RNW1 Text vs.

Discourse • the personal experiences of the author themselves

• Text: is made up of sentences. GENERAL MODES OF DISCOURSE

- written • Narration, or narrative discourse, which is used to

tell a story or series of events, often in chronological
- A text is made up of sentences having the property
order, and is generally applied in fiction and non-
of grammatical cohesion.
fiction writing.
• Discourse: is the use of such sentences.
• Description, or descriptive discourse, which is used
- spoken to describe a given subject by relating to the five
senses so readers are able to visualize in their minds
- A discourse is made up of utterances having the what that subject looks, sounds, feels, tastes, and
property of coherence. smells like.
Define ‘DISCOURSE’ • Exposition, or discourse exposition, which is used to
DISCOURSE occurs anytime one puts together words inform the readers about the topic of discussion and is
and phrases to make something meaningful and often done objectively as much as possible. Exposition
comprehensive for another person and it continues as is often used to explain and/or expound on the topic.
the message is traded and pass on. • Argument, or argumentative exposition, which is
Discourse usually means and exchange of ideas used to convince readers to accept the writer’s claim,
whether written or spoken between speakers and opinion, or solution by using evidence that reasonably
listeners supports it.

Primary purpose of ‘DISCOURSE’ Differences between Literary and Academic

Discourse
1. To inform the readers about the specified idea
LITERARY DISCOURSE
2. to entertain by providing a source of amusement
• generally concerns itself with the field of creative
3. to persuade them to accept a specific claim or fact fiction and nonfiction writing, whose texts are often
4. to create meaningful and encouraging participation the subject of interpretation and analysis. This form of
in the discussion writing could further be broken down into the
following types:
TEXT AS A CONNECTED DISCOURSE
• Poetic discourse, which focuses on using language
•A text is a connected discourse, which means that all to form themes and convey ideas, while stringing
ideas in text must be related in the sense that they together carefully selected words in appealing
would express only one main idea, or that the text patterns. One can find this type of discourse in poems,
must have unity by combining all ideas to emphasize songs, short fiction stories, and novels.
central idea.
• Expressive discourse, which uses the personal
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS narrative of the writer to explain their point of view.
This is also referred to as creative nonfiction.
•It is a qualitative research method that aims to
understand how language is used in real life • Transaction discourse, which is meant to direct its
situations. readers to achieve something or to do something
properly, the latter of which often includes a detailed
ANALYSING DISCOURSE
list of instructions on how.
• is usually contextual. There are many things that
ACADEMIC DISCOURSE
you need to consider on what makes any piece of
discourse what it is, and the following are just some of • It is characterized by the use of formal language,
the most common factors involved: citing facts and evidence as points of discussion, and
the use of vocabulary and writing mechanics expected
• the culture the author grew up in
in a particular field of study.
• the social environment that the author was
involved in
• To further contrast it from literary writing which can COMPARE- APPLY
be read by almost anyone, academic discourse has a
ASSOCIATE- ARGUE FOR AND AGAINST
very specific audience in mind: fellow students,
teachers, professors, and other scholarly-minded 2. FREEWRITING
practitioners. USES IBC FORMAT
- just keep on writing and not minding errors in
ACADEMIC DISCOURSE spelling and grammar.
INTRODUCTION where the writer introduces the - The objective here is to just write what comes to
problem or issue that needs to be addressed, where your mind. Have a quantitative goal like coming up
the thesis statement is stated. with 500 words or more.
BODY where the writer presents their research and 3. LISTING
findings, formulates their arguments, and supports
their claims with evidence. - List down what comes to your mind.

CONCLUSION reasserting their claim regarding their - enumerate the ideas

topic, consolidates their findings on how it relates to 4. MAPPING
their thesis statement, and potentially provides
insight for further discussion and research. - also known as clustering and webbing, is a graphic
form of listing that simply involves jotting down ideas
RNW2 Brainstorming List on a large writing surface and then making
• Is the act of freely and spontaneously generating connections by associating similarly themed ideas
ideas no matter how creative or unrealistic they may with color-coded circles or underlines of distinct
be, in order to contribute to the writing process. patterns and then indicating other relationships by
linking with lines.
• The resulting map of ideas is the brainstorming list
from which the writer should be able to narrow down USING GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
which ideas would work best and develop further. • Are communication tools used to visually organize
STEPS TO DEVELOP BRAINSTORMING LIST information and indicate house selected ideas relate
to others
1. Begin with a topic or thesis statement, which will
serve as the main idea for one's essay or paper. GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS

2. Generate ideas based on that main idea, and list • Transforming information into visual presentation.
them down. • Colors, shapes and arrows.
3. When brainstorming individually, a writer is advised USING GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
to freewrite, which is the act of letting one's thoughts
flow out as they will. • A MIND MAP is the simplest graphic organizer to
develop, and it shares some similarities to the
4. When brainstorming with a group, each member brainstorming list.
should similarly be advised to refrain from evaluating
each others' ideas while in the process of generating • A VENN DIAGRAM is used to compare and contrast
them. at least two different things by highlighting their
similarities and differences in relation to each.
5. Evaluate the resulting list of ideas only after
thoroughly exploring and checking which of them are • A FLOW CHART is more systematic in nature
relevantly related to the main topic and could be because this graphic organizer is used in depicting the
developed further. steps involved in a process, a system, or an algorithm.

STRATEGIES IN USING BRAINSTORMING LIST • A HIERARCHICAL TOPICAL ORGANIZER shows the

order of ideas and their place in a hierarchy.
1. CUBING
• PERSUASION MAP used to map out arguments and
• It is an idea examined from distinct viewpoints: evidence that prove a viewpoint. This map is
DESCRIBE- ANALYZE especially useful when processing persuasive or
argumentative texts.
• SPIDER MAP this is used to investigate and • Fleshes out these topics further by expressing them
enumerate various aspects of a central idea, which in complete sentence and declarative sentences,
could be a concept, topic, or theme. while supporting statements are listed under these
main points.
OUTLINE
RNW 3&4 Different Modes and Form of Writing style
• Is a sequential list of all the ideas that would be
discussed and mentioned in the finished text, all
grouped according to a hierarchical order.

To develop an outline, the writer must:

• Identify the thesis statement or problem statement,

as well as the main points of discussion and their
supporting ideas.

• Arrange the topics in hierarchical order:

I. Main points of discussion

A. Supporting Details

• Label each of the main points and their supporting

ideas in logical and numerical order (e.g., Roman
numerals, capital letters, lowercase letters)

What a THESIS STATEMENT is NOT

Not a Title

TITLE: NOT A THESIS THESIS STATEMENT

Not an Announcement of the Subject

ANNOUNCEMENT: NOT A THESIS THESIS STATEMENT

Not a Statement of Absolute Fact

FACT: NOT A THESIS

A GOOD THESIS STATEMENT is:

SPECIFIC

takes some sort of stand.

answers a HOW or WHY question

about your topic through specific language.

TWO TYPES OF OUTLINE:

TOPIC OUTLINE

• topics represented by keywords and/or key phrases.

• grouped into headings, each with their own

subheadings listed under them, which in turn, have
their own sub-sub headings optionally listed under
them.

SENTENCE OUTLINE
 • ETHOS - Appeal to ethics convinces the readers that
USING COMPARISON AND CONTRAST the writer is credible in their argument given their
expertise or knowledge about the topic.
• Comparisons – focus on illustrating what makes two
or more different subjects similar to each other. • PATHOS - The appeal to emotion, makes readers
feel emotionally connected and invested in the topic.
• Contrasts – focus on illustrating what makes them
different. • LOGOS - The appeal to logic, use a spreadable facts
and testimonies to logically present one's argument.
USING COMPARISON AND CONTRAST METHODS:
RNW 5 Properties of a Well Written Text
• Alternating method (stating one aspect of
“A well-written text is organized.’’
one thing and immediately discussing same aspect of
the other item and how they are similar or different) A well-organized text has its elements logically and
stategically arranged, which includes the following:
• Block method (discussing all of the aspects of one
thing and then discussing all of the aspects of ● The THESIS, or the main idea serves as the central
another). argument of the whole discussion.

USING CAUSE AND EFFECT ● The THESIS STATEMENT, or the topic sentence is
where the thesis is clearly expressed and could be
• A cause produces an event or set of conditions and situated at any part of the paragraph.
writing about it states why it happened.
● The SUPPORTING DETAILS, which are the
• Effect results from that event or set of condition and statements that explain and further expand the main
writing about it states its results. idea.
USING DESCRIPTION PROBLEMS-SOLUTION Identify the thesis statement and supporting details.
• Problem-solution paragraph informs readers about 1. The quality of a restaurant is expressed by food,
certain problems that might affect them and their ambiance, and quality of service. - TS
lives and proposed solutions to address said
problems. 2. The darker-colored walls and low lighting create a
feeling of intimacy. - SD
• Problem the situation where something is causing or
would potentially cause difficulties or conflict. 1. Daily practice in any subject will improve student
proficiency. - SD
• Solution the method in which those ongoing or
potential difficulties could be resolved or avoided. 2. Students benefit from doing homework every day
in three distinct ways. - TS
USING PERSUASION
1. There are certain things that a useful toolbox
• Persuasion is the skill used to influence or motivate should not be without. - TS
readers to believe in a certain idea or perform specific
actions. 2. Keep at least two screwdrivers; one flat head and
one Phillip’s head. - SD

1. Real beauty can only be attained by good nutrition,

proper hydration, and sufficient sleep. - TS
2. Your body is 70% water, and water is needed to
keep cells healthy, including skin cells. - SD

“A well-written text is cohesive and coherent.’’

COHESION refers to how sentences and paragraphs

are connected and work well together.

● using repeated words or ideas throughout the text,

though it is recommended not to overuse the same
terms and instead use variations or synonyms if
needed.

● using reference words, usually pronouns to replace

other certain words, to refer to ideas and topics
mentioned elsewhere in the text.

● Using transitional signals or cohesive devices, which

are words or phrases that show relationship between
ideas.

● Using substitute words to replace certain words

that have already mentioned previously in the text.

● Using shell nouns or abstract nouns that summarize

the meaning of ideas mentioned previously or later in
the text

COHERENCE refers to how topics are organized and

connected at the conceptual level and whether the
reader understands them.

● Chronological order relates to a sequence of events

as they happen one after the other.

● Spatial order arranges details or characteristics

according to how one is related to another in a
physical space.

● order of importance arranges details from the least

important to the most important ideas, or vice versa.

● Compare and contrast relates how at least two

subjects are similar or different from each other.

● Topical order arranges information by main topics

and the subtopics that could be categorized under
them.

You can have COHESION without COHERENCE. But,

you cannot have COHERENCE without COHESION.