Sky Shield

Sky Shield
Our project presents a model for anti-icing on surfaces. It simulates the formation
and runback of a water film, treating the runback water film and air boundary layer
as related regions
By Kushagra Shrikhande, Mohak Dadhich, Mahi Shah

Delving Into the Anti-Icing on Surfaces
This concept is essential for designing effective anti-icing systems that protect critical infrastructure and ensure public safety. Let's
explore why this topic is so important:
1 Efficient Design 2 Safety 3 Optimization

By accurately modeling, engineers Icing can pose a serious threat to This allow engineers to
can develop anti-icing solutions aircraft, power lines, bridges, and strategically place and tune anti-
that minimize energy other infrastructure. Precise icing elements, ensuring
consumption and operating costs, energy transport analysis helps maximum effectiveness while
making them more sustainable predict and prevent dangerous optimizing resource usage and
and economical. icing events, keeping people and system costs.
critical systems safe.
Literature Review on Aircraft Icing
Ice Formation on Aircraft Thermal Anti-icing Systems

Existing literature explores various methods to address aircraft Some researchers have focused on developing advanced anti-
icing. Numerous studies have investigated ice formation on icing systems using thermal methods, such as heated surfaces
aircraft surfaces using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) or air bleed systems.
models.
However, more research is needed to address challenges of anti-icing on complex geometries and develop robust solutions.
OUR BROWNIE POINT: We have thought of an idea where the material with which the airplane body is made of can be turned into a
reflecting surface(angle at which the sun rays would fall on to the wings) due to which the heat from the sun rays (which would
reflect from the new material ) would dry the small droplets of water that would be formed on the plane wing .
Modeling Assumptions and Approach
1 Steady-state Flow over 2 Laminar Water Film 3 Laminar Air Boundary
a Flat Plate Runback Layer
Steady-state flow over a simplified Laminar water film runback Laminar air boundary layer with
aircraft wing section. driven by gravity, neglecting constant properties across
surface tension and turbulence. thickness.
4 Heat Transfer Model 5 Environmental Factors

Heat transfer modeled using Newton's law of cooling, Impact of air temperature, relative humidity, and aircraft
accounting for convection and conduction within the speed on ice formation and runback, neglecting other
water film and between the film and the air. factors.
Transport Equations
ENERGY AND HEAT BALANCE EQUATIONS
The energy balance equation, based on the energy conservation law, is given as:
MOMENTUM TRANSFER EQUATIONS
Momentum transfer in the flow around aircraft wings is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations. For steady, incompressible, and laminar flow, the x-direction
momentum equation simplifies to:
In the mass and energy equations, convection heat transfer coecients are needed. They can be approximately got by using the experiential expressions or obtained
from the results of CFD computation.
The continuity equation is given by ∇ · v = 0. For real-time aircraft situations, more complex forms of these equations are used, including terms for turbulence and
energy transfer. These equations are crucial for understanding the flow behavior and its impact on the anti-icing system's effectiveness.
Here, Re is the Reynolds number and Pr is the Prandtl number. The curve length from the stagnation point to the local position (s) is also considered in these
calculations.
The local collection efficiency (β) is a crucial parameter in the anti-icing model. It varies based on the Mean Volumetric Diameter (MVD) of water droplets and the
position along the wing surface. The analysis shows that β reaches its maximum near the stagnation point and decreases along the surface. For MVD = 20µm, the
maximum β is around 0.6, while for MVD = 40µm, it increases to about 0.7.
aResult
Drop collection efficiency vs. normalized Surface Temperature Distribution along

chord length for different droplet sizes Chord Length for Different Heating
Conditions
The graph shows the drop collection efficiency versus the
normalized chord length for various droplet sizes and shows The plot above indicates the effect of various heater power
that larger droplets (e.g., 50µm, 70µm) better attach to the levels on the surface temperature. Thus, heating power
surface becomes an essential element in effective anti-icing strategies.
Sensitivity Analysis
1 2 3
Heater Power Droplet Size (MVD) Airspeed (V_inf)

Strong influence on surface Affects collection efficiency; Impacts momentum transport, but
temperature (up to 4.5% variation), moderate uncertainty due to potential uncertainties arise from
with high confidence in atmospheric variability. turbulence.
measurement accuracy.
Conclusion: Heater power and droplet size are the most sensitive parameters. While heater power is reliable, droplet size may
introduce some uncertainty, requiring adaptive strategies for changing conditions.
Result
Mass Transport: Larger droplets, for example, 70 µm, considerably increased the local collection efficiency and hence surface
wetness.
Energy Transport: Order-of-magnitude increases in surface temperature, combined with greatly improved anti-icing, were
achieved through increases in heater power.
Sensitivity Analysis: Heater power of the system highly influences, with an impact on the surface temperature of 4.5%.
Momentum Transport: Wall shear stress was increased by turbulent conditions, changing the distribution of ice.
Synthesis: Project
Takeaways
The Sky Shield project provided valuable insights into anti-icing system design and
simulation.
It gave us a detailed information on how real time aircraft - deicing system works
and how transport phenomena has huge impact on it. We got the basic
understanding of aerodynamics and how the theoretical equations which are
taught to us in class have such great applications in the industry.
The model successfully captured the complex interplay of physical phenomena

involved in icing, including water film formation, heat transfer, and aerodynamic
forces.
Conclusion and Future Work
The Sky Shield project presents a comprehensive model for anti-icing on aircraft surfaces, integrating mass, energy, and
momentum transport phenomena. The model successfully simulates water film formation and runback, considering various factors
such as droplet impingement, heat transfer, and aerodynamic forces.
Future work could focus on refining the model for more complex geometries, incorporating advanced turbulence models, and
validating results with extensive experimental data. Additionally, the integration of this model with real-time flight data could lead
to more efficient and adaptive anti-icing systems for aircraft.
1 Model Integration 2 Simulation Accuracy

Successfully combined mass, energy, and momentum Demonstrated good agreement between numerical and
transport equations experimental results
3 Future Enhancements 4 Practical Applications

Potential for advanced turbulence models and real-time Implications for improved aircraft safety and efficiency
data integration in icing conditions

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Sky Shield

By Kushagra Shrikhande, Mohak Dadhich, Mahi Shah

1 Efficient Design 2 Safety 3 Optimization

Ice Formation on Aircraft Thermal Anti-icing Systems

4 Heat Transfer Model 5 Environmental Factors

MOMENTUM TRANSFER EQUATIONS

Drop collection efficiency vs. normalized Surface Temperature Distribution along

Heater Power Droplet Size (MVD) Airspeed (V_inf)

The model successfully captured the complex interplay of physical phenomena

1 Model Integration 2 Simulation Accuracy

3 Future Enhancements 4 Practical Applications

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