the
well rises up into the pipe. This fresh water from the well mixes with the flowing jet acquiring
its momentum and passes through the diverging portion of the jet attachment, converting the
kinetic energy into pressure energy. Due to this pressure water rises up through a rising main
to a limit within the reach of the impeller. From the impeller due to centrifugal action
additional energy is added and a portion of the water again passes through the pressure pipe to
the jet. The remainder is obtained as useful discharge out of the delivery pipe.

Main advantage of this pump is that there is no moving part inside the bore well. It can be
used to a depth of about 70 meters. It can be advantageously used in open well also where the
water level is below the suction lift more than 8 m.

Myers jet pump in the laboratory is of deep well turbine type, i.e. having two separate pipes in
the suction side. It is rated to have a maximum discharge of about 101 lpm against suction
lifts of 50m. The pump is driven by 3 h.p. induction motor by means of V belt. As suction lift
is fixed in the laboratory the total head can be raised in the delivery side by means of the valve
in the delivery pipe.

PROCEDURE

1. The dimensions of the collecting tank are measured.

2. The difference in level between the pressure gauge and sump water level is noted.

29
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

TABULATION

Size of the Collecting Tank = Energymeter Constant (EC) =

Speed of the pump =

Difference in Elevation between the Centre of the Pressure Gauge and Sump Water Level (Z) = m

Total Head Time

against taken for
Time Taken
Pressure y cm Rise
for n which the Output Input
Gauge in Discharge Efficiency
Revolutions Pump Power Power
Reading Collecting
(n = ) Works
S.No Tank
(y = )
p t2 H t1 Q OP IP η
kg/cm2 s m S m3/s kW kW %

30
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

3. The pump is primed.

4. Keeping the delivery valve fully closed the motor is switched on.

5. The delivery valve is adjusted to get the desired pressure gauge reading.

6. The time taken for 5 revolutions of energy meter disc is noted.

7. The time taken for 10 cm of water level is rise in the collecting tank is found out.

8. The operations 4 to 6 are repeated for various heads by operating the delivery valve.

9. After taking all the readings the delivery valve is fully closed, the motor is switched off.

MODEL CALCULATION (Reading No. )

Area of collecting tank A = m2

Pressure gauge reading p =

Total head H = (p * 10) + Z

= m

Time taken for y cm rise in collecting tank t1 = s

Specific weight of water w = 9.81 kN/m3

Discharge Q =

= m3/s

Output power = w *Q * H

= kW

Time taken for n revolutions in energymeter t2 = s

Energymeter constant EC = rev/kWh

Input Power IP =

= kW

31
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

Efficiency η = * 100

= %

GRAPH

The following characteristic curves are drawn for the given jet pump:

1. H Vs Q
2. IP Vs Q
3. η Vs Q

From the graph the following are noted:

Total head corresponding to maximum efficiency Heff =

Discharge corresponding to maximum efficiency Qeff =

Specific speed of jet pump N =

RESULT

Maximum efficiency of the jet pump =

Total head corresponding to maximum efficiency of the jet pump =

Discharge corresponding to maximum efficiency of the jet pump =

Input power corresponding to maximum efficiency of the jet pump =

Specific speed of the jet pump =

32
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

8. SUBMERSIBLE PUMP

AIM

To find the characteristics of the submersible pump set at its rated speed of 2800 rpm.

PRECAUTION

The delivery valve should be fully closed when the motor is started and when it is switched
off.

DESCRIPTION

Submersible pumps are used in bore wells. The motor is completely submerged in the water
and located directly below the pump assembly forming a single unit. The motor coupled to
the submersible pump is water proof and power is carried by the water proof cables running
through the bore pipe. No priming is needed since the pump is always submerged.

The submersible pump consists of Impellers made of bronze, shaft made out of stainless steel,
bowels 8 stages made out of closed grained cast iron, streamlined non-return valve, and
perforated brass sheet fixed on suction chamber. The pump is of 40 mm size and work at a
normal speed of 2800 rpm.

PROCEDURE

1. The dimensions of the collecting tank are noted.

2. The distance between the centre of the pressure gauge and the sump water level is
measured. This is considered as constant.
3. Keeping the gate valve closed, the motor is switched on.
4. The gate valve is adjusted to get the desired pressure gauge reading.
5. The time taken for five revolutions of energy meter disc is noted.
6. The time taken for 10 cm water level rise in the collecting tank is noted.
7. The operations 3 to 5 are repeated for each of the following pressure gauge readings:
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 kg/cm2 .
8. The delivery is fully closed and the motor is switched off.

33
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

TABULATION

Size of the Collecting Tank = EnergymeterConstant(EC) =

Difference in Elevation between the Centre of the Pressure Gauge and Water Level in the Sump (Z) =

Total Head Time

against taken for
Time taken
Pressure y cm rise
for n which the Output Input Efficiency of
Gauge in Discharge
Revolutions Pump Power Power the Pump
Reading Collecting
S.No (n = ) Works Tank
(y = )
H
p t2 t1 Q OP IP η
kg/cm2 s M s m3/s kW kW %

34
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

MODEL CALCULATION (Reading No. )

Pressure gauge reading p =

Total head H = (p * 10)

= m

Time taken for y cm water

rise in collecting tank t1 = s

Specific weight of water W = 9.81 kN/m3

Area of the Collecting Tank A = m2

Discharge Q =

= m3/s

Output Power = wQH

= kW

Time taken for n revolutions in

energy meter disc t2 = s

Input power =

= kW

Efficiency = * 100

= %

From the characteristic curves, the following observations are noted.

Total head corresponding to maximum efficiency Heff =

Discharge corresponding to maximum efficiency Qeff =

35
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

H eff
Head per stage Hg =
Numberofstages
H eff
= =
8

Speed of the submersible pump N =

Specific speed of submersible pump, Ns =

GRAPH

The following characteristic curves are drawn for the given submersible pump.

1. H Vs Q
2. IP Vs Q
3. η Vs Q

RESULT

Maximum efficiency of the submersible pump =

Total head corresponding to maximum efficiency of the submersible pump =

Discharge corresponding to maximum efficiency of the submersible pump =

Input power corresponding to maximum efficiency of the submersible pump=

Specific speed of the submersible pump =

36
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

9. RECIPROCATING PUMP

AIM

To determine the characteristics of a reciprocating pump.

DESCRIPTION

A reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump in which pressure is created due to

displacement of liquid by a moving member. The cylinder of a single acting pump has a
piston working inside with the two valves, one allowing water into the cylinder from the
suction pipe and the other discharging water from the cylinder to the delivery pipe.

During a suction stroke, due to partial vacuum caused in the cylinder, the suction valve opens
and water enters the cylinder. During the delivery stroke the suction valve closes and the
water in the cylinder is displaced through the delivery valve into the delivery pipe. In case of
double acting pump, two sets of suction and delivery valves are provided.

The reciprocating pump in the laboratory is a double acting single cylinder pump 32mm
diameter cylinder having a stroke length of 32 mm. The inlet and outlet pipes are of 18 mm
diameter. This pump is coupled to a single phase A.C. motor and is belt driven. The pump
can run at four different speeds by differential pulley system. An air vessel is fitted on the
delivery side to reduce the effect of acceleration head and to get uniform discharge.

PROCEDURE

1. The size of the collecting tank is noted.

2. The difference in level between water level in the sump and centre of pressure gauge is
noted as Z.
3. The delivery valve is kept fully open.
4. The desired combination of the pulley system is selected and the pump is started.
5. The delivery valve is adjusted to get desired reading in the pressure gauge ( p).
6. The speed in R.P.M. of the pump is noted with a tacheometer.
7. The time taken ‘t1’ for y cm rise of water in the collecting tank and ‘t2’ for n revolutions
of the energy meter disc are noted.
8. Step 5, 6 and 7 are repeated for various pressures.

37
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

TABULATION

Size of the Collecting Tank = EnergymeterConstant(EC) =

Difference in Elevation between the Centre of the Pressure Gauge and Water Level in the Sump (Z) =

Total Head Time

against taken for
Time taken
Pressure y cm rise
for n which the Output Input Efficiency of
Gauge in Discharge
Revolutions Pump Power Power the Pump
Reading Collecting
S.No (n = ) Works Tank
(y = )
H
p t2 t1 Q OP IP η
kg/cm2 s m s m3/s kW kW %

38
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

MODEL CALCULATION (Reading No. )

Diameter of cylinder = m

Area of the collecting tank A = m2

Difference in level between centre of

pressure gauge and water level in sump Z = m

Energy meter constant EC =

Area of cylinder Ac = m2

Stroke length L = m

Speed N = m

2 * Ac * L * N
Theoretical Discharge Qt =
60 *10^6

= m3/s

Time for y cm rise of water t1 = s

Actual discharge Qa =

= m3/s

Pressure gauge reading p = kg/cm2

Head H = (p*10) + Z

= m

Specific weight of water w = 9.81 kN/m3

Output Power = w *Q * H

= kW

39
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

Input power =

= kW

Efficiency (η) = * 100

= %

Qt  Qa
% slip = *100
Qt

= %

GRAPH

The following characteristic curves are drawn for the given reciprocating pump:

1. Q Vs H
2. IP Vs H
3. η Vs H

RESULT

Maximum efficiency of the reciprocating pump =

Total head corresponding to maximum efficiency of the reciprocating pump =

Discharge corresponding to maximum efficiency of the reciprocating pump =

Input power corresponding to maximum efficiency of the reciprocating pump =

40
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

10.GEAR PUMP

AIM

To determine the characteristics of given gear pump at its rated speed of 1440 rpm.

PRECAUTION

Gear pump is a positive displacement pump; hence the delivery pump has to be kept opened
while starting and switching of the motor.

DESCRIPTION

Gear pump is used for pumping viscous fluids under high pressure of 150 to 200 kg/cm2. The
one available in the laboratory is designed to pump about 0.45 litres per second of viscous oil
under a head of 45 metres of water. The pump is driven by an induction motor at 1440 rpm
and is used to pump SAE 40 oil.

PROCEDURE

1. The dimensions of the collecting tank are measured.

2. The difference in level between centre of pressure gauge and oil level with sump, Z is
noted.
3. The delivery valve is kept open and the motor is started.
4. The pressure gauge reading and the time taken for 10 cm oil rise in the collecting tank are
noted. Note: The level of oil in the pump should never go below the coupling connecting
the foot valve.
5. The time taken for 5 revolutions of energy meter disc is noted.
6. The delivery valve is throttled and the operations 3 and 4 are repeated for pressure of 0.5,
1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 kg/cm2.
7. The motor is switched off by keeping the delivery valve fully opened.

MODEL CALCULATION (Reading No. )

Area of collecting tank A =

Pressure gauge reading p =

Specific gravity of oil S =

41
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

TABULATION

Size of the Collecting Tank = Energymeter Constant (EC) =

Difference in Elevation between the Centre of the Pressure Gauge and Sump Water Level (Z) = m

Total Head Time

against taken for
Time Taken
Pressure y cm Rise
for n which the Output Input
Gauge in Discharge Efficiency
Revolutions Pump Power Power
Reading Collecting
(n = ) Works
S.No Tank
(y = )
p t2 H t1 Q OP IP η
kg/cm2 s m S m3/s kW kW %

42
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

Total head H =

= m

Time taken for y cm rise in collecting tank t1 = s

Specific weight of oil w =

Discharge Qa =

= m3/s

Output power = w *Q * H

= kW

Time taken for n revolutions in energymeter t2 = s

Energymeter constant EC = rev/kWh

Input Power IP =

= kW

Efficiency η = * 100

= %

GRAPH

The following characteristic curves are drawn from the experimental data

1) Q Vs H
2) IP Vs H
3) η Vs H

43
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

RESULT

Maximum efficiency of the gear pump =

Total head corresponding to maximum efficiency of the gear pump =

Discharge corresponding to maximum efficiency of the gear pump =

Input power corresponding to maximum efficiency of the gear pump =

44
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

11.SCREW PUMP

AIM

To determine the characteristics of the given screw pump at its rated speed of 1440 rpm.

PRECAUTION

Screw pump is a positive displacement pump; hence the delivery pump has to be kept opened
while starting and switching of the motor.

PROCEDURE

1. The dimensions of the collecting tank are measured.

2. The difference in level between centre of pressure gauge and oil level is noted.
3. The delivery valve is kept open and the motor is started.
3. The pressure gauge reading and the time taken for y cm oil rise in the collecting tank are
noted. Note: The level of oil in the pump should never go below the coupling connecting
the foot valve.
8. The time taken for 5 revolutions of energy meter disc is noted.
9. The delivery valve is throttled and the operations 4 and 5 are repeated for pressure of 0.5,
1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 kg/cm2.
10. The motor is switched off by keeping the delivery valve fully opened.

MODEL CALCULATION (Reading No. )

Area of collecting tank A = m2

Pressure gauge reading p =

Specific gravity of oil S =

Total head H =

= m

Time taken for y cm rise in collecting tank t1 = s

45
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

TABULATION

Size of the Collecting Tank = Energymeter Constant (EC) =

Difference in Elevation between the Centre of the Pressure Gauge and Sump Water Level (Z) = m

Total Head Time

against taken for
Time Taken
Pressure y cm Rise
for n which the Output Input
Gauge in Discharge Efficiency
Revolutions Pump Power Power
Reading Collecting
S.No (n = ) Works Tank
(y = )
H
p t2 t1 Q OP IP η
kg/cm2 s m S m3/s kW kW %

46
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

Specific weight of oil w = S * 9.81 kN/ m3

Discharge Qa =

= m3/s

Output power = w *Q * H

= kW

Time taken for n revolutions in energymeter t2 = s

Energymeter constant EC = rev/kWh

Input Power IP =

= kW

Efficiency η = * 100

= %

GRAPH

The following characteristic curve are drawn from the experimental data

1) Q Vs H
2) IP Vs H
3) η Vs H

RESULT

Maximum efficiency of the screw pump =

Total head corresponding to maximum efficiency of the screw pump =

Discharge corresponding to maximum efficiency of the screw pump =

Input power corresponding to maximum efficiency of the screw pump =

47
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

12.FRANCIS TURBINE

AIM

To determine the constant head characteristics of Francis turbine under full gate opening.

DESCRIPTION

The Francis turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine suitable for medium heads. It consists
of spiral casing or scroll casing, the runner wherein the energy transfer occurs, and the draft
tube which guides the water from the runner to exit which also serves to convert the kinetic
energy at exit into pressure energy through its gradually increasing passage. The spiral casing
is designed with cross-sectional area decreasing uniformly around the circumference so that
the velocity of water is constant along its path as it flows into guide ring. On the inside
circumference of the spiral casing, stationery vanes are provided which helps to direct the
water to guide vanes. The guide vanes are fixed between two guide wheel rings and they have
the cross-section of an aerofoil to guide water to the runner blades without separation. At
design conditions, they direct the flow such that water enters tangentially to runner blades.
The energy transfer from water to the blades occurs due to change of momentum of water and
reduction of pressure across the blades.

The test rig consists of a centrifugal pump which supplies water, venturimeter to record the
discharge and the components of the turbine which is mounted at a suitable base plate with a
brake drum arrangement for measurement of torque generated by the turbine. A transparent
piping which connects the draft tube with the turbine is used for flow visualization purpose.
The net head is measured by means of pressure and vacuum gauges.

PROCEDURE

1. The details of the centrifugal pump and the turbine are noted.

2. The distance between the centers of pressure and vacuum gauges are measured.

3. The diameters of the brake drum and the rope are determined by measuring their
circumference.

4. The centrifugal pump is primed. The delivery valve is fully closed and the motor is
started.
48
 Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

TABULATION

Brake Drum Diameter (D) =

Rope Diameter (d) =

Effective Radius of brake drum (R) = (D/2 + d) =

Weight of the Rope and Hanger =

Weight
Pressure Pressure Gauge Spring
Orificemeter on Output Input
Gauge Reading of Discharge Speed Balance Net Load Efficiency
Head Hanger Power Power
Reading Orificemeter Reading
S.No
Inlet Orifice
P hm h Q N W1 W2 W OP IP η
h1 h2
kg/cm2 kg/cm2 m of water m3/s Rpm kg kg kg kW kW %

49
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

5. The delivery valve is opened slowly. The air bubbles in the tubes connecting the pressure
gauges are removed.

6. The gate valve is kept in the fully open position. The delivery valve is operated to bring
the total head to rated value (H) (the difference of pressure and vacuum gauge readings
plus the distance between the centers of pressure and vacuum gauges)

7. The run away speed is noted.

8. The brake drum is loaded with 2 kg weight and these weights as well as the spring
balance readings are noted. The delivery valve is adjusted to bring the readings of
pressure and vacuum gauges such that the total head is brought to a constant value. The
manometer readings and the speed of the brake drum are also measured.

9. Step 8 is repeated and the readings are tabulated as shown in table below.

10. Inlet diameter of orifice meter (d1) : 100mm

Orifice meter area ratio : 0.45

Orifice meter diameter (d2) : 67.08mm

Pressure gauge : 0-4 kg/cm2 range- 2 nos

Meter constant for orifice meter : Q =K√h m3/s where h is in metre of water

K= 1.0512 X 10-2

11. The discharge is calculated from the measured orificemeter reading.

12. From the observed data, the discharge, input power, output power, efficiency, unit speed,
unit discharge and unit power are computed and tabulated.

13. It is usual practice to express the characteristics of the turbine in terms of unit quantities
to enable comparison of performances of similar turbines but working under different
combinations of discharge, speed, head and output.

50
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

OBSERVATION

Diameter of the brake drum (D) = m

Diameter of the rope (d) = m

Effective radius ( + d) = m

Dead weight of the loading pan = 1 kg

Specific weight of water (w) = 9.81 kN/m3

Pressure gauge reading (p1) =

Vacuum gauge reading (p2) =

MODEL CALCULATION (Reading No. )

Total head H = (p1 - p2) * 10

= m

Discharge Q = K√h

= m3/s

Input power IP = wQH

= kW

Brake drum net load W = (W1+ weight of rope & hanger) - W2

= kg

Turbine output OP =

= kW

Efficiency η = x 100

= %

51
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

GRAPH

The graphs are drawn between:

1. Q Vs N

2. OP Vs N

3. η Vs N

RESULT

Maximum efficiency of the turbine =

Speed corresponding to maximum efficiency =

Power corresponding to maximum efficiency =

Discharge corresponding to maximum efficiency =

52
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

13.PELTON TURBINE

AIM

To study the constant head characteristics of the Pelton Turbine for ½, ¾, and full nozzle
opening.

DESCRIPTION

Pelton turbine is an impulse turbine consisting of a runner having a series of buckets and a
fixed nozzle, flow through which is controlled by a needle valve. The test rig consists of a
centrifugal pump which supplies water to the turbine, a venturimeter to record the discharge
and the components of the turbine. The turbine consists of a main casing, a bearing pedestal
and rotor assembly with runner shaft and brake drum, all mounted on a suitable base plate.
The casing is provided with a cut water torque to prevent the circulation of the water after it
leaves the buckets. A circular transparent Perspex window is provided for visual observation.
The brake drum arrangement is chosen because of its simplicity, reliability and ease of
operation. The nozzle opening is controlled with help of the pointer and scale arrangement.
The pressure gauge measures the head supplied to the turbine.

PROCEDURE

1. The details of the turbine and venturimeter are noted.

2. The distance between the centres of the pressure gauge and nozzle is measured.
3. The diameters of the brake drum and rope are measured.
4. The centrifugal pump is primed. The delivery valve is kept fully closed and motor is
started.
5. The valve opening is adjusted for full openings.
6. The delivery valve is opened gradually for the rated head of 45m. .
7. The readings of the gauges connected to the venturimeter are noted.
8. The runaway speed (speed of the drum with no load) is noted.
9. Gradually the turbine is loaded. Each time, the weight added, the spring balance reading
and the speed of revolution are taken.
10. Steps 7,8 and 9 are repeated for ½ and ¾ opening of the valve and readings are tabulated
as shown in the table.

53
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

TABULATION

Brake Drum Diameter (D) =

Rope Diameter (d) =

Effective Radius = (D/2 + d) =

Weight of the Rope and Hanger =

Pressure Pressure Gauge Weight Spring

Venturimeter Net
Gauge Reading of Discharge Speed on Balance Output Input Efficiency
Head Load
Reading Venturimeter Hanger Reading
S.No
P Inlet Throat hm h Q N W1 W2 W OP IP η
h1 h2
kg/cm2 kg/cm2 m m3/s rpm kg kg kg kW kW %

54
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

11. After completing the experiments, the gate valve is closed completely and motor is
switched off.
12. The unit speed, unit power & percentage efficiency are calculated for all the readings and
tabulated.
13. The graph of unit speed versus unit power for ½, ¾, and full nozzle openings are drawn.

OBSERVATION

a) Details of turbine:
Diameter of the brake drum (D) = m
Diameter of the rope (d) = m
Effective radius of brake drum(R) = D/2 + d
= m
Specific weight of water (w) = 9.81 kN/m3
Pressure gauge reading (p) = m
Dead weight of the loading pan = 1 kg
b) Details of the Venturimeter:
Diameter of the pipe = 65mm
Diameter of the throat = 38.454mm
K value for venturimeter = 5.3792 * 10-3

MODEL CALCULATION (Reading No. )

Total head H = p * 10

= m

Venturimeter head h = (h1-h2) * 10

= m

Discharge Q = K√h

= m3/s

Input power IP = wQH

= kW
55
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Manual

Brake drum net load W =(W1+ weight of rope & hanger) - W2

= kg

Turbine output OP =

= kW

Efficiency η = *100

= %

GRAPH

The graph are drawn between

1. Q Vs N

2. OP Vs N

3. η Vs N

RESULT

Maximum efficiency of the turbine =

Speed corresponding to maximum efficiency =

Power corresponding to maximum efficiency =

Discharge corresponding to maximum efficiency =

56