Review # 1 Title: Bio-rational products

1.0 Introduction
Biologically based pesticide products or bio-rational products contain pheromones (a chemical
substance released by an animal into the environment, particularly an insect or a mammal, affecting the
physiology or behavior of its other species) or living microorganisms, which have little negative impact
on the environment and are nontoxic.These types of bio-rational products can be used in the place of
competitive chemical products, which are banned in export markets where the concerns about food
residue are high, and in environmentally sensitive areas.
2.0 Overview & Uses of Bio-rational products
It was studied that the bio-rotational method taken into account by farmers as a means of using
chemicals in reducing insects’ population by modifying their behavior, disrupting growth and destroy
reproduction in a controlled way, (Dhaliwal and Arora 2003). It has been studied that to obtain healthy,
as well as high yield crop, the temperature should be contusive in order to prevent crops from harmful
insects. It was realized that rising the temperature to 50°C–60°C and below -15°C for more than a month
can significantly affect the life stage of S. oryzae (Hasan et al. 2017). It has been investigated that crop
damage can be minimized by Low ionizing radiation. Strong ionizing radiation (at a dose of 0.6 kGy)
sterilizes stored grain insects. Irradiation performed in a completely locked chamber can effectively kill
all stages of insects, whereas the nutritional value of the food grains remains unaffected (Upadhyay &
Ahmad 2011). It was found that there are several methods to control pests, which involve the use of
modified atmospheric storage, Botanical pesticides, the mixing of inert ash material (e.g. Diatomaceous
earth (DE) for Tribolium castaneum H., Zeolites, Wood ash for adults of Callosobruchus maculatus, Rice
husk ash for controlling Sitophilus zeamais in stored maize, Fly ash for beetle C. chinensis) pheromone
traps, botanicals, insect growth regulators (IGRs), entomopathogens and host plant resistance, to
promote agricultural sustainability (Trivedi et al. 2018).
3.0 Target Organisms: The following listed are bio-rational insect and mite control materials
ACTIVE INGRADIENTS TRADE NAME(S) TARGET PESTS COMMENTS
Azadiractin, Bacillus Aza-Direct, Azatin XL, Aphids, leafminers, Insect growth regulator,
thuringiensis subsp. Neemix, Biobit, Deliver, thrips, whitefly, repellent, antifeedant.
kurstaki, bifenazate, Dipel, Javelin, Acramite leafhopper, flies, true Disrupts growth of
50WS, Floramite SC bugs, some beetles and immature stages. Use
caterpillars preventatively before
outbreaks.

4.0 Future prospects & Local context

Numerous research investigations into different bio-rational methods for the pest management of
stored products are needed. Stored grains provide diverse niches for various insect pests to thrive and
complete their lifecycles. Although external feeders are conspicuous by their presence, internal feeders
are very often discernible only after considerable damage is caused. In addition to reducing the cost of
protection, attention has been focused on improving the efficiency of all methods without affecting the
quality of the grain. Understanding the symptoms of damage, life cycle and biology of major stored
product insect pests would help in monitoring and assessing their damage to devise suitable strategies
for controlling these pests for agricultural sustainability.

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Review # 2 Title: Insect growth regulators (IGRs)

1.0 Introduction
Insect growth regulators (IGRs) are synthetic insect hormones, which can be used as insecticides to
regulate the populations of harmful insect pests. IGRs prevent an insect from reaching maturity by
interfering with the molting process. Many IGR products are mixed with other insecticides that kill adult
insects. IGRs are generally less toxic to humans.

2.0 Overview and uses of IGR

This overview provides a valuable insight to various stakeholders in the food chain on how food handlers
and companies perceive pest control (Djekic et al, 2019). It has been found that there are several
methods to control pests, which involve the use of moulting hormone analogues (20-hydroxyecdysone)
(e.g., tebufenozide), anti moulting hormone analogues, juvenile hormone analogues (e.g., methoprene),
anti-juvenile hormone analogues, insect neuropeptides, chitin synthesis inhibitors (e.g., diflubenzuron),
chitin degradation inhibitors and sclerotization inhibitors. They have been collectively called as “insect
growth regulators” or IGRs, as they harmfully affect the normal growth and development in one way or
another like they affect insect reproduction (Smagghe et al, 2019).

3.0 Target Organisms

The following listed are the IGRs’ applications and insect and mite control materials.

ACTIVE INGRADIENTS TRADE NAME(S) TARGET PESTS COMMENTS

Buprofezin, Applaud, Accolade, Rice homopterans, Insect growth
Chlorfluazuron, Tribune, Atabron, vegetable and fruits regulator, inhibit chitin
Diflubenzuron, Helix, Dimilin, Adept, pests Cotton mealybug synthesis, prevents
Flufenoxuron Micro, Cascade molting of nymphs,
suppresses oviposition

4.0 Future prospects and local context

IGRs have great potential for insect control but costlier synthesis, environmental instability and narrow
host range limits their commercialization. JHAs and CSIs among IGRs can become a viable component of
IPM programme if used judiciously as many commercial formulations of these are available. The novel
modes of action or IGRs make them less prone to cross-resistance while, low mammalian toxicity, bio-
degrability and specific nature of these compounds make them eco-friendly. According to Tunaz and
Uygun (2004), Stage specificity of JHAs may limit their use under field conditions since the most
damaging stage of some insect pests is in the entire larval stage but on the contrary, could be useful in
mosquito control programs. Apparently, among the IGRs, nonsteroidal ecdysone agonist
bisacylhydrazine insecticides are the best understood at the molecular level in terms of the mode of
action, molecular targets and selective toxicity etc. unlike JHAs and CSIs. In the context of PNG, better
understanding of JHAs and CSIs at molecular level and their biosynthetic pathways could pave way for
development of novel IGRs. IGRs cannot be the panacea for all the pest problems but can be efficiently
and effectively integrated with other tools of pest management. There is an urgent need to have better
field stable formulations of IGRs while the insect neuropeptide and chitinase genes can be potential
candidates to design effective bio-pesticides.

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Review # 3 Title: Nontoxic Heat Treatments

1.0 Introduction
New methods of pest control are based on low-toxic solutions that can be more sustainable and
effective than harsh chemicals; one such method is to use heat to eliminate insects. Rentokil’s
Entotherm is a new solution that eradicates bedbugs and cockroaches. Rather than using sprays, which
often do not penetrate the hard outer shell, the heat delivered by the Entotherm system kills insects
from the inside through dehydration and damage to essential physiological processes. Another benefit is
that the heat effectively kills all the life stages of insects—egg, larva, pupa, and adult, without needing
to go over 56–60°C, which is high enough to kill the pests rapidly.

2.0 Overview and uses of NHT

This review describes the use and importance of heat as an environmentally friendly agent in pest
management practices which involves the combination of fire, water-based and atmospheric, steam,
vapor heat, dry heat, forced hot air, high temperature controlled atmospheres, electric fields, and
electromagnetic energies (Hansen et al., 2011). It has been studied that heat treatment (HT) methods
can be used to control insect pests in flour mills by thermal analyses and temperature trend models. The
results show that to achieve an air temperature above 45°C, the time period of HT should be increased
by 9 h. In thermal bridges, the surface temperatures should be lethal to insects and be capable of
dropping sensible heat flux loss with the help of insulating materials (Porto et al, 2017).

Recent research has investigated that using a 40-kW radioactive frequency oven as a heat treatment
agent in pest management practices has posed significant feedback in destroying destroy wood decay
and sapstain fungi, and they reported fungus inhibition at 60–708C for 2 min. They further noted that
moisture loss in the wood may be an important factor in radio frequency treatments (Tubajika et al.
2005, 2007)

3.0 Target Organisms

ACTIVE INGRADIENTS TRADE NAME(S) TARGET PESTS COMMENTS
Pyrethrum, H2O, A-200 Pyrinate, Barc, Bed bugs, cockroaches, Eliminate pest all life
Propylene glycol, Water, PG-12, Gum, ants, termites, stored stages. Inhibit chitin
Hydrocolloids, Agarose product pests synthesis and
Polysaccharides suppressing oviposition

4.0 Future Prospects and Local Context

Since these early attempts to control insects by thermal methods, the applicable technologies have
progressed in mechanical design and theories. Advances in instrumentation now provides accurate
temperature measurements and other treatment variables. Techniques have improved in precision and
replication. The extensive history of the development of these treatments may provide pointers to the
development of new forms and prevent duplication of previous attempts. The future application of
thermal treatments is promising because of the extensive methods that can be used to produce and
control heat.

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Review # 4 Title: CRISPR technology to control pests
1.0 Introduction
CRISPR gene editing tool is a method to alter key genes that regulate the fertility and sex determination
of insects. CRISPR technology has allowed researchers to invent a new effective control technology
which can be safe, self-limiting, and scalable genetic population for a specific species. It has the potential
to be developed and utilized for a plethora of insect pests and disease vectors. This technology can be
safely used in the field to suppress and even destroy target species.
2.0 Overview and Uses of CRISPR
This review describes the importance of CRISPR and significant trends that farmers can manage insect-
pests to safeguard crops and enhance yields through biotechnology and genetic modification of genes,
which can chemically be causing insect pest sterility or disrupting the resistance gained against
pesticides (Ullah et al., 2023). It is a promising method to develop customized plants through genome-
editing platform, especially when a particular deletion can enhance desired features or trigger a gene
drive to spread mutations that reduce the survival of female insects. It was found that the Homology-
Directed Repair (HDR) mechanism for the target insect-pests can be activated to achieve precise gene
alterations and utilized for genome editing in insects to achieve desired traits (Verma et al., 2023).
It was studied that the genome’s DNA sequences for the target insects can be altered by applying
various CRISPR-Cas applications. Cas9 protein (Streptococcus pyrogene (Sp)) has been studied and
confirmed to be the most common protein that performs effectively in binding specific target DNA,
resulting in the activation of the cellular DNA repair system to generate a Double-Strand Breaks (DSB). In
the absence of non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), Homology-Directed Repair (HDR) pathways are
activated, leading to spontaneous insertions, replacements, or deletions at the site of double strand
breaks (DSBs). This often results in the disruption of gene function (Zuo et al., 2020).
3.0 Target Organisms (Genes)
ACTIVE INGRADIENTS TRADE NAME(S) TARGET GENES COMMENTS
Streptococcus Drosophila suzukii, Erm genes, white (w) Disruption of the white
pyrogene, Pyrethrin, Bactrocera dorsalis, gene, White and gene leads to
Bacillus thuringiensis, Plutella xylostella, transformer pigmentation
deficiency and
copulation failure.

4.0 Future Prospects and Local Context

The process of genome modification is a natural occurrence that takes place during the course of
evolution and is not within our ability to control. The experimental alteration of the genome may have a
primary focus on human benefits. This review suggests that the application of crop improvement should
be restricted to breeding objectives that are crucial and difficult to attain. In the context of PNG, public
awareness, capacity building, biosafety/off-target effect studies, a proper regulatory framework may
provide future field applications and actual benefits of gene silencing and editing in insect pest
management.

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Review # 5 Title: Second-generation green products
1.0 Introduction
Sustainable and non-toxic ways to get rid of pest like cockroaches, mice, ants, and other insects that are
harmful to the crops without having negative effects to crops and surrounding environment. These
products contain effective ingredients, which involves using of bio-pesticides, for eco-friendly pest
management and crop protection over the chemical pesticides.
2.0 Overview and Uses of second-generation green products
This review illustrates the importance and use of eco-friendly bio-pesticides likely be evolved by most of
the farmers because natural pesticides are pesticides made by organisms usually for their own defense,
or are derived from a natural source such as plant, animal, bacteria, and certain mineral, use to control
pest naturally with less effect or no effect. Examples of these natural pesticides are Rotenone (Derris
sp.), carboxin, fluroacetate, nicotine, neem (Azadiracta indica), microbial pesticide Bacillus thuringiensis,
and pyrethrins (CE et al., 2019).
It was studied that the effective chemical mechanism produced from the organic insecticide which
contains specific active ingredients (e.g. deguelin, rotenone, and tephrosin) can play vital role in
controlling target pests such as leaf-eating caterpillars and beetles through rotenone (44%), and
deguelin (22%) (Cabizza et al., 2004). These compounds have achieved several currently desired goals of
pest managers and the greater public demands. These are very selective, targeting just the pest, usually
do not persist in the environment, much safer to handle and apply when compared to most chemical
pesticides, and tend to preserve beneficial organisms.
3.0 Target Organisms
ACTIVE INGRADIENTS TRADE NAME(S) TARGET PESTS COMMENTS
Spinosad, Neem Oil Entrust, Neemix, Chewing insects, Insect repellent,
(Azadirachtin), Provaunt, ChitoPlant Sucking pests, Surface growth inhibitor,
Indoxacarb, Chitosan, browsers, disrupting feeding and
Metamorphosis reproduction in pests,
against lepidopteran
pests, plant immunity
and controlling fungal
pathogens

4.0 Future Prospects and Local Context

The use of synthetic pesticides has led to soil and air pollution, with some of these chemicals taking
years or even decades to degrade. These pesticides pose risks to animals, microorganisms, plants, and
human health. Fortunately, there are many natural pesticides (bio-pesticides) available that are also
effective. As a developing nation we should stop using harmful pesticides and comply with the
technology, adapt to become part of it by start using bio-pesticides, which decompose rapidly in sunlight
and soil. The quicker a chemical decomposes, the faster the soil can become healthy again. Most bio-
pesticides are also safe for people and pets. They can be easily washed off fruits and vegetables, making
them safer for consumption by us and our families.

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Review # 6 Title: Communication tools
1.0 Introduction
Mobile data-capture devices can be implemented for pest control to record real-time information about
the location and characteristics of pest issues. This data is then stored in an online central database
accessible to both facility managers and pest control experts. This system simplifies the tracking of
multiple sites and enables quicker corrective actions and more precise pest-control measures.
2.0 Overview and uses
This review describes the importance and use of communication tools as smart mobile phones,
handheld computers, and global positioning systems become more popular, IPM extension professionals
and farmers can access necessary information anytime and anywhere. This trend also motivates insect
pest informatics experts to develop and standardize IPM information tailored to specific areas and times
(Singh et al., 2018).
It has been stated that the integrated pest management IPM is made possible by the means of ICTs in
IPM programs, can aid in pest management decision-making and training ICTs assist in identifying pest
species, understanding their damage and life cycles, setting economic injury thresholds, monitoring,
scouting, predicting populations, selecting control techniques, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.
Initiatives like IPMNet, IPM Link, and IPM CRSP have created ICT platforms for sharing information
through websites, online databases, discussion forums, email list servers, and multimedia CD-ROMs.
These decision support systems provide comprehensive information for choosing appropriate pest
control strategies, including pest identification, life cycles, sampling and decision-making criteria,
sampling threshold calculations, and pest distribution models linked to weather monitoring systems.
They also offer environmentally friendly bio-control methods and information on available pesticides,
their safety risks, and environmental impacts (Bartlett, 2002).
3.0 Target Organisms
ACTIVE INGRADIENTS TRADE NAME(S) TARGET PESTS COMMENTS
Pheromones (sex CheckMate or Isomate, Moths, Flies, Beetles, Lure and disrupts
attractants), BugVibes, Ultrason-X, Bugs, Hoppers, mating behaviors,
Vibrational Signals, Flytrap Professional Mosquitoes, Rodents, detect insect mating
Acoustic Deterrents, Thrips, communications,
Visual Traps (color and Sound frequencies
light traps) detect pests, attract
and capture flying
insects.

4.0 Future prospects and local context

Pest management strategies could be further improved with addition of intelligent functions such as e-
learning tools and dynamics and dynamic simulations of crop ecosystems. Integrated Pest Management
training materials for many crop systems are available on CD-RoM or online. As a developing nation, we
should probably go through this enormous part of technology to improve production, health, and
economy.

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Review # 7 Title: Rodent birth control
1.0 Introduction
Pest management practice involves using birth control for pest birds like pigeons as a means of
managing populations. The rodent birth control may soon provide an effective way to control prolific
breeders like mice and rats without negatively impacting many non-target creatures. Rodents in both
developed and developing countries are common and engender major impacts at the economic and
sociopolitical level in urban and rural habitats, the latter especially during population outbreaks.
2.0 Overview and uses
In this review, we focus on development of fertility control approaches which could be used as non-
lethal application and included as part of an integrated management approach for rodent pest species
(Jacoblinnert et al., 2022)
It was studied that the development of active ingredient for fertility control performs effectively in
regulating reproductive success in both males and females. Thus, fertility could be reduced by directly
inhibiting the function of the gonads in terms of successful spermatogenesis and/or ovarian follicular or
oocyte development. Targeting subsequent events such as fertilization, and/or early pregnancy and
implantation in females, or affecting the hormonal feedback associated with the HPG axis could also
indirectly impair the overall functioning of the reproductive system (Bomford, 1990)
3.0 Target organisms
ACTIVE INGRADIENTS TRADE NAME(S) TARGET PESTS COMMENTS
Nicarbazin, VCD (4- OvoControl P, Rats, pigeons, Mice, Interferes egg
vinylcyclohexene), ContraPest, groud squirrels, prairie development, Causing
Triptolide, DiazaCon MouseStopper, dogs premature ovarian
RatGone failure, disrupts sperm
production in rodents
leading to infertility,
inhibiting cholesterol
production and
hormone levels
necessary for
reproduction.

4.0 Future prospects and local context

To manage overabundant rodents with high reproductive rates efficiently, large proportions of females
need to be infertile. It has been suggested that computer simulations 50–80% of females of eruptive
house mice and >50% of females of non-eruptive rice field rats need to be infertile to achieve effects at
population level. This seems challenging but experience with rodenticidal bait indicates that even larger
proportions can be targeted. Therefore, orally delivered agents or vaccines should have priority.

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Review # 8 Title: Fly baits
1.0 Introduction
Baiting is a powerful tool used to manipulate wild life populations and induce ecosystem change. It
involves delivering substance to target individuals by deploying baits that they then consume. The fly
bait stickers can be used near the food storage area or where the flies congregate. The small sticker is
coated with insect food and an insecticide that has the ability to knockdown flies in just 1 min upon
contact.
2.0 Overview and uses
In this review we focus on the manipulation of the annoying flies and wildlife pest populations by
recommending diethyl toluamide (DEET), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), citronella oil, eucalyptus oil, neem
oil, and alphacypermethrin be evaluated for palatability to possums and rats, and then for antifeedant
effects to invertebrates likely to eat baits (Spurr and McGregor, 2003)
It has been studied that the potential invertebrate antifeedants were mainly repellents and deterrents.
However, only a few invertebrate antifeedants have been developed for practical use. Most have been
used as insect repellents for the protection of humans from biting insects (e.g. diethyl toluamide (DEET),
dimethyl phthalate (DMP), citronella oil, and eucalyptus oil). A few invertebrate antifeedants have been
used for the protection of seeds, crops, stored products, and other commodities (e.g. neem oil), and also
to prevent invertebrates from eating baits used for vertebrate pest control (e.g. DMP and alpha
cypermethrin) (Srivastava et al. 1999).
3.0 Target organisms
ACTIVE INGRADIENTS TRADE NAME(S) TARGET PESTS COMMENTS
Methomyl, Golden Malrin, House flies, stable flies, Imidacloprid and
Imidacloprid, Spinosad, QuickBayt, Elector, face flies, blow flies, filt Spinosad Disrupts the
Indoxacarb Advion Fly Bait flies, fruit flies, vinegar nervous system of flies.
flies, Indoxacarb provides
knockdown effects on
flies.

4.0 Future prospects and local context

The following potential invertebrate antifeedants should be evaluated for palatability to possums and
rats: DEET, DMP, citronella oil, eucalyptus oil, neem oil, and alpha-cypermethrin. Commercially available
insect repellents (such as in aerosol fly sprays or slow-release polymer strips) should also be evaluated
for use in bait stations to reduce invertebrate consumption of baits there. Currently, the main unknown
in selecting potential invertebrate antifeedants for adding to baits used for vertebrate pest control is
their palatability to possums and rats. This needs to be determined before invertebrate antifeedants can
be used to prevent toxicants being transported into the environment by invertebrates.

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