FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF PETROEM ENGINEERING

HYDRAULIC MODELLING FOR A DEVIATED WELLBORE KINGFISHER 1 OF

KINGFISHER OIL FIELD, ALBERTINE GRABEN USING LANDMARK SOFTWARE

SUBMITED BY

NHIAL MAJUAN

19/996/BSPE-S

A RESEARCH PROJECT PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO FACULTY OF

ENGINEERING, INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EAST AFRICA IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD BACHELOR OF
SCIENCE IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

KAMPALA, UGANDA

2023
DECLARATION
I NHIAL MAJUAN, hereby declare that this research report entitled (HYDRAULIC
MODELLING FOR A DEVIATED WELLBORE KINGFISHER 1 OF KINGFISHER
OIL FIELD, ALBERTINE GRABEN USING LANDMARK SOFTWARE) is my own
work towards the bachelor of Petroleum Engineering and that to the best of my knowledge,
it contains neither materials previously published by another person nor materials which
has been accepted for the award of any other degree of the university.

NHIAL MAJUAN

Signature……………………………………………….

Date…………………………………………

i
APPROVAL 1

This report has been produced for partial fulfillment of the University requirement for the award
of Bachelor’s Degree in Petroleum Engineering of International University of East Africa with
the approval of the supervisor.

Supervisor: …………………………………………….

Signature………………………………………………..

Date………………………………………………

ii
APPROVAL 2

This report has been submitted by NHIAL MAJUAN for approval of the Dean of Engineering
Faculty for the award of Bachelor’s Degree in Petroleum Engineering

PROF. JOSE MANUEL PAGES

Signature………………………………………………..

Date………………………………………………

iii
DEDICATION

I dedicate my research to all the people who have encouraged and supported me along the way.
Thank you to my family to your continued support, loved and faith in me. Your unwavering
encouragement has strengthened my will to succeed. I want to express my gratitude for their
compassion, patience, and willingness to lend sympathetic ear whenever I needed it.

It has been made more enjoyable and balanced by your presence in my life. Thank you to my
mentors and advisors for challenging me to think outside the box and for your guidance and
expertise. My intellectual development and horizons have been broadened by your knowledge
and helpful criticism. Finally, I would want to thank all of the contributors and participants who
have so kindly donated their time, knowledge.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank the Almighty God for the gift of life and the knowledge without which this project report
would not have been a success. I owe a lot of gratitude to my parents, siblings and friends who
have guided and supported me financially throughout my academics. A special gratitude to all
the lecturers and teachers who were not only teaching but also mentoring me into a better person
wherever I go.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION........................................................................................................................................i
NHIAL MAJUAN.......................................................................................................................................i
Signature………………………………………………..............................................................................i
Date…………………………………………...............................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................................................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................................................vi
LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................................vii
LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................................................viii
LIST OF ACRONYMS............................................................................................................................ix
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................................x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................1
Introduction...............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background..........................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the Problem....................................................................................................................3
1.3 General Objective................................................................................................................................3
1.4 Specific Objectives...............................................................................................................................3
1.5 Justification..........................................................................................................................................3
1.6Significance...........................................................................................................................................4
1.7 Study Scope..........................................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................5
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY..........................................................39
3.1Materials.............................................................................................................................................39
3.2Methods...............................................................................................................................................40
3.2.1 How to develop a comprehensive hydraulic model for the deviated wellbore Kingfisher 1 using
Landmark software...............................................................................................................................41
3.2.2 How to simulate the fluid flow behavior within Kingfisher 1 using the developed hydraulic
model....................................................................................................................................................42
3.2.3 How to utilize the insights gained from the hydraulic modeling and simulation to optimize
production strategies and enhance reservoir management in the Kingfisher Oil Field......................44
3.3 Methodology flow chart.................................................................................................................46
CHAPTER FIVE.....................................................................................................................................62

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5.0 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................62
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................63
APPENDICES.........................................................................................................................................64
Appendix I............................................................................................................................................64
Appendix II..............................................................................................................................................64

vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: schematic of hydraulic model using Landmark.......................................................47
Figure 2: Fluid flow behaviour...................................................................................................49
Figure 3: A graph showing different pressure profiles............................................................50
Figure 4: A graph showing pressure at different points..........................................................52
Figure 5: A graph showing depth against ECD........................................................................54
Figure 6: A graph of ECD against time per stand....................................................................56
Figure 7: A graph of ECD against time per stand....................................................................58
Figure 8: A graph of distance along a string against ECD......................................................60

viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1; This research was carried out from January 2022 to August 2022.........................................7
Table 2; Activity dependence table for preparing and carrying out the experiment...........................7
Table 3: Budget..........................................................................................................................................8

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x
ABSTRACT
This research project aims to conduct hydraulic modeling for the deviated wellbore Kingfisher 1
in the Kingfisher Oil Field, located in the Albertine Graben, using Landmark software. The
objective is to simulate and analyze the fluid flow behavior within the wellbore and evaluate the
well's performance and productivity.

The research project began with data preparation, including gathering relevant wellbore
trajectory data, well logs, production data, reservoir properties, and fluid properties. The
wellbore trajectory data was imported into Landmark software, ensuring its accuracy and
alignment with the actual wellbore path. A reservoir model was set up, defining the reservoir
geometry, layering, and properties such as permeability, porosity, and fluid saturations. The fluid
properties, including oil, gas, and water properties, were defined to accurately simulate fluid
flow within the reservoir. The well configuration were established, specifying the location of
Kingfisher 1 in relation to the reservoir model. Completion details such as wellbore diameter,
casing, tubing, and perforation intervals will be defined.

Using Landmark software, the wellbore behavior was modeled by specifying well constraints
such as flow rates, tubing sizes, choke settings, and other relevant parameters. A hydraulic
simulation was run to calculate pressure, flow rates, and other parameters along the wellbore and
within the reservoir. The simulation results were analyzed to evaluate the performance of
Kingfisher 1. Factors such as pressure drop, flow profile, production rates, and overall well
deliverability were assessed.

Finally, comprehensive reports and visualizations of the hydraulic modeling results was
generated using Landmark software. These reports were provided valuable insights into the
behavior of Kingfisher 1, enabling informed decision-making and optimization of production
strategies for the well in the Kingfisher Oil Field. This research project contributed to a better
understanding of the hydraulic behavior of deviated wellbores and aided in maximizing the
productivity and efficiency of Kingfisher 1 in the Kingfisher Oil Field, Albertine Graben.

xi
 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

Introduction
This research project focuses on hydraulic modeling for the deviated wellbore Kingfisher 1 in the
Kingfisher Oil Field, situated in the Albertine Graben. The primary objective is to utilize
Landmark software to simulate and analyze the fluid flow behavior within the wellbore. By
evaluating the performance and productivity of Kingfisher 1, this study aims to enhance
understanding and optimize production strategies. Through the application of accurate wellbore
trajectory data, reservoir properties, and fluid properties, this research aims to provide valuable
insights into the behavior of deviated wellbores and contribute to the efficient extraction of
hydrocarbon resources in the Kingfisher Oil Field, Albertine Graben.

1.1 Background
The Kingfisher Oil Field, located in the Albertine Graben, is a significant hydrocarbon reservoir
known for its substantial oil reserves. The field's strategic location and geological characteristics
make it a highly valuable asset in the oil and gas industry. Efficient production from the
Kingfisher Oil Field is of great importance to maximize hydrocarbon recovery and economic
returns. (UNOC, 2023)

Deviated wellbores play a crucial role in extracting oil and gas from the Kingfisher Oil Field.
These wellbores are intentionally drilled at angles to reach specific reservoir targets and increase
the contact area with the hydrocarbon-bearing formations. Deviated wellbores offer advantages
such as increased reservoir access and reduced environmental footprint compared to vertical
wells. (fernando, 2022)

However, deviated wellbores pose unique challenges. The fluid flow behavior in deviated
wellbores differs from that in vertical wells due to the changing geometry and inclination. As the
wellbore deviates, the fluid flow experiences complexities such as increased frictional pressure
losses, varying fluid velocities, and altered pressure distribution along the wellbore trajectory.
These factors directly impact the production performance and overall efficiency of deviated
wellbores. (fernando, 2022)

1
Hydraulic modeling plays a crucial role in understanding and optimizing the performance of
deviated wellbores. By simulating the fluid flow behavior using numerical models and advanced
software tools, hydraulic modeling provides insights into the pressure distribution, flow
characteristics, and production rates. It enables engineers to predict and analyze the performance
of deviated wellbores under different operating conditions, optimizing production strategies, and
identifying potential issues. (Adams, 2023)

Landmark software is a widely used platform in the oil and gas industry for reservoir engineering
and well simulation. It offers advanced capabilities for hydraulic modeling, allowing accurate
representation of wellbore trajectory, reservoir properties, and fluid properties. The software's
robust features enable engineers to simulate the behavior of deviated wellbores and evaluate their
performance with precision. (halliburton)

The objectives of this research project focus on hydraulic modeling for Kingfisher 1, a deviated
wellbore in the Kingfisher Oil Field. The project aims to simulate and analyze the fluid flow
behavior within the wellbore, evaluate its performance and productivity, and optimize production
strategies. By leveraging Landmark software and utilizing available data, this research project
will contribute to improved production efficiency, reservoir management, and wellbore design in
the Kingfisher Oil Field.

The significance of this research project lies in its potential impact on the Kingfisher Oil Field
and the Albertine Graben. The findings and insights gained from the hydraulic modeling of
deviated wellbore Kingfisher 1 can lead to optimized production practices, enhanced reservoir
management strategies, and more efficient extraction of hydrocarbon resources. By addressing
existing gaps in knowledge and contributing to the existing body of research, this project aims to
advance the understanding of hydraulic modeling for deviated wellbores in the Kingfisher Oil
Field and beyond.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The Kingfisher Oil Field in the Albertine Graben holds significant hydrocarbon reserves, and
efficient production from deviated wellbores is crucial for maximizing recovery. However, the

2
complex fluid flow behavior within deviated wellbores presents challenges that need to be
addressed to optimize production. The problem statement of this research project is to develop a
hydraulic model for Kingfisher 1, a deviated wellbore in the Kingfisher Oil Field, using
Landmark software. The aim is to understand and analyze the fluid flow behavior, pressure
distribution, and production performance of Kingfisher 1. By leveraging the capabilities of
Landmark software, this research seeks to address the unique challenges associated with deviated
wellbores, such as frictional pressure losses and varying fluid velocities, and provide insights
into optimizing production rates, identifying potential issues, and enhancing the overall
efficiency of Kingfisher 1 and similar deviated wellbores in the Albertine Graben.

1.3 General Objective

To conduct hydraulic modeling for the deviated wellbore Kingfisher 1 in the Kingfisher Oil
Field, Albertine Graben, using Landmark software.

1.4 Specific Objectives

To develop a comprehensive hydraulic model for the deviated wellbore Kingfisher 1 using
Landmark software.

To simulate the fluid flow behavior within Kingfisher 1 using the developed hydraulic model.

To utilize the insights gained from the hydraulic modeling and simulation to optimize production
strategies and enhance reservoir management in the Kingfisher Oil Field.

1.5 Justification
Hydraulic modeling provides insights into the fluid flow behavior, pressure distribution, and
production performance of deviated wellbores. By conducting hydraulic modeling for Kingfisher
1, this research project will enhance the understanding of the well's performance, including
pressure drop, flow profile, and production rates. This knowledge is crucial for optimizing
production strategies, identifying production constraints, and making informed decisions
regarding wellbore design and reservoir management.

1.6Significance
The insights gained from hydraulic modeling will contribute to enhanced reservoir management
in the Kingfisher Oil Field. By accurately representing the wellbore trajectory and simulating

3
flow behavior, the project will provide valuable information for reservoir engineers and
managers. This information can guide decisions related to well spacing, stimulation techniques,
and reservoir development plans. Effective reservoir management will lead to increased
productivity, prolonged reservoir life, and better economic returns.

1.7 Study Scope

The study will focus on developing a comprehensive hydraulic model using Landmark software.
The model will accurately represent the wellbore trajectory, reservoir properties, and fluid
properties. The software's features and capabilities will be utilized to create a realistic simulation
of the deviated wellbore Kingfisher 1.

4
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction to Hydraulic Modeling and Deviated Wellbores
2.1.1 Overview of hydraulic modeling in the oil and gas industry
Hydraulic modeling plays a crucial role in the oil and gas industry by providing a comprehensive
understanding of fluid behavior, pressure distribution, and production performance within
wellbores and reservoirs. It involves the use of mathematical and computational models to
simulate and analyze the flow of fluids through various components of the production system.
(cho, 2000)

The key aspects of hydraulic modeling in the oil and gas industry include:

Reservoir Simulation:
Hydraulic modeling enables the simulation of fluid flow through the reservoir, taking into
account properties such as permeability, porosity, and fluid composition. This helps in predicting
reservoir behavior, estimating reserves, and optimizing production strategies. (cho, 2000)

Wellbore Analysis:
Hydraulic modeling allows for the evaluation of wellbore performance and the assessment of
factors such as pressure drop, flow rates, and fluid behavior within the well. It helps identify
potential issues, optimize well designs, and improve production efficiency. (cho, 2000)

Production System Optimization:

Hydraulic modeling aids in optimizing the entire production system, including surface facilities,
pipelines, and surface network layouts. By analyzing fluid flow dynamics and pressure profiles,
it helps identify bottlenecks, optimize production rates, and minimize operational costs. (cho,
2000)

5
Well Stimulation and EOR Techniques:
Hydraulic modeling assists in assessing the effectiveness of well stimulation techniques, such as
hydraulic fracturing, acidizing, and water flooding. It helps optimize the design and execution of
these techniques to enhance hydrocarbon recovery and improve reservoir performance. (cho,
2000)

Flow Assurance:
Hydraulic modeling plays a crucial role in flow assurance, which involves preventing or
mitigating issues related to fluid flow, such as hydrate formation, wax deposition, and scale
buildup. By analyzing fluid behavior and pressure profiles, it helps design and implement
measures to ensure uninterrupted production. (cho, 2000)

Risk Assessment and Safety:

Hydraulic modeling aids in assessing potential risks associated with fluid flow, such as pressure
differentials, well integrity, and potential flow regime changes. It assists in evaluating safety
measures and optimizing well designs to ensure safe operations. (cho, 2000)

Overall, hydraulic modeling in the oil and gas industry is essential for reservoir characterization,
well performance evaluation, production optimization, and risk assessment. It provides valuable
insights into fluid behavior and enables the development of effective strategies to maximize
hydrocarbon recovery, improve production efficiency, and ensure safe and reliable operations.

2.1.2 Definition and characteristics of deviated wellbores

Deviated wellbores, also known as directional wells, are wellbores that deviate from the vertical
trajectory and follow a curved or inclined path to reach the target reservoir. Unlike vertical wells
that penetrate the reservoir vertically, deviated wellbores allow access to reservoirs that are not
directly beneath the drilling location or that require specific angles of entry. (Aird, 2019)

Characteristics of deviated wellbores include:

Deviation Angle:

6
Deviated wellbores have a non-zero angle of deviation from the vertical. The deviation angle
represents the inclination of the wellbore from the vertical axis and is measured in degrees. (T,
1991)

Azimuth:
Azimuth refers to the compass direction of the wellbore's path in the horizontal plane. It indicates
the orientation or heading of the wellbore and is typically measured in degrees clockwise from
North. (T, 1991)

Build and Hold Sections:

Deviated wellbores often have build and hold sections, where the inclination is increased or
decreased gradually. These sections allow the wellbore to follow a specific trajectory to intersect
the target reservoir. (G, 1991)

Kick-Off Point (KOP):

The kick-off point is the depth at which the wellbore deviates from the vertical. It marks the
starting point of the deviation and is typically chosen based on geological considerations and
reservoir targets. (T, 1991)

Tangent Section:
The tangent section refers to the portion of the wellbore that maintains a constant inclination
angle. It connects the build and hold sections and provides a smooth transition between them.

Dogleg Severity:
Dogleg severity measures the rate of change in inclination or azimuth along the wellbore. It
quantifies the sharpness of the curvature and is often expressed in degrees per 100 feet or meters.

Deviated wellbores offer several advantages in the oil and gas industry, including increased
reservoir exposure, improved drilling efficiency, and enhanced hydrocarbon recovery. They
enable operators to reach targets that are inaccessible from vertical wells, maximize production
from complex reservoirs, and reduce the overall footprint of drilling operations. However,

7
deviated wellbores also present unique challenges, such as increased drilling complexity,
wellbore stability considerations, and potential restrictions on equipment deployment and
intervention activities. Effective planning, engineering, and hydraulic modeling are essential for
optimizing the drilling and production performance of deviated wellbores. (T, 1991)

2.1.3 Importance of studying deviated wellbores for reservoir engineering

Studying deviated wellbores is of great importance for reservoir engineering due to the following
reasons:

Enhanced Reservoir Access: Deviated wellbores provide improved access to reservoirs that
cannot be efficiently tapped with vertical wells alone. They enable reaching targets that are
located horizontally or at specific angles from the drilling location. By accessing a larger area of
the reservoir, deviated wellbores enhance reservoir drainage and improve hydrocarbon recovery.

Increased Reservoir Contact: Deviated wellbores allow for increased contact with the reservoir
formation compared to vertical wells. By drilling along the reservoir's stratigraphy or
maximizing exposure to productive zones, deviated wellbores enable more efficient fluid flow
and facilitate better reservoir management. This increased contact can lead to higher production
rates and improved ultimate recovery. (A, 1978)

Optimized Well Placement: Studying deviated wellbores provides valuable insights into the
optimal placement of wells within the reservoir. By understanding the reservoir's geology,
structural features, and fluid properties, reservoir engineers can strategically plan the trajectory
of deviated wellbores to intersect the most productive zones. This improves the efficiency of
hydrocarbon extraction and maximizes reservoir performance. (A, 1978)

Improved Sweep Efficiency: Deviated wellbores can enhance the sweep efficiency of fluid
displacement processes, such as water flooding or gas injection. By strategically placing
injection or production wells, reservoir engineers can create more favorable fluid flow paths,
ensuring better contact between injected fluids and the hydrocarbons. This improves the
displacement of oil or gas within the reservoir, leading to increased recovery factors. (A, 1978)

8
Enhanced Well Performance Analysis: Analyzing the performance of deviated wellbores
provides valuable insights into reservoir behavior, fluid flow dynamics, and pressure distribution.
By monitoring production rates, pressure profiles, and well behavior, reservoir engineers can
evaluate well performance and optimize production strategies. This information is crucial for
making informed decisions regarding well interventions, stimulation techniques, and reservoir
management practices.

Advanced Well Stimulation Techniques: Deviated wellbores offer enhanced opportunities for
well stimulation techniques, such as hydraulic fracturing. By creating multiple fracture planes or
accessing specific reservoir zones, deviated wellbores provide improved pathways for fluid flow,
thereby optimizing the effectiveness of stimulation treatments and increasing reservoir
productivity. (A, 1978)

In summary, studying deviated wellbores in reservoir engineering provides a range of benefits,

including improved reservoir access, increased reservoir contact, optimized well placement,
enhanced sweep efficiency, advanced well performance analysis, and opportunities for advanced
stimulation techniques. By understanding and leveraging the advantages of deviated wellbores,
reservoir engineers can optimize production, increase recovery factors, and maximize the value
of hydrocarbon reservoirs.

2.2 Fluid Flow Behavior in Deviated Wellbores

2.2.1 Fluid flow patterns and effects of deviation angle
Fluid flow patterns in deviated wellbores are influenced by the deviation angle, which refers to
the inclination of the wellbore from the vertical axis. The deviation angle plays a significant role
in determining the behavior of fluid flow within the wellbore and can have various effects on
production performance. Here are some key points regarding fluid flow patterns and the effects
of deviation angle: (France, 1990)

Radial Flow and Gravity Drainage: In vertical wells, fluid flow is primarily radial, moving from
the reservoir towards the wellbore. However, as the deviation angle increases, the flow pattern

9
becomes more complex. In deviated wellbores, there is a combination of radial flow and gravity
drainage. The inclination of the wellbore allows gravity to assist in the drainage of fluids from
the reservoir, contributing to increased production rates.

Preferential Flow along the Low Side: In deviated wellbores, the fluid tends to accumulate on the
low side of the wellbore due to the effects of gravity. This creates a preferential flow path along
the lower side, leading to increased production from that region. The fluid flow follows the path
of least resistance, which is influenced by the deviation angle and the direction of inclination.

Pressure Drop and Frictional Effects: As the deviation angle increases, the pressure drop along
the wellbore also increases. This is due to the increased length of the wellbore and the frictional
effects caused by the fluid flow against the wellbore walls. The pressure drop can affect the flow
rates and production performance, requiring careful consideration during well design and
production optimization. (France, 1990)

Flow Concentration in the Curvature Region: In deviated wellbores, the region of highest
curvature, known as the dogleg, can experience flow concentration. The flow tends to be more
pronounced in this region, leading to localized pressure drops and potential production
variations. Managing the flow distribution and pressure gradients in the curvature region is
important for optimizing production and avoiding operational challenges.

Channeling and Fluid Segregation: Deviated wellbores can exhibit channeling effects, where the
fluid prefers certain zones or intervals within the wellbore due to variations in permeability or
fluid properties. This can lead to fluid segregation and uneven production distribution.
Understanding the flow patterns and addressing potential channeling effects are crucial for
maximizing recovery and reservoir performance.

Increased Tortuosity and Flow Resistance: Deviated wellbores have increased tortuosity
compared to vertical wells, resulting in higher flow resistance. This can impact the overall flow
behavior and pressure distribution within the wellbore. Hydraulic modeling and optimization

10
techniques are used to mitigate the flow resistance and ensure efficient fluid flow along the
wellbore. (France, 1990)

In summary, the deviation angle of a wellbore significantly influences fluid flow patterns and
production performance. Understanding the effects of deviation on radial flow, gravity drainage,
preferential flow paths, pressure drop, flow concentration, channeling, and flow resistance is
essential for effective reservoir management, well design, and production optimization in
deviated wellbores.

2.2.2 Pressure distribution along the wellbore and its impact on production
The pressure distribution along a wellbore, both in the vertical and deviated sections, plays a
crucial role in determining production performance. Here are some key points regarding pressure
distribution and its impact on production:

Pressure Gradient: In a vertical wellbore, the pressure generally decreases as you move from the
reservoir towards the surface due to fluid expansion and frictional losses. However, in a deviated
wellbore, the pressure gradient becomes more complex. The pressure distribution is influenced
by factors such as the deviation angle, well trajectory, fluid properties, and flow rates.
(V.R.Penmatcha, 1999)

High-Low Pressure Zones: In deviated wellbores, pressure variations can occur along the
wellbore, resulting in the formation of high-pressure and low-pressure zones. The pressure can
be higher on the high side of the wellbore and lower on the low side. This pressure differential
affects fluid flow behavior, with fluids tending to migrate towards the lower pressure zones.
(V.R.Penmatcha, 1999)

Choke Points: Deviated wellbores may experience choke points or areas of higher flow
resistance due to factors such as changes in wellbore diameter, curvature, or obstructions. These
choke points can result in pressure drops, localized turbulence, and flow restrictions, which can
negatively impact production rates and overall well performance. (V.R.Penmatcha, 1999)

11
Impact on Productivity Index: The pressure distribution along the wellbore has a direct influence
on the productivity index (PI) of the well. The PI represents the well's ability to produce fluids
under a given pressure gradient. Variations in pressure can affect the PI, leading to non-uniform
production rates along the wellbore. (hughes, 1995)

Fluid Coning and Production Efficiency: In deviated wellbores, the pressure distribution can
influence the occurrence of fluid coning. Fluid coning refers to the phenomenon where the
production of a highly mobile fluid (e.g., oil or gas) is preferentially drawn from the higher
pressure regions above the oil-water or gas-water contact. Efficient management of pressure
distribution is crucial to mitigate fluid coning and optimize production efficiency.

Well Stimulation and Pressure Control: Understanding the pressure distribution along the
wellbore is essential for effective well stimulation treatments. By identifying areas of pressure
depletion or uneven pressure distribution, reservoir engineers can design and implement
stimulation techniques, such as hydraulic fracturing, to enhance reservoir connectivity and
improve productivity. (hughes, 1995)

Wellbore Stability and Safety: Pressure distribution along the wellbore also impacts wellbore
stability and integrity. Unfavorable pressure gradients can lead to issues such as wellbore
collapse, formation damage, and the risk of well control incidents. Proper management of
pressure distribution helps ensure wellbore stability and safeguards the safety of operations.
(V.R.Penmatcha, 1999)

In summary, the pressure distribution along the wellbore has a significant impact on production
performance. Understanding the pressure gradient, high-low pressure zones, choke points, and
their effects on productivity, fluid coning, stimulation, wellbore stability, and safety is crucial for
optimizing production rates, maximizing recovery, and ensuring efficient reservoir management
in both vertical and deviated wellbores.

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2.2.3 Challenges and limitations of fluid flow in deviated wellbores
Fluid flow in deviated wellbores presents several challenges and limitations that need to be
considered in reservoir engineering and production optimization. Here are some key challenges
associated with fluid flow in deviated wellbores:

Increased Flow Resistance: Deviated wellbores have a higher flow resistance compared to
vertical wellbores. The tortuosity and curvature of the wellbore path create additional frictional
losses, leading to increased flow resistance. This results in pressure drops and reduced
production rates, requiring careful consideration during well design and production optimization.
(hughes, 1995)

Non-Uniform Flow Distribution: Due to the deviation angle, fluid flow within a deviated
wellbore is often non-uniform. Variations in pressure, flow velocities, and flow paths can occur
along the wellbore. This non-uniform flow distribution can lead to preferential flow paths,
localized pressure drops, and uneven production rates. Managing and optimizing flow
distribution is crucial to maximize recovery and ensure efficient reservoir drainage. (hughes,
1995)

Channeling and Flow Segregation: Deviated wellbores can experience channeling effects, where
the fluid preferentially flows through certain intervals or zones within the wellbore. This can
result in flow segregation and uneven production distribution. Understanding and addressing
channeling effects are essential to ensure efficient fluid sweep and prevent bypassed zones with
reduced recovery.

Gravity and Buoyancy Effects: Deviated wellbores introduce gravity and buoyancy effects that
influence fluid flow behavior. Gravity drainage can enhance fluid recovery in the lower parts of
the wellbore, while buoyancy effects can affect the flow of gas and oil-water interfaces. These
effects can impact flow patterns, pressure distribution, and production performance.

Flow Stability and Slug Flow: Deviated wellbores are more prone to flow instability and slug
flow compared to vertical wellbores. Slug flow refers to the intermittent flow of gas and liquid

13
phases, leading to variations in flow rates and pressure fluctuations. This can affect production
performance, wellbore stability, and the efficiency of separation processes. (hughes, 1995)

Increased Operational Challenges: Deviated wellbores pose additional operational challenges

during drilling, completion, and production phases. Wellbore trajectory control, drilling fluid
management, wellbore stability, and equipment deployment can be more complex in deviated
wellbores. These challenges require advanced technologies, wellbore monitoring, and careful
planning to ensure successful operations. (hughes, 1995)

Complex Well Interventions: Performing well interventions, such as stimulation treatments or

workovers, in deviated wellbores can be more challenging compared to vertical wellbores.
Accessing the targeted zones, controlling fluid placement, and achieving effective treatment
coverage can be more complex due to the wellbore trajectory and flow dynamics.

It is essential to account for these challenges and limitations when designing and managing
deviated wellbores. Advanced reservoir characterization, hydraulic modeling, and production
optimization techniques are used to address these challenges and maximize the recovery
potential of deviated wellbores. (hughes, 1995)

2.3 Role of Hydraulic Modeling in Well Performance Analysis

2.3.1 Benefits of hydraulic modeling in well performance evaluation
Hydraulic modeling plays a crucial role in evaluating well performance and offers several
benefits in understanding and optimizing various aspects of well operations. Here are some key
benefits of hydraulic modeling in well performance evaluation:

Flow Characterization: Hydraulic modeling provides detailed insights into the flow
characteristics within the wellbore, such as flow rates, pressure profiles, and fluid distribution. It
allows for a comprehensive analysis of multiphase flow behavior, identifying flow regimes,
pressure drops, and flow restrictions. This information is essential for understanding the
performance limitations and optimizing flow efficiency. (YIN, 2014)

14
Production Rate Optimization: By simulating the well performance under different operating
conditions, hydraulic modeling helps optimize production rates. It allows for the evaluation of
different production scenarios, including changes in flow rates, choke settings, completion
configurations, and reservoir management strategies. By identifying bottlenecks, flow
restrictions, or inefficient practices, hydraulic modeling aids in maximizing production potential.
(YIN, 2014)

Reservoir Management: Hydraulic modeling enables reservoir engineers to assess the impact of
well operations on reservoir behavior. It helps evaluate reservoir connectivity, pressure
distribution, and fluid sweep efficiency. By understanding how well performance affects
reservoir drainage and productivity, engineers can make informed decisions regarding well
placement, completion design, and production optimization strategies. (V.R.Penmatcha, 1999)

Wellbore Design and Stimulation: Hydraulic modeling facilitates the design and evaluation of
wellbore configurations, such as trajectory optimization and completion design. It helps assess
the impact of wellbore geometry, completion components, and stimulation techniques on flow
behavior and production performance. By simulating various design options, engineers can
identify the most effective wellbore configurations and stimulation strategies. (YIN, 2014)

Identification of Flow Issues and Production Challenges: Hydraulic modeling aids in identifying
flow-related issues and production challenges that may affect well performance. It helps pinpoint
flow restrictions, choke points, areas of low pressure, and inefficient fluid sweep. By diagnosing
these issues through modeling, engineers can develop targeted solutions to enhance well
performance and address production challenges effectively. (YIN, 2014)

Prediction of Well Integrity and Stability: Hydraulic modeling is instrumental in evaluating well
integrity and stability. By simulating the pressure distribution along the wellbore, it helps
identify regions of high stress, potential for fluid migration, and the risk of wellbore failure. This
information enables engineers to optimize wellbore stability and integrity, ensuring safe and
efficient operations. (YIN, 2014)

15
Decision Support and Risk Assessment: Hydraulic modeling provides a platform for decision
support and risk assessment in well performance evaluation. It helps quantify the impact of
uncertainties, assess risk factors, and evaluate the reliability of well performance predictions. By
incorporating sensitivity analysis and uncertainty assessment, engineers can make informed
decisions and manage risks associated with well operations. (YIN, 2014)

In summary, hydraulic modeling offers numerous benefits in evaluating well performance. It aids
in flow characterization, production rate optimization, reservoir management, wellbore design,
identification of flow issues, prediction of well integrity, and decision support. By leveraging the
capabilities of hydraulic modeling, engineers can enhance well performance, optimize
production, and ensure the safe and efficient operation of oil and gas wells.

2.3.2 Importance of accurate wellbore trajectory representation in modeling

Accurate representation of the wellbore trajectory is of paramount importance in hydraulic
modeling for several reasons:

Flow Behavior Assessment: The trajectory of the wellbore significantly impacts the flow
behavior within the well. Deviation angle, azimuth, and landing point influence the flow
distribution, pressure profiles, and fluid movement. By accurately representing the wellbore
trajectory, hydraulic models can provide precise predictions of flow patterns and pressure
distribution, enabling engineers to assess the performance of the well. (Stromburg, 2014)

Flow Resistance Calculation: The wellbore trajectory affects the calculation of flow resistance
along the wellbore. Tortuous well paths and deviations from verticality introduce additional
frictional losses, impacting pressure drops and overall flow rates. Accurate representation of the
trajectory ensures that the hydraulic model accounts for these flow resistance factors, leading to
more reliable predictions of pressure losses and flow rates. (Stromburg, 2014)

Wellbore Stability Analysis: The stability of the wellbore is crucial for safe and efficient
operations. Accurate representation of the wellbore trajectory allows engineers to evaluate the
mechanical stability of the well. Stress analysis and wellbore stability assessments consider

16
factors such as inclination, curvature, and azimuth of the trajectory. By incorporating the precise
wellbore geometry, hydraulic models provide insights into potential stability issues and aid in
mitigating risks. (Stromburg, 2014)

Effective Wellbore Placement: Wellbore trajectory plays a vital role in reservoir drainage and
wellbore placement optimization. Accurate representation of the trajectory helps in identifying
the best path to intersect productive zones, maximize contact with hydrocarbon-bearing
formations, and enhance overall reservoir sweep efficiency. Hydraulic models considering the
precise wellbore placement assist in making informed decisions during the planning and drilling
phases. (Stromburg, 2014)

Well Intervention and Stimulation Planning: Hydraulic modeling is also valuable for planning
well interventions and stimulation treatments. Accurate representation of the wellbore trajectory
enables engineers to assess the accessibility of the target zones, evaluate fluid placement
strategies, and predict the effectiveness of intervention techniques. This information helps
optimize well intervention operations and enhances the success rate of stimulation treatments.
(Stromburg, 2014)

Reservoir Connectivity Analysis: Wellbore trajectory affects the connectivity between the well
and the reservoir. Accurate representation of the trajectory assists in analyzing reservoir
connectivity, identifying barriers to fluid flow, and assessing the impact of geological features on
reservoir performance. Hydraulic models incorporating the precise wellbore geometry help in
understanding reservoir connectivity and optimizing production strategies accordingly.
(Stromburg, 2014)

Validating Drilling Plans: During the drilling planning phase, accurate representation of the
wellbore trajectory in hydraulic models allows engineers to validate drilling plans and evaluate
their impact on well performance. It helps in assessing the expected flow behavior, pressure
profiles, and potential challenges associated with the proposed wellbore trajectory, aiding in
making informed decisions before drilling operations commence. (Stromburg, 2014)

17
In conclusion, accurate representation of the wellbore trajectory is essential in hydraulic
modeling as it directly influences flow behavior, flow resistance calculations, wellbore stability
analysis, wellbore placement optimization, well intervention planning, reservoir connectivity
analysis, and validation of drilling plans. By incorporating the precise wellbore geometry,
hydraulic models provide more reliable predictions and support informed decision-making for
well operations and reservoir management.

2.3.3 Use of hydraulic modeling to predict flow behavior and optimize production rates
Hydraulic modeling is a valuable tool for predicting flow behavior and optimizing production
rates in the oil and gas industry. Here are some ways in which hydraulic modeling is used for
these purposes:

Flow Characterization: Hydraulic models simulate the flow behavior within the wellbore,
including multiphase flow patterns, pressure distribution, and fluid movement. By accurately
representing the geometry and properties of the well and reservoir, hydraulic models provide
insights into flow regimes, pressure drops, and flow restrictions. This information helps predict
how fluids will behave under various production scenarios.

Flow Simulation and Sensitivity Analysis: Hydraulic models allow engineers to simulate
different production scenarios and assess their impact on flow behavior. By varying parameters
such as flow rates, choke settings, completion configurations, and reservoir properties, engineers
can evaluate the sensitivity of flow behavior and production rates. This enables them to identify
optimal operating conditions for maximizing production rates and optimizing flow efficiency.

Production Optimization: Hydraulic modeling assists in optimizing production rates by

identifying and addressing flow restrictions and bottlenecks within the wellbore. By simulating
different completion designs, wellbore configurations, and production strategies, engineers can
assess the impact on flow behavior and identify opportunities for improvement. This includes
evaluating the effectiveness of artificial lift systems, optimizing well placement, and identifying
potential enhancements to reservoir sweep efficiency.

18
Production Forecasting: Hydraulic models can be used for production forecasting by simulating
the flow behavior over time. By considering reservoir depletion, fluid properties, and production
constraints, engineers can predict production rates and estimate the long-term performance of the
well. This information is crucial for reservoir management, production planning, and economic
analysis.

Well Performance Evaluation: Hydraulic modeling helps evaluate the performance of individual
wells or well systems. By comparing simulated flow behavior with actual production data,
engineers can identify discrepancies, diagnose issues, and optimize production rates. This
includes assessing the impact of wellbore geometry, completion components, and stimulation
techniques on flow behavior and production performance.

Risk Assessment and Decision Support: Hydraulic modeling provides a platform for risk
assessment and decision support in production optimization. By incorporating uncertainty
analysis and sensitivity studies, engineers can evaluate the reliability of production predictions
and assess the impact of uncertainties on production rates. This information aids in making
informed decisions, managing risks, and optimizing production strategies.

Design and Evaluation of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Techniques: Hydraulic modeling is
instrumental in designing and evaluating Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques such as
water flooding, gas injection, or chemical treatments. By simulating the injection and
displacement processes, hydraulic models help optimize injection rates, identify sweep
efficiency, and assess the potential for enhanced recovery. This enables engineers to select the
most effective EOR strategies and optimize production rates.

In summary, hydraulic modeling is a powerful tool for predicting flow behavior and optimizing
production rates. By simulating flow patterns, assessing sensitivity, optimizing production
scenarios, and evaluating well performance, hydraulic models aid in maximizing production
rates, optimizing reservoir management strategies, and supporting decision-making processes in
the oil and gas industry. (Stromburg, 2014)

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2.4 Overview of Landmark Software for Hydraulic Modeling
2.4.1Introduction to Landmark software and its capabilities
Landmark software is a widely used platform in the oil and gas industry, specifically in reservoir
engineering and well simulation. It offers a range of tools and capabilities that aid in various
aspects of reservoir management and production optimization. (halliburton) Here is an
introduction to Landmark software and its key capabilities:

Reservoir Modeling: Landmark software provides tools for building detailed reservoir models. It
allows engineers to integrate various data sources, such as well logs, seismic data, and
production data, to create a comprehensive representation of the subsurface reservoir. This
includes defining reservoir properties, fluid properties, and geological features.

Well Planning and Design: Landmark software facilitates well planning and design by allowing
engineers to define well trajectories, optimize well placement, and evaluate drilling scenarios. It
incorporates geophysical and geological data to assist in selecting the most favorable drilling
targets and designing wellbore configurations that maximize reservoir contact and production
potential.

Well Performance Analysis: Landmark software enables engineers to analyze the performance of
individual wells or well systems. It provides tools for monitoring production data, analyzing
pressure and flow behavior, and assessing well productivity. This helps identify underperforming
wells, diagnose production issues, and optimize production rates.

Hydraulic Modeling: Landmark software includes hydraulic modeling capabilities that simulate
fluid flow behavior within wellbores and reservoirs. It allows engineers to analyze pressure
distribution, fluid movement, and flow rates. Hydraulic modeling in Landmark software assists
in optimizing production rates, evaluating wellbore stability, and predicting reservoir behavior
under various operating conditions.

20
Reservoir Simulation: Landmark software offers reservoir simulation tools that simulate the
dynamic behavior of the reservoir over time. It takes into account reservoir properties, fluid flow,
and production data to predict reservoir performance and assist in reservoir management
decisions. Reservoir simulation in Landmark software aids in forecasting production rates,
optimizing field development plans, and evaluating reservoir depletion strategies.

Data Integration and Visualization: Landmark software integrates and visualizes diverse data
sets, allowing engineers to gain insights and make informed decisions. It provides tools for data
management, interpretation, and visualization, enabling the interpretation of geophysical data,
well logs, and production data in a comprehensive and user-friendly manner.

Decision Support and Optimization: Landmark software offers decision support capabilities,
including optimization algorithms and workflows. It allows engineers to perform sensitivity
analysis, conduct economic evaluations, and optimize production strategies. By incorporating
advanced algorithms, Landmark software assists in identifying optimal production scenarios and
maximizing the value of reservoir assets.

In summary, Landmark software is a comprehensive platform that supports reservoir engineering

and well simulation activities. Its capabilities include reservoir modeling, well planning and
design, well performance analysis, hydraulic modeling, reservoir simulation, data integration and
visualization, and decision support and optimization. Landmark software aids in optimizing
production rates, evaluating reservoir behavior, and supporting decision-making processes in the
oil and gas industry.

2.4.2 Description of features and functionalities relevant to hydraulic modeling

Landmark software offers several features and functionalities that are relevant to hydraulic
modeling. These capabilities assist engineers in analyzing fluid flow behavior, pressure
distribution, and production performance within deviated wellbores. Here are some key features
and functionalities in Landmark software that are pertinent to hydraulic modeling:

21
Wellbore Design and Trajectory Planning: Landmark software provides tools for designing
wellbores and planning their trajectories. Engineers can define deviation angles, azimuths, and
landing points to accurately represent the wellbore's geometry. This feature enables the
simulation of flow behavior in deviated wellbores and the assessment of their impact on
production.

Multiphase Flow Modeling: Landmark software incorporates multiphase flow modeling

capabilities to simulate the behavior of multiple fluids (such as oil, gas, and water) within the
wellbore. It considers factors such as fluid properties, flow rates, and phase interactions to
predict flow patterns and pressure distribution. This helps engineers understand the dynamics of
fluid flow and optimize production rates.

Pressure Drop Analysis: Landmark software allows engineers to analyze pressure drops along
the wellbore. By considering factors such as flow rate, wellbore geometry, and fluid properties, it
calculates pressure losses and assesses their impact on production performance. This feature
helps identify flow restrictions and optimize wellbore configurations to minimize pressure drops.

Production Optimization and Rate Forecasting: Landmark software assists in optimizing

production rates by simulating different production scenarios and assessing their impact on flow
behavior. Engineers can vary parameters such as flow rates, choke settings, and completion
configurations to evaluate their effect on production performance. Additionally, the software can
be used for production forecasting by considering reservoir depletion and fluid properties over
time.

Sensitivity Analysis: Landmark software enables engineers to perform sensitivity analysis to

assess the impact of various factors on well performance. By varying parameters such as
wellbore geometry, reservoir properties, and production parameters, engineers can evaluate how
changes affect flow behavior and production rates. This helps in identifying key factors
influencing well performance and optimizing production strategies.

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Wellbore Stability Analysis: Landmark software offers tools for wellbore stability analysis,
considering the deviation angle, azimuth, and wellbore geometry. It assists in assessing the
mechanical stability of deviated wellbores and helps identify potential issues such as wellbore
collapse or instability. This feature aids in designing safe and stable wellbores.

Visualization and Reporting: Landmark software provides visualization capabilities to help

engineers understand and communicate the results of hydraulic modeling. It allows for the
creation of 2D and 3D visualizations of wellbores, flow behavior, and pressure distribution.
Engineers can generate reports and presentations to effectively communicate the findings and
recommendations from hydraulic modeling studies.

These features and functionalities in Landmark software enable engineers to perform

comprehensive hydraulic modeling for deviated wellbores. By considering factors such as
wellbore geometry, fluid flow behavior, pressure distribution, and production optimization,
Landmark software assists in understanding and optimizing the performance of deviated
wellbores in the oil and gas industry.

2.4.3 Case studies or applications of Landmark software in hydraulic modeling

Landmark software has been widely used in the oil and gas industry for hydraulic modeling
purposes. Here are a few case studies or applications that highlight the use of Landmark software
in hydraulic modeling:

Wellbore Stability Analysis: Landmark software has been employed to assess wellbore stability
in deviated wells. By simulating the geomechanical behavior of the wellbore and incorporating
data on formation properties and stresses, engineers can evaluate the risks of wellbore collapse,
sand production, and casing failure. The software enables engineers to optimize well design and
completion strategies to ensure safe and stable drilling operations.

Production Optimization: Landmark software has been utilized to optimize production rates in
deviated wells. By simulating fluid flow behavior, pressure distribution, and production
performance, engineers can assess the impact of different completion configurations, choke

23
settings, and production strategies on flow rates. The software aids in identifying flow
restrictions, optimizing artificial lift systems, and maximizing production rates.

Reservoir Management: Landmark software has been applied in reservoir management to

understand fluid flow behavior within deviated wellbores. By integrating reservoir data, well
logs, and production data, engineers can build reservoir models and simulate fluid flow
dynamics. This helps in evaluating sweep efficiency, identifying reservoir compartmentalization,
and optimizing production strategies for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques.

Well Placement Optimization: Landmark software has been used to optimize well placement in
deviated wells. By considering geological and geophysical data, wellbore trajectories, and
reservoir characteristics, engineers can determine the optimal location and orientation of
wellbores to maximize reservoir contact and production potential. The software assists in
optimizing well placement strategies for efficient reservoir drainage and enhanced production
performance.

Fluid Flow Modeling and Pressure Analysis: Landmark software has been employed to simulate
fluid flow behavior and analyze pressure distribution in deviated wellbores. By considering
multiphase flow dynamics, fluid properties, and wellbore geometry, engineers can predict flow
patterns, assess pressure drops, and optimize production performance. The software aids in
identifying potential flow restrictions, optimizing completion designs, and maximizing
production efficiency.

These case studies and applications demonstrate the diverse applications of Landmark software
in hydraulic modeling for deviated wellbores. The software's capabilities in wellbore stability
analysis, production optimization, reservoir management, well placement optimization, and fluid
flow modeling make it a valuable tool for understanding and optimizing the performance of
deviated wells in the oil and gas industry.

2.5 Applications of Hydraulic Modeling in Field Development

2.5.1 Utilization of hydraulic modeling in reservoir management and production optimization

24
Hydraulic modeling plays a crucial role in reservoir management and production optimization in
the oil and gas industry. Here are some key ways in which hydraulic modeling is utilized in these
areas:

Reservoir Characterization: Hydraulic modeling helps in characterizing reservoirs by simulating

fluid flow behavior and pressure distribution. By integrating geological, geophysical, and
reservoir data, engineers can build reservoir models and analyze the dynamic behavior of fluids
within the reservoir. This information assists in understanding reservoir connectivity, identifying
flow barriers, and optimizing production strategies.

Well Performance Analysis: Hydraulic modeling enables engineers to analyze the performance
of individual wells or well systems. By simulating fluid flow behavior within the wellbore,
engineers can evaluate pressure distribution, flow rates, and production performance. This
analysis helps in identifying production bottlenecks, optimizing completion configurations, and
maximizing production rates.

Production Forecasting: Hydraulic modeling allows for accurate production forecasting by

considering reservoir properties, fluid behavior, and production data. Engineers can simulate
various production scenarios and predict future production rates. This helps in planning field
development strategies, assessing reservoir depletion, and optimizing production schedules.

Optimization of Completion Designs: Hydraulic modeling assists in optimizing completion

designs to maximize production efficiency. By simulating fluid flow behavior within different
completion configurations, engineers can assess the impact on flow rates, pressure distribution,
and sweep efficiency. This information guides the selection of optimal completion designs,
including well spacing, perforation intervals, and artificial lift systems.

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR): Hydraulic modeling is valuable in evaluating and optimizing
EOR techniques. By simulating fluid flow behavior during EOR processes such as water
flooding, gas injection, or chemical flooding, engineers can assess the impact on reservoir sweep

25
efficiency, pressure distribution, and production rates. This analysis aids in optimizing EOR
strategies and maximizing hydrocarbon recovery.

Risk Assessment and Mitigation: Hydraulic modeling helps in assessing and mitigating risks
associated with reservoir management and production optimization. By simulating various
scenarios, engineers can identify potential issues such as coning, water or gas breakthrough, and
production constraints. This allows for proactive risk management and the implementation of
appropriate mitigation measures.

Overall, hydraulic modeling provides valuable insights into reservoir behavior, well
performance, and production optimization. By simulating fluid flow behavior, pressure
distribution, and production rates, engineers can make informed decisions to enhance reservoir
management, optimize production strategies, and maximize hydrocarbon recovery.

2.5.2 Examples of successful applications of hydraulic modeling in oil and gas fields
There have been numerous successful applications of hydraulic modeling in oil and gas fields
worldwide. Here are a few examples:

Optimization of Well Placement: Hydraulic modeling has been used to optimize well placement
in complex reservoirs. By simulating fluid flow behavior and pressure distribution, engineers can
identify optimal locations for wellbores to maximize reservoir contact and production efficiency.
This approach has been successfully applied in fields with challenging geological conditions,
such as offshore fields or fields with heterogeneous reservoirs.

Production Optimization: Hydraulic modeling has helped optimize production rates in oil and
gas fields. By analyzing fluid flow behavior, pressure distribution, and production performance,
engineers can identify production bottlenecks and optimize completion configurations, choke
settings, and artificial lift systems. This has resulted in increased production rates and improved
overall field performance.

26
Reservoir Management: Hydraulic modeling has been instrumental in reservoir management
activities. By simulating fluid flow dynamics, engineers can better understand reservoir
connectivity, assess sweep efficiency, and optimize production strategies. This has led to
improved reservoir performance, enhanced oil recovery, and prolonged field life in various oil
and gas fields.

Wellbore Stability Analysis: Hydraulic modeling has been used to analyze wellbore stability in
deviated wells. By considering wellbore geometry, formation properties, and stress distribution,
engineers can assess the risks of wellbore collapse or instability. This information helps in
designing wellbores that are mechanically stable, ensuring safe and efficient drilling operations.

Risk Assessment and Mitigation: Hydraulic modeling has been applied to assess and mitigate
risks in oil and gas fields. By simulating different scenarios, engineers can evaluate the impact of
potential issues such as coning, water or gas breakthrough, and production constraints. This
allows for proactive risk management and the implementation of mitigation measures to ensure
smooth field operations.

Improved Reservoir Characterization: Hydraulic modeling has aided in the characterization of

reservoirs by integrating geological, geophysical, and reservoir data. By simulating fluid flow
behavior, engineers can refine reservoir models, assess reservoir connectivity, and optimize
production strategies. This has resulted in improved reservoir understanding and more accurate
predictions of reservoir performance.

These examples demonstrate the successful applications of hydraulic modeling in various aspects
of oil and gas field operations. From optimizing well placement and production rates to
enhancing reservoir management and mitigating risks, hydraulic modeling has proven to be a
valuable tool in improving field performance and maximizing hydrocarbon recovery.

2.5.3 Impact of hydraulic modeling on wellbore design and stimulation techniques

27
Hydraulic modeling has a significant impact on wellbore design and stimulation techniques in
the oil and gas industry. Here are some key ways in which hydraulic modeling influences these
areas:

Wellbore Design Optimization: Hydraulic modeling plays a crucial role in optimizing wellbore
design. By simulating fluid flow behavior, engineers can assess the impact of wellbore geometry,
completion configurations, and casing sizes on pressure distribution and production performance.
This information helps in designing wellbores that minimize pressure drop, reduce flow
restrictions, and maximize production rates.

Stimulation Technique Selection: Hydraulic modeling assists in selecting the most suitable
stimulation techniques for well productivity enhancement. By simulating the effects of different
techniques such as hydraulic fracturing, acid stimulation, or matrix treatments, engineers can
evaluate their impact on fluid flow behavior, pressure distribution, and reservoir connectivity.
This allows for informed decision-making regarding the most effective stimulation approach for
optimizing production rates.

Optimization of Fracture Design: Hydraulic modeling is crucial in optimizing fracture design for
enhanced reservoir productivity. By simulating hydraulic fracturing operations, engineers can
assess factors such as fracture geometry, injection rates, fluid properties, and proppant
placement. This helps in designing fractures that create high-conductivity pathways for
hydrocarbon flow, increasing reservoir contact and production efficiency.

Evaluation of Production Enhancement Techniques: Hydraulic modeling enables engineers to

evaluate various production enhancement techniques. By simulating processes such as water
flooding, gas injection, or chemical flooding, engineers can analyze the impact on reservoir
sweep efficiency, pressure distribution, and production rates. This analysis aids in selecting the
most suitable techniques for maximizing hydrocarbon recovery and improving well performance.

Identification of Flow Restriction Areas: Hydraulic modeling helps identify flow restriction areas
in the wellbore. By simulating fluid flow behavior and pressure distribution, engineers can

28
pinpoint zones with high pressure drops, flow restrictions, or areas prone to formation damage.
This information guides wellbore design modifications and helps in optimizing production rates
by mitigating flow restrictions and improving fluid flow efficiency.

Analysis of Inflow and Outflow Performance: Hydraulic modeling allows for the analysis of
inflow and outflow performance in the wellbore. By simulating fluid flow behavior, engineers
can assess factors such as skin damage, wellbore geometry, and completion configurations that
affect inflow and outflow rates. This analysis helps in identifying areas of low productivity,
optimizing completion designs, and maximizing production rates.

Overall, hydraulic modeling significantly influences wellbore design and stimulation techniques
by providing insights into fluid flow behavior, pressure distribution, and production
performance. It aids in optimizing wellbore geometry, selecting appropriate stimulation
techniques, designing effective fracture treatments, and enhancing reservoir productivity. The
use of hydraulic modeling improves wellbore design, increases production efficiency, and
ultimately contributes to maximizing hydrocarbon recovery in oil and gas fields.

2.6 Case Studies and Research in the Albertine Graben

2.6.1 Review of studies or projects conducted in the Albertine Graben region
he Albertine Graben region, located in East Africa, is known for its significant oil and gas
reserves. Several studies and projects have been conducted in this region to assess its
hydrocarbon potential, understand reservoir characteristics, and optimize production strategies.
Here is a review of some notable studies or projects conducted in the Albertine Graben region:

Integrated Reservoir Studies: Various integrated reservoir studies have been conducted in the
Albertine Graben to evaluate reservoir properties and optimize production. These studies involve
the integration of geological, geophysical, and engineering data to build reservoir models,
analyze fluid flow behavior, and assess reservoir connectivity. The aim is to improve reservoir
characterization, understand fluid behavior, and optimize production strategies for efficient
hydrocarbon recovery.

29
Well Performance Analysis: Studies have focused on analyzing the performance of individual
wells in the Albertine Graben. This involves monitoring well production, pressure behavior, and
flow rates to assess well performance and identify optimization opportunities. By conducting
production decline analysis, well tests, and reservoir simulation, engineers aim to improve well
performance, maximize production rates, and optimize production schedules.

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Techniques: Researchers have explored the potential of enhanced
oil recovery techniques in the Albertine Graben. This includes evaluating water flooding, gas
injection, and chemical flooding methods to enhance reservoir sweep efficiency and increase
hydrocarbon recovery. These studies aim to optimize EOR strategies specific to the reservoir
characteristics of the Albertine Graben.

Environmental Impact Assessments: Given the sensitive environmental nature of the Albertine
Graben region, numerous studies have been conducted to assess the environmental impact of oil
and gas operations. These studies focus on evaluating potential risks, designing mitigation
measures, and ensuring sustainable practices to minimize the environmental footprint of oil and
gas activities.

Geomechanical Studies: Geomechanical studies have been carried out to understand the rock
properties, stress distribution, and stability of reservoir formations in the Albertine Graben.
These studies help in designing safe drilling and well completion strategies, optimizing wellbore
stability, and mitigating risks associated with formation damage or wellbore collapse.

Seismic Imaging and Interpretation: Seismic surveys have been conducted in the Albertine
Graben to obtain detailed images of the subsurface and improve the understanding of the
reservoir structure. These studies involve advanced seismic data acquisition, processing, and
interpretation techniques to delineate reservoir boundaries, identify fault networks, and improve
reservoir modeling accuracy.

These studies and projects in the Albertine Graben region have contributed to a better
understanding of reservoir characteristics, improved well performance, and optimized production

30
strategies. They have helped in maximizing hydrocarbon recovery, ensuring environmental
sustainability, and facilitating responsible oil and gas operations in the region. The findings and
insights gained from these studies are valuable for future exploration and production activities in
the Albertine Graben.

2.6.2 Assessment of the relevance and applicability of previous research to the current project
The relevance and applicability of previous research to the current project on hydraulic modeling
for a deviated wellbore (Kingfisher 1) in the Kingfisher Oil Field, Albertine Graben can be
assessed by considering the following points:

Contextual Similarity: Evaluate if the previous research focused on similar objectives, such as
hydraulic modeling of deviated wellbores, reservoir characterization, production optimization, or
well performance evaluation. Assess if the previous research was conducted in a similar
geological setting or oil field environment, which can provide valuable insights applicable to the
current project.

Methodology and Techniques: Examine the methodologies and techniques employed in previous
research. Assess if they align with the approach planned for the current project. Consider if the
previous research utilized hydraulic modeling software, like Landmark, or similar software tools
for simulation and analysis. Evaluate the applicability of their modeling approaches, data
sources, and calibration methods to the current project.

Findings and Key Insights: Analyze the findings and key insights obtained from previous
research. Assess if the outcomes are relevant to the current project's objectives and research
questions. Consider if the previous research addressed similar challenges or limitations related to
deviated wellbores, fluid flow behavior, pressure distribution, or production performance.
Identify any gaps in the previous research that the current project aims to address.

Lessons Learned: Evaluate the lessons learned from previous research projects. Consider the
recommendations, best practices, or lessons that emerged from the previous studies. Assess how
these insights can be applied to enhance the current project's approach, methodology, or data

31
interpretation. Identify any potential pitfalls or challenges encountered in the previous research
that can be addressed in the current project.

Advancements and Updates: Consider the timeframe of the previous research and assess if there
have been any significant advancements, updates, or new technologies in the field of hydraulic
modeling since then. Evaluate if the current project incorporates the latest techniques, software
capabilities, or industry standards to ensure the findings and outcomes are relevant and up-to-
date.

By critically assessing the relevance and applicability of previous research, the current project
can benefit from the knowledge gained, methodologies employed, and lessons learned. It can
build upon the existing body of knowledge, address gaps, and contribute to advancing the
understanding and optimization of hydraulic modeling for deviated wellbores in the Kingfisher
Oil Field, Albertine Graben.

2.6.3 Identification of gaps and areas for further investigation in the region
While the previous research conducted in the Albertine Graben region has provided valuable
insights into various aspects of oil and gas exploration and production, there are still gaps and
areas that require further investigation. Some potential gaps and areas for further research in the
region include:

Reservoir Heterogeneity: The Albertine Graben is characterized by complex geological

formations, including heterogeneous reservoirs. Further investigation is needed to understand the
spatial distribution of reservoir properties, such as porosity, permeability, and fluid saturation,
and their impact on production performance. This research can help optimize reservoir
management strategies and improve hydrocarbon recovery.

Formation Damage and Well Stimulation: The presence of natural clay minerals and other
potential formation damage mechanisms in the reservoirs of the Albertine Graben can affect well
productivity. Further research is needed to investigate the extent and impact of formation damage
on well performance and to develop effective well stimulation techniques to mitigate these

32
effects. This research can contribute to optimizing stimulation operations and maximizing
production rates.

Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Techniques: The potential for implementing Enhanced Oil
Recovery (EOR) techniques in the Albertine Graben needs further investigation. EOR methods,
such as CO2 flooding, polymer flooding, or chemical flooding, can improve hydrocarbon
recovery from mature fields. Research on the feasibility, applicability, and optimization of EOR
techniques specific to the reservoirs in the region can unlock additional hydrocarbon resources.

Environmental Impact Mitigation: While environmental impact assessments have been

conducted, further research is needed to assess and mitigate the potential environmental impacts
of oil and gas activities in the Albertine Graben. This includes studying the long-term effects of
drilling operations, production activities, and infrastructure development on the local
ecosystems, water resources, and communities. Research on sustainable practices, environmental
monitoring, and mitigation measures can help ensure responsible and environmentally-friendly
operations.

Integrated Reservoir Modeling: Integrated reservoir modeling techniques that incorporate

geological, geophysical, and engineering data are valuable for reservoir characterization and
management. Further research is needed to develop and apply advanced integrated reservoir
modeling techniques in the Albertine Graben. This can enhance the understanding of reservoir
connectivity, improve production forecasting, and optimize field development plans.

Well Integrity and Monitoring: Research focusing on well integrity and monitoring techniques is
essential for ensuring safe and reliable operations in the Albertine Graben. Investigating the
long-term integrity of wellbores, including cement integrity and casing corrosion, can help
mitigate risks associated with well failure and environmental contamination. Research on
advanced monitoring technologies, such as fiber-optic sensing or downhole monitoring systems,
can enhance well surveillance and early detection of potential issues.

33
By addressing these research gaps and conducting further investigations, the understanding and
management of the Albertine Graben's hydrocarbon reservoirs can be improved. This will
contribute to more efficient and sustainable oil and gas operations in the region.

2.7 Summary and Conclusion

2.7.1 Recap of key findings from the literature review
Based on the literature review conducted on hydraulic modeling for a deviated wellbore
(Kingfisher 1) in the Kingfisher Oil Field, Albertine Graben, the following key findings can be
summarized:

Deviated Wellbores: Deviated wellbores refer to wells that are intentionally drilled at an angle to
the vertical axis. They are prevalent in the oil and gas industry as they allow access to reservoirs
that cannot be reached by vertical wells alone. Deviated wellbores can improve production rates
and reservoir drainage efficiency.

Fluid Flow Behavior: Deviated wellbores exhibit complex fluid flow behavior due to
gravitational forces and changes in geometry. The flow patterns include annular flow, helical
flow, and multiphase flow. Understanding these flow patterns is crucial for optimizing
production rates and managing well performance.

Pressure Distribution: Pressure distribution along a deviated wellbore is non-uniform, with

higher pressures typically occurring at the lower side of the wellbore. This uneven pressure
distribution can lead to challenges such as fluid channeling, sand production, and uneven sweep
efficiency. Accurate pressure prediction and management are vital for optimizing production and
avoiding potential issues.

Hydraulic Modeling: Hydraulic modeling plays a significant role in understanding and

optimizing the performance of deviated wellbores. It allows for the simulation and analysis of
fluid flow behavior, pressure distribution, and production rates. Hydraulic modeling software,
such as Landmark, provides the necessary tools and capabilities for accurate modeling and
prediction of wellbore performance.

34
Benefits of Hydraulic Modeling: Hydraulic modeling offers several benefits, including the ability
to predict flow characteristics, optimize production rates, identify potential production issues,
and assess the impact of different completion and stimulation techniques. It enables engineers to
make informed decisions regarding well design, reservoir management strategies, and production
optimization.

Importance of Wellbore Trajectory Representation: Accurate representation of the wellbore

trajectory is crucial in hydraulic modeling. It ensures the fidelity of the model and enhances the
accuracy of predictions. The deviation angle, azimuth, and tortuosity of the wellbore trajectory
directly influence fluid flow behavior, pressure distribution, and production performance.

Landmark Software: Landmark software is a widely used platform for reservoir engineering and
well simulation. It provides advanced features and functionalities for hydraulic modeling,
including the ability to simulate complex wellbore trajectories, model fluid flow behavior, and
optimize production rates. Landmark software is relevant to the current research project as it can
facilitate accurate modeling and analysis of Kingfisher 1's deviated wellbore.

These key findings highlight the importance of hydraulic modeling in optimizing the
performance of deviated wellbores and the relevance of Landmark software in conducting such
modeling. They also underscore the significance of accurate wellbore trajectory representation
and the complexities associated with fluid flow behavior and pressure distribution in deviated
wellbores.

2.7.2 Identification of the need for the current research project

The current research project on hydraulic modeling for a deviated wellbore (Kingfisher 1) in the
Kingfisher Oil Field, Albertine Graben, addresses the need for a comprehensive understanding of
the wellbore performance and productivity in a complex reservoir environment. Several factors
contribute to the need for this research:

35
Complexity of Deviated Wellbores: Deviated wellbores introduce complexities in fluid flow
behavior, pressure distribution, and production performance compared to vertical wells.
Understanding and optimizing the performance of deviated wellbores is essential to maximize
hydrocarbon recovery and efficiently exploit the reservoir.

Unique Reservoir Characteristics: The Kingfisher Oil Field in the Albertine Graben has its own
specific reservoir characteristics, such as varying lithology, porosity, and permeability. These
characteristics influence fluid flow behavior and production performance. The research project
aims to investigate the impact of these unique reservoir properties on the deviated wellbore's
hydraulic performance.

Optimization of Production Rates: Efficient production rates are crucial for maximizing the
economic potential of an oil field. Hydraulic modeling can help optimize production rates by
predicting flow characteristics, identifying potential production issues, and evaluating the
effectiveness of different completion and stimulation techniques. The research project aims to
utilize hydraulic modeling to optimize the production rates of Kingfisher 1.

Reservoir Management and Wellbore Design: Accurate hydraulic modeling can aid in reservoir
management and wellbore design. It allows for the evaluation of different production strategies,
the identification of potential bottlenecks or areas of high productivity, and the optimization of
well completion and stimulation designs. The research project seeks to provide insights into
reservoir management practices and wellbore design specific to the Kingfisher Oil Field.

Potential Impact on the Oil Field: The findings of the research project can have significant
implications for the Kingfisher Oil Field and the broader oil and gas industry in the Albertine
Graben. The optimized production rates, improved reservoir management practices, and
enhanced wellbore designs resulting from this research can contribute to increased hydrocarbon
recovery, reduced costs, and improved operational efficiency.

By addressing the need for a comprehensive understanding of the hydraulic performance of

deviated wellbores in the Kingfisher Oil Field, the research project aims to provide valuable

36
insights and recommendations for reservoir management, wellbore design, and production
optimization.

2.7.3 Rationale for utilizing Landmark software and addressing specific research objectives
The rationale for utilizing Landmark software in the current research project on hydraulic
modeling for a deviated wellbore (Kingfisher 1) in the Kingfisher Oil Field, Albertine Graben, is
based on its capabilities and relevance to the research objectives. Here are the reasons for using
Landmark software:

Comprehensive Reservoir Engineering Tools: Landmark software provides a comprehensive

suite of reservoir engineering tools that are specifically designed for analyzing and simulating
well performance. It offers advanced features and functionalities for hydraulic modeling,
including the ability to simulate complex wellbore trajectories, model fluid flow behavior, and
optimize production rates.

Accurate Wellbore Trajectory Representation: Landmark software allows for accurate

representation of the wellbore trajectory, considering the deviation angle, azimuth, and
tortuosity. This is crucial for capturing the realistic behavior of the deviated wellbore and its
impact on fluid flow and pressure distribution. The software ensures that the modeling results
align with the actual wellbore geometry.

Robust Fluid Flow Modeling: Landmark software incorporates robust fluid flow modeling
algorithms that enable accurate prediction of flow characteristics and pressure distribution along
the wellbore. It takes into account various factors such as reservoir properties, completion
design, and production strategies to simulate the behavior of fluids within the deviated wellbore.

Optimization Capabilities: The software offers optimization capabilities that allow for the
evaluation and optimization of production rates. It enables researchers to analyze different
completion and stimulation techniques, reservoir management strategies, and wellbore designs to
identify the most efficient and cost-effective solutions for maximizing production from
Kingfisher 1.

37
Industry Standard Software: Landmark software is widely used in the oil and gas industry and
has established itself as an industry standard for reservoir engineering and well simulation. Its
widespread adoption and acceptance ensure compatibility and interoperability with other
software tools and industry practices.

Addressing Specific Research Objectives:

The use of Landmark software aligns with the specific research objectives of the project, which
include:

Simulating Fluid Flow Behavior: Landmark software provides the necessary tools and
capabilities to simulate and analyze the fluid flow behavior within the deviated wellbore. It
allows researchers to model the complex flow patterns, identify potential flow restrictions, and
evaluate the impact of reservoir properties on flow behavior.

Evaluating Well Performance and Productivity: The software enables the evaluation of well
performance and productivity by accurately modeling pressure distribution, fluid flow rates, and
production profiles. It allows researchers to assess the effectiveness of different production
strategies and completion designs in optimizing the performance of Kingfisher 1.

Identifying Potential Issues: Landmark software helps in identifying potential production issues
such as fluid channeling, sand production, or pressure drop. By simulating different scenarios
and analyzing the results, researchers can pinpoint areas of concern and propose mitigation
strategies.

By utilizing Landmark software, the research project aims to achieve accurate hydraulic
modeling, address the specific research objectives, and provide valuable insights into the
performance and optimization of the deviated wellbore in the Kingfisher Oil Field.

38
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

Introduction

The materials and methods employed in the research project on hydraulic modeling for a
deviated wellbore (Kingfisher 1) in the Kingfisher Oil Field, Albertine Graben, involve the
utilization of Landmark software for simulation and analysis. The study utilizes a combination of
field data, wellbore geometry, reservoir properties, and production parameters to create an
accurate representation of the deviated wellbore. The Landmark software provides the necessary
tools for hydraulic modeling, including the simulation of fluid flow behavior, pressure
distribution, and production rates. The methodology involves inputting the relevant data into the
software, running simulations, analyzing the results, and comparing them with field observations
to validate the model.

39
3.1Materials
The materials required for the research project on hydraulic modeling for a deviated wellbore
(Kingfisher 1) in the Kingfisher Oil Field, Albertine Graben, using Landmark software include:

Wellbore Data: Detailed wellbore data for Kingfisher 1, including the deviation angle, azimuth,
tortuosity, and well trajectory information, is essential for accurately modeling the deviated
wellbore.

Reservoir Data: Relevant reservoir data such as rock properties (porosity, permeability), fluid
properties (viscosity, density), and pressure data are required to simulate the flow behavior
within the reservoir.

Production Data: Production data, including flow rates, pressure differentials, and wellhead
conditions, provide critical input for modeling the production performance of the deviated
wellbore.

Landmark Software: The Landmark software, specifically the hydraulic modeling modules, is
the primary material used for the research. This software provides a comprehensive set of tools
and functionalities for building the wellbore model, simulating fluid flow, and analyzing the
results.

The combination of these materials allows researchers to input the necessary data into the
Landmark software, create an accurate representation of the deviated wellbore, simulate fluid
flow behavior, and analyze the results to gain insights into the performance and productivity of
Kingfisher 1.

3.2Methods
The methods employed in the research project "Modelling a Deviated Well Trajectory for
Kingfisher Oil Field, Albertine Graben using Landmark Software" involve a systematic approach
to achieve accurate and optimized well trajectory modelling. This section provides an overview
of the key methodologies used in the project. It includes data acquisition and quality control
40
procedures, geological and reservoir characterization techniques, incorporation of geological and
engineering constraints, trajectory design and optimization methods, validation against field data,
and evaluation of the impact on oil recovery. The methods aim to leverage the capabilities of
Landmark software to ensure reliable and effective modelling of deviated well trajectories in the
Kingfisher Oil Field.

3.2.1 How to develop a comprehensive hydraulic model for the deviated

wellbore Kingfisher 1 using Landmark software.

Developing a comprehensive hydraulic model for the deviated wellbore Kingfisher 1 using
Landmark software involves the following steps:

Data Acquisition and Preparation: Gather wellbore data, reservoir properties, and production
data specific to Kingfisher 1. Ensure the data is accurate, complete, and compatible with
Landmark software.

Wellbore Geometry and Trajectory: Input the wellbore geometry, deviation angle, azimuth, and
tortuosity into the Landmark software to accurately represent the deviated wellbore trajectory.

Reservoir Properties: Incorporate reservoir properties such as rock porosity, permeability, fluid
properties (viscosity, density), and pressure data into the hydraulic model. Assign the properties
to the corresponding zones or layers within the reservoir.

Fluid Flow Modeling: Define the fluid flow properties, such as fluid type, flow rates, wellhead
pressure, and other boundary conditions. Set up the fluid flow model within the Landmark
software, considering the deviation angle and the interaction between the wellbore and reservoir.

Simulation Setup: Configure the simulation settings, including the time step, simulation duration,
and numerical algorithms. Define the desired output parameters and monitoring points for
analysis.

41
Run Simulation: Execute the hydraulic simulation within the Landmark software using the
defined wellbore geometry, reservoir properties, and fluid flow parameters. The software will
calculate the pressure distribution, fluid flow rates, and other relevant outputs.

Analysis and Validation: Analyze the simulation results to assess the fluid flow behavior,
pressure distribution, and production performance of Kingfisher 1. Compare the simulation
results with available field data and historical observations to validate the model's accuracy.

Optimization and Sensitivity Analysis: Perform sensitivity analyses by varying different

parameters (e.g., wellbore trajectory, completion design) to evaluate their impact on the well
performance. Optimize the model by adjusting parameters to maximize production rates or
address specific production challenges.

Interpretation and Reporting: Interpret the findings from the hydraulic model and present the
results in a clear and comprehensive manner. Document the methodology, assumptions, and
limitations of the hydraulic model. Provide recommendations for reservoir management,
wellbore design, and production optimization based on the simulation outcomes.

By following these steps, a comprehensive hydraulic model for the deviated wellbore Kingfisher
1 can be developed using Landmark software, enabling a detailed analysis of fluid flow behavior
and optimizing production performance.

3.2.2 How to simulate the fluid flow behavior within Kingfisher 1 using the
developed hydraulic model.
To simulate the fluid flow behavior within Kingfisher 1 using the developed hydraulic model,
you can follow these steps:
Wellbore Initialization: Initialize the hydraulic model by specifying the wellbore geometry,
including the deviation angle, azimuth, and tortuosity of Kingfisher 1. This ensures an accurate
representation of the wellbore trajectory.

42
Reservoir Connectivity: Establish the connectivity between the wellbore and the reservoir in the
hydraulic model. This involves defining the zones or layers within the reservoir that are
intersected by Kingfisher 1 and assigning the corresponding reservoir properties to these zones.
Fluid Flow Properties: Specify the fluid flow properties in the model, such as fluid type (oil, gas,
water), fluid viscosity, density, and any relevant fluid phase behavior (e.g., multiphase flow).
These properties are crucial for accurately simulating the flow behavior within the wellbore.
Boundary Conditions: Set up the boundary conditions for the simulation. Define the wellhead
pressure, flow rates, and any additional constraints or inputs required for the fluid flow
simulation. These conditions reflect the real operating conditions of Kingfisher 1.

Simulation Solver Settings: Configure the simulation solver settings within the Landmark
software. Define the desired simulation duration, time step, and numerical algorithms for solving
the fluid flow equations. These settings ensure an accurate and efficient simulation.

Run the Simulation: Execute the fluid flow simulation using the developed hydraulic model. The
Landmark software will calculate the pressure distribution, flow rates, and other relevant
parameters along the wellbore.

Analyze the Results: Analyze the simulation results to gain insights into the fluid flow behavior
within Kingfisher 1. Evaluate the pressure distribution along the wellbore, identify any pressure
drops or constraints, and examine the flow rates and production profiles.

Validation and Sensitivity Analysis: Validate the simulation results by comparing them with
field data and historical observations from Kingfisher 1. Perform sensitivity analyses by varying
input parameters (e.g., reservoir properties, boundary conditions) to assess their impact on the
fluid flow behavior and production performance.

Interpretation and Optimization: Interpret the simulation results to understand the fluid flow
behavior within Kingfisher 1. Identify areas of improvement or potential issues and propose
optimization strategies to enhance production performance. This may include adjusting well
completion design, optimizing flow rates, or considering stimulation techniques.

43
By simulating the fluid flow behavior within Kingfisher 1 using the developed hydraulic model,
you can gain valuable insights into the performance of the deviated wellbore, understand
pressure distribution, optimize production rates, and make informed decisions for reservoir
management and production optimization.

3.2.3 How to utilize the insights gained from the hydraulic modeling and
simulation to optimize production strategies and enhance reservoir
management in the Kingfisher Oil Field.

To utilize the insights gained from hydraulic modeling and simulation to optimize production
strategies and enhance reservoir management in the Kingfisher Oil Field, you can follow these
steps:

Identify Production Optimization Opportunities: Analyze the results from hydraulic modeling
and simulation to identify areas for production optimization. This may include identifying zones
with low flow rates, areas of pressure drop, or inefficient fluid flow behavior within the wellbore.

Wellbore Design Optimization: Based on the insights gained from hydraulic modeling, evaluate
the well completion design and consider modifications to enhance production efficiency. This
may involve optimizing the placement of perforations, adjusting completion techniques, or
considering stimulation methods to improve reservoir connectivity and flow performance.

Production Rate Optimization: Utilize the hydraulic model to assess the impact of different
production rates on well performance and reservoir behavior. Optimize the production rates to
achieve the maximum economic recovery while considering constraints such as reservoir
pressure limits, water and gas coning, or production allocation strategies.

Artificial Lift Optimization: If artificial lift methods are employed in the Kingfisher Oil Field,
utilize the hydraulic model to evaluate their effectiveness and optimize their configuration.
Assess the impact of different lift systems (e.g., gas lift, ESP) and their operating parameters on
production rates, pressure distribution, and flow behavior.
44
Reservoir Management Strategies: Incorporate the insights from hydraulic modeling into
reservoir management strategies. This may involve adjusting production allocation among wells,
implementing water or gas injection strategies, or optimizing the placement of infill wells based
on the understanding of fluid flow behavior and pressure distribution.

Risk Assessment and Mitigation: Assess the risks associated with production optimization
strategies, considering factors such as water or gas breakthrough, sand production, or well
integrity issues. Utilize the hydraulic model to simulate different scenarios and evaluate potential
risks and their mitigation measures.

Long-term Production Forecasting: Utilize the hydraulic model to perform long-term production
forecasting by incorporating reservoir depletion and well performance. Assess the impact of
different scenarios, such as changing reservoir conditions or production strategies, on future
production rates and ultimate recovery.

Continuous Monitoring and Updating: Implement a robust monitoring system to collect real-time
production and reservoir data. Regularly update the hydraulic model with new data to refine and
improve the accuracy of the simulation. Continuously analyze the model outputs and adjust
production strategies accordingly.

By utilizing the insights gained from hydraulic modeling and simulation, you can optimize
production strategies, enhance reservoir management, and improve overall performance in the
Kingfisher Oil Field. This data-driven approach enables informed decision-making, maximizes
production efficiency, and ensures the sustainable development of the oil field.

45
3.3 Methodology flow chart

start

Problem identification

Gap identification based on literature review

Identify well bore data to use for the study

Material collection

Prepare hydraulic well design and testing

Result analysis

Appropriate 46
results
 No

Yes
Discussion and conclusion

Finish

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 To develop a comprehensive hydraulic model for the deviated wellbore Kingfisher 1
using Landmark software.

Figure 1: schematic of hydraulic model using Landmark

47
a 3D model of kingfisher 1 oil well with a detailed deviated schematic

The 3D model of the Kingfisher 1 oil well provides a visual representation of the wellbore and
its components. It allows us to better understand the geometry and characteristics of the well,
enabling more accurate analysis and planning. The model incorporates detailed schematics for
each section of the wellbore, including the conductor casing, surface casing, intermediate casing,
production casing, liner, and openhole sections.

Starting with the conductor casing, it is located at a depth of 500 feet and has an outside diameter
of 30 inches. The conductor casing is the first casing string installed during the drilling process
to stabilize the upper part of the wellbore and prevent collapse.

The surface casing is positioned at a depth of 3000 feet and has an outside diameter of 24 inches.
It provides additional support and isolates the shallow formations from the deeper ones. This
casing string also serves as a conduit for drilling fluids and helps prevent well control issues.

Moving deeper into the wellbore, the intermediate casing is set at a depth of 5000 feet with an
outside diameter of 20 inches. It offers further isolation and support for the wellbore, reinforcing
the well's integrity in intermediate formations.

The production casing, located at a depth of 7000 feet, has an outside diameter of 12 inches. It is
designed to contain the hydrocarbons produced from the reservoir and provides a conduit for
fluid flow to the surface.

At a depth of 8500 feet, a liner is installed with an outside diameter of 5.5 inches. A liner is a
smaller-diameter casing string used to extend the wellbore's reach or isolate problematic zones. It
is typically hung from the production casing and does not extend to the surface.

Finally, beyond the liner, there is an openhole section extending up to 8913.2 feet. Openhole
refers to the portion of the wellbore that is not cased or lined. It allows for direct contact with the
reservoir and facilitates logging, testing, and other operations.

The 3D model of the wellbore was utilized to simulate and analyze fluid flow, pressure
distribution, and other hydraulic parameters within the well. The software can provide insights
into the behavior of fluids at various depths and help optimize the production process, identify

48
potential issues, and make informed decisions for the Kingfisher 1 well in the Kingfisher Oil
Field, Albertine Graben.

The detailed 3D model and deviated schematic of the Kingfisher 1 oil well, combined with
hydraulic modeling using Landmark software, contribute to a comprehensive understanding of
the well's structure, hydraulic behavior, and production potential.

4.2 To simulate the fluid flow behavior within Kingfisher 1 using the developed hydraulic
model.

Figure 2: Fluid flow behaviour

49
Figure 3: A graph showing different pressure profiles

The results obtained from the hydraulic modeling of the deviated wellbore Kingfisher 1 in the
Kingfisher Oil Field, Albertine Graben, using Landmark software, indicate several important
findings.

Firstly, the pore pressure gradient and the fracture pressure gradient remaining constant with the
increase in depth suggest that the formation being drilled is in the normalized pressure zone. In
the normalized pressure zone, the pressure within the rock formations is relatively stable, and
there is a consistent relationship between pore pressure (the pressure within the rock's pores) and
fracture pressure (the pressure at which the rock will fracture). This is a favorable condition for
drilling operations, as it indicates a predictable and manageable pressure environment during
drilling.

Additionally, the annulus equivalent circulating density of the cement slurry increases with
depth. The annulus equivalent circulating density refers to the density of the drilling fluid
circulating in the space between the drill pipe and the wellbore (annulus). As the wellbore depth
increases, the pressure exerted by the drilling fluid (hydrostatic pressure) needs to be carefully
managed to balance the pressure exerted by the formations being drilled (formation pressures).
The increasing annulus equivalent circulating density is a strategic measure to control the

50
hydrostatic pressure and ensure that it remains slightly higher than the formation pressures. This
is done to prevent well control issues like kicks and blowouts that could occur if the formation
pressures exceed the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid.

Balancing the hydrostatic pressures with the formation pressures is crucial for safe drilling
operations. Maintaining a controlled and stable wellbore pressure profile helps prevent the influx
of formation fluids (such as gas or oil) into the wellbore, which could lead to well control issues
or even wellbore collapse.

The utilization of Landmark software for hydraulic modeling enables engineers and drilling
operators to perform detailed simulations and analysis of the well's pressure behavior at different
depths. This information is invaluable in making well-informed decisions regarding mud weight
adjustments, drilling fluid properties, and overall well control strategies.

The results obtained from the hydraulic modeling using Landmark software for Kingfisher 1 well
in the Kingfisher Oil Field indicate a normalized pressure zone in the formation being drilled,
and the implementation of appropriate measures to control hydrostatic pressure for safe drilling
operations. These findings are crucial for optimizing drilling operations, ensuring well integrity,
and ultimately maximizing the productivity and safety of the well.

51
Figure 4: A graph showing pressure at different points

The results obtained from the hydraulic modeling of the deviated wellbore Kingfisher 1 in the
Kingfisher Oil Field, Albertine Graben, using Landmark software indicate that the circulating
pressure in the annulus increases with the increase in depth. Additionally, the circulating
pressure in the annulus is observed to be high at the casing shoe.

The circulating pressure refers to the pressure exerted by the drilling fluid as it circulates in the
annular space between the drill pipe and the wellbore. As the depth increases, the hydrostatic
pressure exerted by the drilling fluid also increases due to the weight of the fluid column. This
results in an increase in the circulating pressure in the annulus.

The high circulating pressure at the casing shoe is likely due to several factors. First, the casing
shoe is the point where the casing string is cemented to the wellbore. During the cementing
process, the drilling fluid is displaced by the cement slurry, leading to a build-up of pressure at

52
the casing shoe. Additionally, the casing shoe is typically located at the bottom of the casing
string, where the hydrostatic pressure is highest. These factors contribute to the higher
circulating pressure observed at the casing shoe.

Understanding the circulating pressure behavior is important for wellbore integrity and drilling
operations. It helps in monitoring and controlling the pressures exerted on the wellbore, ensuring
that they remain within safe limits. High circulating pressures can indicate issues such as fluid
losses, wellbore instability, or inadequate cementing, which may require mitigation measures to
prevent operational problems or potential well control issues.

By using Landmark software for hydraulic modeling, engineers and drilling operators can
accurately simulate and analyze the circulating pressure behavior at different depths in the
wellbore. This information enables them to make informed decisions regarding mud weight
adjustments, drilling fluid properties, and casing design to effectively manage circulating
pressures and ensure the overall safety and success of the drilling operations.

The results of the hydraulic modeling using Landmark software for the Kingfisher 1 well
indicate an increase in circulating pressure with depth and high circulating pressure at the casing
shoe. Understanding and managing these pressures are crucial for maintaining wellbore integrity

53
and ensuring safe and efficient drilling operations.

Figure 5: A graph showing depth against ECD

The results obtained from the hydraulic modeling of the deviated wellbore Kingfisher 1 in the
Kingfisher Oil Field, Albertine Graben, using Landmark software indicate that the equivalent
circulating mud in the annulus increases with the increase in depth. Additionally, the equivalent
circulating mud in the annulus is observed to be high at the casing shoe.

The equivalent circulating mud refers to the density of the drilling fluid circulating in the annular
space between the drill pipe and the wellbore. As the depth increases, the hydrostatic pressure
exerted by the drilling fluid also increases due to the weight of the fluid column. This requires
the mud density, or the equivalent circulating mud density, to be adjusted to balance the
hydrostatic pressure with the formation pressures encountered at greater depths.

The high equivalent circulating mud at the casing shoe can be attributed to multiple factors. First,
at the casing shoe, there is an increase in both the pore pressures and the fracture pressure. Pore
54
pressure refers to the pressure within the rock's pores, while fracture pressure is the pressure at
which the rock will fracture. The increase in both pressures necessitates a higher equivalent
circulating mud density to maintain wellbore stability and control the well's pressure regime.

Furthermore, the casing shoe is the point where the casing string is cemented to the wellbore.
During the cementing process, the equivalent circulating mud is displaced by the cement slurry,
leading to an accumulation of higher-density fluid at the casing shoe. This contributes to the
higher equivalent circulating mud observed at the casing shoe.

Understanding the behavior of equivalent circulating mud density is crucial for drilling
operations and wellbore stability. Maintaining the appropriate mud density helps to control the
wellbore pressure and prevent formation fluid influx, wellbore collapse, or other drilling
complications.

By using Landmark software for hydraulic modeling, engineers and drilling operators can
simulate and analyze the behavior of equivalent circulating mud density at various depths in the
wellbore. This information aids in making informed decisions regarding mud weight
adjustments, drilling fluid properties, and casing design to ensure safe and efficient drilling
operations.

The results of the hydraulic modeling using Landmark software for the Kingfisher 1 well
indicate an increase in equivalent circulating mud density with depth, and higher equivalent
circulating mud density at the casing shoe. Managing and adjusting the equivalent circulating
mud density is essential to maintain wellbore stability and control wellbore pressures throughout
the drilling process.

55
To utilize the insights gained from the hydraulic modeling and simulation to optimize production
strategies and enhance reservoir management in the Kingfisher Oil Field.

Figure 6: A graph of ECD against time per stand

The results obtained from the hydraulic modeling of the deviated wellbore Kingfisher 1 in the
Kingfisher Oil Field, Albertine Graben, using Landmark software indicate that the equivalent
circulating mud density at the bit and the shoe, in both swab and surge cases, increases with an
increase in the time per stand.

The equivalent circulating mud density refers to the density of the drilling fluid circulating in the
annular space between the drill pipe and the wellbore. Swab and surge cases occur during

56
tripping operations when the drill pipe is being pulled out of or pushed into the wellbore,
respectively.

As the time per stand increases, it indicates a slower tripping speed, resulting in a longer duration
for the fluid to circulate within the wellbore. This extended circulation time necessitates
adjustments to the mud density to balance the hydrostatic pressures within the wellbore. The goal
is to maintain the hydrostatic pressure slightly higher than the formation pressures to prevent
fluid influx from the formation or the loss of drilling fluid into the formation.

The increase in equivalent circulating mud density at the bit and the shoe during swab and surge
cases is crucial for maintaining wellbore stability and preventing fluid influx or losses. Adjusting
the mud density ensures that the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the drilling fluid remains
sufficient to control the wellbore pressure and avoid any unwanted fluid movement between the
wellbore and the surrounding formation.

The utilization of Landmark software for hydraulic modeling allows engineers and drilling
operators to simulate and analyze the behavior of equivalent circulating mud density during
various operational scenarios, including swabbing and surging. By accurately modeling the fluid
flow dynamics, the software helps in determining the appropriate mud density adjustments and
optimizing the tripping operations to maintain wellbore integrity and safety.

The results of the hydraulic modeling using Landmark software for the Kingfisher 1 well
indicate that the equivalent circulating mud density at the bit and the shoe increases with an
increase in the time per stand during swab and surge cases. These adjustments are necessary to
balance the hydrostatic pressures within the wellbore and prevent fluid influx or losses from the
surrounding formation. Utilizing Landmark software enables effective hydraulic modeling and
aids in making informed decisions to ensure safe and efficient drilling operations.

57
Figure 7: A graph of ECD against time per stand

The results obtained from the hydraulic modeling and simulation of the deviated wellbore
Kingfisher 1 in the Kingfisher Oil Field, using Landmark software, show that the equivalent
circulating mud density at the bit and the shoe increases with an increase in the time per stand
during both swab and surge cases. This increase in equivalent circulating mud density is
necessary to balance the hydrostatic pressures within the wellbore and prevent the influx of
fluids to and from the formation.

During swabbing operations, as the drill pipe is pulled out of the wellbore, there is a decrease in
the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the drilling fluid. This reduction in pressure can cause the
formation fluids to flow into the wellbore, resulting in an unwanted influx. To prevent this, the
equivalent circulating mud density is increased to maintain a slightly higher hydrostatic pressure
than the formation pressures, thereby preventing fluid influx.

58
Conversely, during surging operations, when the drill pipe is pushed into the wellbore, there is an
increase in the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the drilling fluid. This increase in pressure can
potentially cause the drilling fluid to flow into the formation, leading to fluid losses. To avoid
this, the equivalent circulating mud density is again increased to balance the hydrostatic pressure
with the formation pressures and prevent fluid losses.

By adjusting the mud density, operators can effectively manage the wellbore pressure regime,
ensuring the stability of the wellbore and preventing any undesirable fluid movements. This is
crucial for maintaining wellbore integrity, avoiding well control issues, and ensuring safe and
efficient drilling operations.

The utilization of Landmark software for hydraulic modeling allows for accurate simulations and
analysis of the wellbore behavior, fluid flow dynamics, and pressure profiles. This information
enables engineers and operators to make informed decisions about adjusting the mud density
during swab and surge cases to maintain pressure balance within the wellbore and minimize the
risk of fluid influx or losses.

In conclusion, the results of the hydraulic modeling using Landmark software for the Kingfisher
1 well demonstrate the need to increase the equivalent circulating mud density at the bit and the
shoe during swab and surge cases. This adjustment is essential to balance the hydrostatic
pressures within the wellbore, prevent fluid influx from or losses into the formation, and ensure
the safety and efficiency of drilling operations.

59
Figure 8: A graph of distance along a string against ECD

The results obtained from the hydraulic modeling of the deviated wellbore Kingfisher 1 in the
Kingfisher Oil Field, Albertine Graben, using Landmark software indicate that the fracture
pressure and pore pressure increase with an increase in depth. This observation suggests that the
formations or zones being drilled have a normalized pressure gradient.

The fracture pressure refers to the pressure at which the rock formation will fracture or break,
while the pore pressure represents the pressure within the rock's pores. Both pressures increase as
the wellbore depth increases, primarily due to the increasing weight of the overlying rock and
fluid column.

60
The normalized pressure gradient is an important concept in drilling operations. It refers to the
balance between the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the drilling fluid and the formation pressures
encountered at different depths. In formations with a normalized pressure gradient, the
hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid needs to be adjusted to match the formation pressures to
ensure safe drilling operations.

By adjusting the mud weight or equivalent circulating mud density, operators can control the
hydrostatic pressures within the annulus and maintain the appropriate pressure balance. This
helps prevent well control issues such as fluid influx or formation damage and ensures the safety
and efficiency of drilling operations.

The utilization of Landmark software for hydraulic modeling enables engineers and operators to
accurately simulate and analyze the behavior of fracture pressure, pore pressure, and the
associated pressure gradients at different depths. This information allows for informed decisions
on mud weight adjustments, drilling fluid properties, and wellbore design to control the
hydrostatic pressures and optimize drilling operations.

The results of the hydraulic modeling using Landmark software for the Kingfisher 1 well
indicate an increase in fracture pressure and pore pressure with depth. This indicates the presence
of formations with a normalized pressure gradient, requiring adjustments in mud weight to
control hydrostatic pressures within the annulus. Utilizing Landmark software enables effective
hydraulic modeling and aids in making informed decisions to ensure safe and efficient drilling
operations in the Kingfisher Oil Field, Albertine Graben.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION
The following conclusion is drawn from the research carried out;
1. A comprehensive hydraulic model for the deviated wellbore Kingfisher 1 using
Landmark software was done
2. In the normalized pressure zone, the pressure within the rock formations will be relatively
stable, and there will be a consistent relationship between pore pressure (the pressure
within the rock's pores) and fracture pressure (the pressure at which the rock will
fracture).
3. The cement slurry increases with depth.
4. Balancing the hydrostatic pressures with the formation pressures is crucial for safe
drilling operations. Maintaining a controlled and stable wellbore pressure profile helps
prevent the influx of formation fluids (such as gas or oil) into the wellbore, which could
lead to well control issues or even wellbore collapse
5. The results of the hydraulic modeling using Landmark software for the Kingfisher 1 well
indicated an increase in circulating pressure with depth and high circulating pressure at
the casing shoe.
6. The results of the hydraulic modeling using Landmark software for the Kingfisher 1 well
demonstrate the need to increase the equivalent circulating mud density at the bit and the
shoe during swab and surge cases. This adjustment is essential to balance the hydrostatic
pressures within the wellbore, prevent fluid influx from or losses into the formation, and
ensure the safety and efficiency of drilling operations.
7. Both pressures increase as the wellbore depth increases, primarily due to the increasing
weight of the overlying rock and fluid column.

5.1 RECOMMENDATION
Below are recommendations for further research;
Carry out real-time monitoring in order to continuously track key parameters such as pressures,
temperatures, flow rates, and fluid properties. Real-time monitoring can provide immediate feedback on
the drilling operations, enabling prompt adjustments to prevent potential wellbore instability and
formation damage.

Need to maintain accurate and precise control over the wellbore pressure to ensure it remains below the
formation pore pressure and fracture pressure. This can be achieved through a combination of well-

62
designed well control practices, appropriate mud weight management, and efficient use of pressure
control equipment.

Carry out formation evaluation before and during drilling to gather detailed information about the
formation properties, including pore pressure, fracture pressure, and rock mechanics. This information
can guide decision-making during drilling operations and help identify potential zones of instability or
formation damage.

63
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