DEPARTMENT OF SCHOOL EDUCATION, PUDUCHERRY

CBSE -CLASS – XI
BIOLOGY PRACTICAL SYLLABUS
Time : 03 hours Max marks : 30
MAJOR EXPERIMENTS
1.Study and describe locally available common flowering plants from the family
Solanaceae
(Datura metel)
Identification: The given plant is identified as Datura metel belongs to the family Solanaceae.
Dissect and display:
1. calyx 2. Corolla 3. Androcium 4. Gynoecium
Solanaceae –Datura metel.

Vegetative characters
Root: Typically they possess a tap root system with branching.
Stem: Aerial, branched, erect, mostly herbaceous, cylindrical, hairy or glabrous. ...
Leaf: Leaves are simple, alternate and sometimes pinnately compound.
Floral character:
Calyx: sepals 5, united Valvate aestivation,persistent calyx
and odd sepal posterior.
Corolla: Petals 5, Synpetalous, twisted aestivation .
Androecium: Stamens 5, epipetalous
Gynoecium: Bicerpellary, Syncarpous , superior ovary, bilocular, looks as tetralocular
due to false septum

2. Experiment to demonstrate osmosis with the help of potato osmometer:

Requirements:
Petri-dish, water, potato, sugar solution, cork and capillary tube.
 Procedure Observation Inference
1.Take a potato tuber, remove Level of the sugar The level in the tube increases
its outer covering from one end solution increases in the because of the fact that osmotic
and cut the same end flat. tube. pressure of the sugar solution in the
2. Scoop out a cavity from the egg membrane is higher than that
other end of the tuber running of water,
almost upto the bottom.
3. Fill the cavity with the sugar
solution and fit an airtight cork
fitted with a capillary tube on the
upper end of the cavity

3. AIM : TEST FOR PRESENCE OF STARCH

Requirement : Potato extract, Iodine solution, test tube, test tube holder, dropper
Procedure :
Test for Main requirement Methodology Observation
Starch
Iodine Test Potato extract Add 5 drops of iodine Appearance of Blue Black
Iodine Solution solution to the test tube colour
containing potato extract

4.. AIM : TEST FOR PROTEIN

Requirement : 40% Sodium Hydroxide, 1% Copper Sulphate, test tube, test tube holder,
dropper
Procedure :
Test for Main Requirement Methodology Observation
Protein
Biuret test 40 % NaOH, 1% Add a few drops of 40% of Appearance of Violet
CuSO4, egg albumin NaOH to the test tube Colour
containing egg albumin.
In this test tube add
2-3 drops of 1% CuSO4
solution.
Shade the solution to mix it
well.
Minor Experiments :
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE RATES OF TRANSPIRATION IN THE UPPER AND LOWER
SURFACES OF LEAVES.

Aim: To demonstrate difference in rate of transpiration between two surfaces of leaf.

Procedure:
Prepare 100 mL of 5% cobalt chloride solution on by dissolving 5g of cobalt chloride in 100
mldistilled water.
Dip small strips of filter paper CoCl2 solution on and the coated strips will be blue in colour.
Keep the CoCl2 paper on both the surface of leaf.
The CoCl2 strips can be held in position with the help of two slides and rubber bands.
Place the potted plant in sunlight.
Observation: The filter paper attached to the lower surface turns pink much faster than the
strip on the upper surface.
Inference:
The amount of water vapour lost by transpiration on from the lower surface is more than the
upper surface.
Because the number of stomata are generally more in the lower epidermis than in the upper
surface.
Leaf surface Time taken (change in colour from blue to pink)
Upper Upper

Lower Lower

Conclusion
The quick change in the colour of cobalt chloride paper on the lower surfaces indicates a
higher rate of loss of water vapour from this surface than the upper one

3. AIM : TEST FOR THE PRESENCE OF UREA IN URINE

Theory :
Urea is naturally produced during the process of breakdown of proteins. The amino groups are
removed from the amino acid present in the proteins and converted to NH3. The liver produces
several chemicals (enzymes) that change ammonia into a form called urea.
Requirement : Urine sample, test tube, dropper, measuring cylinder, etc. 2% Na2CO3, 1 %
acetic acid, phenol red indicator, urease powder, spatula etc.
Procedure and Observation :
Test Method Result
Urease Test Take a 5 ml urine sample into a test tube. Add Appearance of Pink or red
4-5 drops of phenol red indicator. Add 2 % colour
Na2CO3 solution drop by drop until a pink
colour develops in the test tube. Add 1%
acetic acid to the test tube drop by drop until
the pink colour disappears. Add urease
powder to the test tube and shake it well.

4. Aim : Test for presence of sugar in urine

Theory : Ordinarily, glucose (sugar) is absent in normal urine. But when the glucose level in
the blood exceeds the renal threshold of glucose (160 – 180 mg /dl), glucose starts to appear in
the urine. The presence of glucose in the urine is called glucosuria and is usually an indication
of diabetes mellitus.
Requirement : Test-tube, test-tube holder, urine sample, measuring cylinders, Benedict’s
solution
Procedure and Observation :
Test Method Result
Benedict's Test Take a 2 ml urine sample in a test tube Appearance of Yellow/ green/
and add 5 ml Benedict’s reagent in it. red precipitate
Heat the test tube for 2 minutes and
keep shaking the test tube while heating.

Slide Preparation :
4. PREPARATION AND STUDY OF T.S. OF DICOT AND MONOCOT ROOTS.
PROCEDURE
Take 2-3 cm long pieces of the material and start cutting the transverse sections as fast as
possible in a watch glass containing water.
Select the thinnest sections as fast as possible in a watch glass containing water.
Take a clean watch glass with water, transfer thin sections of the materials.
Put a few drops of saffrin in stain in the watch glass with water.
Leave it for 2-3 minutes.Drain off strain and wash with water if necessary.
Put the thinnest section in the centre of the slide.
Put a drop of glycerine over the materia;.
Cover it with a coverslip with the help of needle
Observe it under a compound microscope after staining and mounting
Transverse section of Dicot root:
IDENTIFICATION:
The given microslide given for study is identified as Transverse section of Dicot root

Transverse section of Monocot root:

IDENTIFICATION:
The given microslide is identified as Transverse section of Monocot root

Dicot Root Monocot Root

Tetrarch condition Polyarch condition

Pith very small or absent Pith well developed
Secondary growth occurs. Secondary growth absent

5.Study of plasmolysis in epidermal peels e.g. Rhoeo /lily leaves or

fleashy scale leaves of onion bulb.
Requirements
Rhoeo leaf, glass slide, coverslip, sodium chloride solution (5%), sodium chloride solution (0.1
%), compound microscope, forceps, dropper, needle
Procedure
➢ Tear the Rhoeo leaf along the lower side of the leaf.
➢ Using forceps, pull out two small segments of the thin transparent layer from the lower
epidermis of the Rhoeo leaf.
➢ Place them on separate glass slides.
➢ Slide 1- Put 1 to 2 drops of sodium chloride in 0.1% solution
➢ Slide 2- Put 1 to 2 drops of sodium chloride 5 % solution
➢ Place a cover slip over the peel of both slides using a needle.
➢ Observe both slides under the compound microscope.
Observation
After half an hour we can observe that cells in sodium chloride 0.1% solution appear turgid,
while cells in the sodium chloride 5 % solution show plasmolysis.

Endosmosis (water moves into the cell because of the higher concentration of water
outside the cell than inside the cell).
The cell then swells and becomes turgid.
Exosmosis (water moves out of the cell and the protoplasm causes shrinkage and assumes
a spherical shape

PART-B Spotting
I. PARTS OF A COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

Arm - The microscope is handled or carried by the curve-shaped structure called the arm.
Body tube - The body tube separates the objective and the eyepiece of the microscope.
Foot or base - It is a U-shaped structure and supports the entire weight of the microscope.
Diaphragm- The diaphragm is found under the stage of the microscope and it controls the
amount of light that reaches the specimen. The diaphragm can be of two types:
➢ Disc diaphragm ➢ Iris diaphragm
Nose piece - It is a circular and rotating metal part that is connected to the body tube’s lower
end. The nose piece has three holes wherein the objective lenses are embedded.
Optical Parts of Compound Microscope :
Eyepiece lens or Ocular - It is present at the top. It is marked as 4X, 10X, 40X and 100 X.
These indicate the magnification power.
Condenser - A condenser sits between the stage and the diaphragm. The condenser controls
how much light from the light source.
Objective lenses - The objective lens gathers light from the specimen, magnifies the image of
the specimen and projects the magnified image which can be observed through the
eyepiece. There are three objective lenses as follows:
➢ Oil immersion objective – 100X ➢ High power objective – 45X ➢ Low power objective –
10X
II THE GIVEN SPECIMEN IS IDENTIFIED AS SPIROGYRA

Reasons for Identification :

(i) Spirogyra is a green-coloured algae commonly found in stagnant fresh water bodies.
(ii) It is unbranched, filamentous and slimy to touch.
(iii) The filament is composed of large number of long, cylindrical cells placed one above the
other in a single row.
(iv) The cells are characterised by long spiral ribbon-shaped chloroplasts with several
pyrenoids
(v) There is a single large vacuole in each cell.

THE GIVEN SPECIMEN IS IDENTIFIED AS AGARICUS (COMMON EDIBLE

MUSHROOM)

Reasons for Identification :

(i) The fungus is a saprophyte that grows in soil rich in humus and with thick layer of semi
decomposed organic matter.
(ii) The thallus consists of an underground, highly interwoven mass of thick colourless hyphae.
(iii) A mature fruiting body can be distinguished into two parts An erect stalk or stipe
composed of mass of vertically arranged hyphae, and An umbrella like pileus attached
ventrally at the centre to the stalk.

THE GIVEN SPECIMEN IS IDENTIFIED AS MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANT

• Plant body differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves

• Root- Fibrous
• Leaf- with sheathing leaves and parallel venation.
• Example: maize, wheat, sugarcane, paddy

III. Specimen
1. THE GIVEN SPECIMEN IS IDENTIFIED AS ASCARIS (Round worm )
Reasons for Identification :
• Body - long (20 to 40 cm), cylindrical (5 to 6 mm diameter) with no segmentation
• Sexes- Separate; the females are longer than the males.
• Both ends are pointed; the posterior end of the male is ventrally curved.
• All along the length of the body single longitudinal lines are present.
2.THE GIVEN SPECIMEN IS IDENTIFIED AS APIS INDICA (HONEY BEE)

Reasons for Identification :

• Honeybee is a social insect, with 3 forms- queen, workers, and drones.
• Body- is divided into three distinct regions: head, thorax and abdomen.
• Head is somewhat triangular.
• Thorax consists of three segments, i.e., prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax.
• One pair of jointed legs is present ventrally in each of the thoracic segments.
• Two pairs of membranous wings present dorsally in the mesothorax and the metathorax.
• Abdomen: A six-segmented abdomen is present behind the metathorax.
3.THE GIVEN SPECIMEN IS IDENTIFIED AS RANA TIGRINA (Frog)

Reasons for identification :

• The body consists of the head and trunk, the neck is absent.
• Skin is naked and slimy (secretion of mucous glands present in the skin).
• Mouth is terminal, having a bilobed tongue.
• Forelimbs are smaller than the hindlimbs.
• The forelimbs have four, and hindlimbs have 5 clawless digits. An interdigital web-like
membrane is present in the hind-limbs, which is used for swimming.
4. IDENTIFICATION: The given microslide is identified as mitotic cell
division - Metaphase

The spindle fibres attached to the kinetochore region of centromere of chromosomes

Chromosomes are arranged at the equator region of the cell (metaphase plate)
Chromosomes are distinctly visible in this stage.
5.IDENTIFICATION: The given microslide is identified as mitotic cell
division – Anaphase

Each chromosome splits and two daughter chromatids begin to move towards opposite
poles.
Shortening of spindle fibre and longitudinal splitting of
Centromere creates a pull which divide the chromosomes.
Seperated chromosomes move to opposite poles
6. DIFFERENT TYPES OF INFLORESCENCE –(IDENTIFICATION WITH REASONS – ONE
MARK)
IDENTIFICATION: The given microslide is identified as (ii) Racemose – Raceme (Eg.
Radish, Mustard)

Racemose type-

Main axis is known as peduncle and the main axis growth is indefinite and continues to
produce flower buds.
 Flowers are born laterally in acropetal succession, older flowers are at the periphery and
younger ones are at the top.
The peduncle seldom always terminates in a flower.
7.IDENTIFICATION: The given microslide is identified as (i) Cymose – Monochasial cyme
(Eg. Hibiscus rosasinensis)

Cymose type- In this type of inflorescence, the peduncle terminates in a flower.

Here, the older flowers are present at the upper portion and young buds are arranged towards
the base.
This arrangement is called the basipetal succession.
6.THE GIVEN HUMAN SKELETON MODEL IS IDENTIFIED AS RIB CAGE AND
STERNUM

Reasons for Identification :

• The sternum is a long, flat bone that forms the front of the rib cage.
• There are 12 pairs (24) of thoracic ribs.
• 7 pairs of thoracic ribs are attached to the sternal ribs.
• 5 pairs of thoracic ribs do not articulate with sternal ribs, and are called false ribs.
• Among these, the last 2 pairs of false ribs are free and are called floating ribs.
7. The given Human skeleton joint model is identified as Ball and Socket Joints
Reasons for Identification :

These joints allow movement in more than two planes.

These joints are present between humerus with pectoral girdle, femur with pelvic
girdle, and maleus with incus (in ear ossicles).