1–4 Given that 7. The graph of a function f and its tangent line at 0 are shown.

f sxd
lim f sxd − 0 lim tsxd − 0 lim hsxd − 1 What is the value of lim x ?
xla xla xla xl0 e 2 1

y
lim psxd − ` lim qs xd − ` y=x
xla xla

which of the following limits are indeterminate forms? For y=ƒ

those that are not an indeterminate form, evaluate the limit
where possible. 0 x

f sxd f sxd
1. (a) lim (b) lim
xla tsxd xla psxd
hsxd psxd
(c) lim (d) lim 8–68 Find the limit. Use l’Hospital’s Rule where appropriate.
xla psxd xla f sxd
If there is a more elementary method, consider using it. If
psxd l’Hospital’s Rule doesn’t apply, explain why.
(e) lim
xla qsxd
x23
8. lim
2. (a) lim f f sxdpsxdg (b) lim fhsxdpsxdg xl3 x2 2 9
xla xla

(c) lim f psxdqsxdg x 2 2 2x 2 8 x3 1 8

xla
9. lim 10. lim
x l4 x24 x l 22 x12

3. (a) lim f f sxd 2 psxdg (b) lim f psxd 2 qsxdg x 3 2 2x 2 1 1 6x 2 1 5x 2 4

xla xla 11. lim 12. lim
x l1 x3 2 1 x l 1y2 4x 2 1 16x 2 9
(c) lim f psxd 1 qsxdg
xla
cos x tan 3x
13..
1 lim 14. lim
1
4. (a) lim f f sxdg tsxd (b) lim f f sxdg psxd x l sy2d1 1 2 sin x xl0 sin 2x
xl a xla

(c) lim fhsxdg psxd

(d) lim f psxdg f sxd e 2t 2 1 x2
xla xla 15.. lim 16.
1 lim
tl0 sin t x l0 1 2 cos x
qsxd
(e) lim f psxdg qsxd (f) lim spsxd
xla xla
1 2 sin  1 1 cos 
17..
1 lim 18.
1 . lim
 l y2 1 1 cos 2 l 1 2 cos 
5–6 Use the graphs of f and t and their tangent lines at s2, 0d to ln x x 1 x2
f sxd 1 lim
19. 20.
2 lim
find lim . xl` sx xl` 1 2 2x 2
x l 2 tsxd

ln x ln sx
5. y 6. y 21.. lim1 2 . lim
22.
y=1.8(x-2) f xl0 x xl` x2
y=1.5(x-2)
t8 2 1 8t 2 5t
f 23.. lim 2 . lim
24.
g tl1 t5 2 1 tl0 t

2 2 s1 1 2x 2 s1 2 4x e uy10
25.. lim 26.
2 . lim
0 x 0 x xl0 x ul ` u3
4
y=5 (x-2) y=2-x
g
ex 2 1 2 x sinh x 2 x
27.. lim 28.
2 . lim
xl0 x2 xl0 x3
312 CHAPTER 4 Applications of Differentiation

29.. lim
2
xl0
tanh x
tan x
3 . lim
30.
xl0
x 2 sin x
x 2 tan x 6 . lim1 s1 1 sin 3xd 1yx
67.
xl0
68. lim
xl`
S 2x 2 3
2x 1 5
D 2x11

21
sin x sln xd 2
31.. lim 32.
3 . lim
xl0 x xl` x ; 69–70 Use a graph to estimate the value of the limit. Then use
l’Hospital’s Rule to find the exact value.
x3x cos mx 2 cos nx
33.. lim
xl0 x
3 21

lns1 1 xd
34.. lim
3
xl0 x2

x sinsx 2 1d
69. lim
xl`
S D
11
2
x
x

70. lim
xl0
5x 2 4x
3x 2 2x
35.. lim 3 . lim
36.
x l 0 cos x 1 e x 2 1 x l 1 2x 2 2 x 2 1
; 71–72 Illustrate l’Hospital’s Rule by graphing both f sxdytsxd
arctans2 xd xx 2 1 and f 9sxdyt9sxd near x − 0 to see that these ratios have the same
37.. lim1 38.
3 . lim1 limit as x l 0. Also, calculate the exact value of the limit.
xl0 ln x x l 0 ln x 1 x 2 1

71. f sxd − e x 2 1, tsxd − x 3 1 4x

xa 2 1 e x 2 e2x 2 2x
39.. lim b , b±0 40.
4 . lim 72. f sxd − 2x sin x, tsxd − sec x 2 1
xl1 x 2 1 xl0 x 2 sin x

cos x 2 1 1 12 x 2 cos x lnsx 2 ad

41.. lim
4 42.
4 . lim1 73. Prove that
xl0 x4 x la lnse x 2 e a d ex
lim −`
xl` xn
43.
4 . lim x sinsyxd 4 . lim sx e2xy2
44.
xl` xl` for any positive integer n. This shows that the exponential
function approaches infinity faster than any power of x.
4 . lim sin 5x csc 3x
45.
xl0
46.. lim x ln 1 2
x l 2`
S D 1
x 74. Prove that
ln x
lim −0
3 2x 2
xl` xp
47.
4 lim x e 48.
4 . lim x 3y2
sins1yxd
xl` xl`
for any number p . 0. This shows that the logarithmic
function approaches infinity more slowly than any power
4 . lim1 ln x tans xy2d
49. 50..
5 lim cos x sec 5x of x.
x l1 x l sy2d2

51.. lim
xl1
S x
x21
2
1
ln x
D 52.. lim scsc x 2 cot xd
xl0
75–76 What happens if you try to use l’Hospital’s Rule to find
the limit? Evaluate the limit using another method.
x sec x
75. lim 76. lim 2
x l sy2d tan x

S D S D
xl ` sx 2 1 1
1 1 1 1
53.
5 . lim1 2 x 54.
5 . lim1 2
x l0 x e 21 xl0 x tan21 x
x
; 77. Investigate the family of curves f sxd − e 2 cx. In par-
55.
5 . lim sx 2 ln xd ticular, find the limits as x l 6` and determine the
xl` values of c for which f has an absolute minimum. What
happens to the minimum points as c increases?
56.
5 lim1 flnsx 7 2 1d 2 lnsx 5 2 1dg 78. If an object with mass m is dropped from rest, one model
x l1
for its speed v after t seconds, taking air resistance into
account, is
57.. lim1 x sx
5 58.. lim1 stan 2 xd x
x l0 xl0 mt
v− s1 2 e 2ctym d
c
5 . lim s1 2 2xd1yx
59.
xl0
60.
6 . lim
xl`
S D
11
a
x
bx

where t is the acceleration due to gravity and c is a posi-

tive constant. (In Chapter 9 we will be able to deduce this
61.
6 . lim1 x 1ys12xd 6 . lim x sln 2dys1 1 ln xd
62. equation from the assumption that the air resistance is
x l1 xl` proportional to the speed of the object; c is the proportion-
ality constant.)
2x
6 . lim x 1yx
63. 6 . lim x e
64. (a) Calculate lim t l ` v. What is the meaning of this limit?
xl` xl`
(b) For fixed t, use l’Hospital’s Rule to calculate
lim cl 01 v. What can you conclude about the velocity
6 . lim1 s4x 1 1d cot x
65. 66.
6 . lim s2 2 xdtansxy2d of a falling object in a vacuum?
x l0 xl1
1–6 Evaluate the integral by making the given substitution. 6. y s2t 1 1 dt, u − 2t 1 1
1. y cos 2x dx, u − 2x

2. y xe 2x 2
dx, u − 2x 2 7–48 Evaluate the indefinite integral.

7. y x s1 2 x dx 8. yx e x dx
2 2 3

3. y x 2 sx 3 1 1 dx, u − x 3 1 1

4. y sin 2
 cos  d, u − sin  9. y s1 2 2xd 9
dx 10.
1 y sin t s1 1 cost dt

x3
5. y x 25
4 dx , u − x 4 2 5 11. y cossty2d dt 12. y sec 2
2 d
 SECTION 5.5 The Substitution Rule 419

dx dx
y yy y y
1 3
13. 14. 2
s4 2 y 3d 2y3 dy 55. s
3
1 1 7x dx 56.
5 2 3x 0 0 5x 1 1
y6 sin t
y cos  sin  d ye y y
2y3
15.. 3
16. 25r
dr 57.. dt 58. csc 2 ( 12 t) dt
0 cos2 t y3

eu sin sx e 1yx
y y y y
2 1
17. du 18. dx 59.. dx 60.. xe2x dx
2

s1 2 e u d2 sx 1 x2 0

a 1 bx 2 z2
y y
y4 y2
19..
s3ax 1 bx 3
dx 20.
z 11
3 dz 61.. y
2y4
sx 3 1 x 4 tan xd dx 62. y
0
cos x sinssin xd dx

sln xd2 dx a
y y
13
21.. y x
dx 22.. y sin x sinscos xd dx 63.
0 ss1 1 2xd
3 2
64.
0
x sa 2 2 x 2 dx

a y3
23.. y sec  tan  d 2 3
24.. y x sx 1 2 dx 65. y
0
x sx 2 1 a 2 dx sa . 0d 66. y
2y3
x 4 sin x dx

dx x
y y
2 4
25.. ye x
s1 1 e x dx 26.. y ax 1 b
sa ± 0d 67.
1
x sx 2 1 dx 68..
0 s1 1 2x
dx

e4 dx
y y
2
y sx ye 69. 70. sx 2 1de sx21d dx
2
cos t
27. 2
1 1dsx 3 1 3xd 4 dx 28. sin t dt e x sln x 0

sec 2 x ez 1 1 Ty2
y y
1
29. y5 t
sins5 t d dt 30. y tan 2 x
dx 71..
0 ez 1 z
dz 72.
0
sins2 tyT 2 d dt

sarctan xd2 x dx
y (1 1 sx )
1
31.. y x2 1 1
dx 32.. y x2 1 4
dx 73.
0 4

cossyxd
33.. y cos s1 1 5td dt 34. y x2
dx
74. Verify that f sxd − sin s
3
x is an odd function and use that fact
2t to show that
35.. y scot x csc x dx 2
36. y 2t 1 3
dt
0 < y sin s
3
3
x dx < 1
22
dt
37. y sinh x cosh x dx 2
38. y cos2 t s1 1 tan t ; 75–76 Use a graph to give a rough estimate of the area of the
region that lies under the given curve. Then find the exact area.
sin 2x sin x
39.. y 1 1 cos2x
dx 40. y 1 1 cos2x
dx 75. y − s2x 1 1, 0 < x < 1
cossln td 76. y − 2 sin x 2 sin 2x, 0 < x < 
41.. y cot x dx 42.. y t
dt

dx x 77. Evaluate y22

2
sx 1 3ds4 2 x 2 dx by writing it as a sum of
43.. y s1 2 x sin x 2 21
44.. y 1 1 x4
dx
two integrals and interpreting one of those integrals in terms
of an area.
11x
45.. y 1 1 x2
dx 46.
4 yx 2
s2 1 x dx 78. Evaluate y01 x s1 2 x 4 dx by making a substitution and
interpreting the resulting integral in terms of an area.
47.. y xs2x 1 5d 8
dx 48.. y x sx 3 2 1 1 dx 79. Which of the following areas are equal? Why?
y y

; 49–52 Evaluate the indefinite integral. Illustrate and check that y=2x´
your answer is reasonable by graphing both the function and its y=eœ„x
antiderivative (take C − 0).
49. y xsx 2
2 1d3 dx 50. y tan  sec  d
2 2
0 1 x 0 1 x

y
51. ye cos x
sin x dx 52. y sin x cos x dx 4

y=e sin x sin 2x

53–73 Evaluate the definite integral.
y y
1 1
5
53. coss ty2d dt 54.
5 s3t 2 1d50 dt 0 1 π x
0 0 2
420 CHAPTER 5 Integrals

80. A model for the basal metabolism rate, in kcalyh, of a young (Notice that production approaches 5000 per week as time
man is Rstd − 85 2 0.18 coss ty12d, where t is the time in goes on, but the initial production is lower because of the
hours measured from 5:00 am. What is the total basal metab- workers’ unfamiliarity with the new techniques.) Find the
olism of this man, y024 Rstd dt, over a 24-hour time period? number of calculators produced from the beginning of the
third week to the end of the fourth week.
81. An oil storage tank ruptures at time t − 0 and oil leaks from
the tank at a rate of rstd − 100e20.01t liters per minute. How 87.. If f is continuous and y f sxd dx − 10, find y f s2xd dx.
4 2

much oil leaks out during the first hour? 0 0

88.. If f is continuous and y f sxd dx − 4, find y x f sx 2 d dx.

9 3
82. A bacteria population starts with 400 bacteria and grows at a
0 0
rate of rstd − s450.268de1.12567t bacteria per hour. How many
bacteria will there be after three hours? 89. If f is continuous on R, prove that
83. Breathing is cyclic and a full respiratory cycle from the b 2a

beginning of inhalation to the end of exhalation takes y a

f s2xd dx − y
2b
f sxd dx
about 5 s. The maximum rate of air flow into the lungs
For the case where f sxd > 0 and 0 , a , b, draw a diagram
is about 0.5 Lys. This explains, in part, why the function
to interpret this equation geometrically as an equality of
f std − 12 sins2 ty5d has often been used to model the rate of
areas.
air flow into the lungs. Use this model to find the volume of
inhaled air in the lungs at time t. 90.. If f is continuous on R, prove that
84. The rate of growth of a fish population was modeled by the b b1c

equation
y
a
f sx 1 cd dx − y
a1c
f sxd dx
60,000e20.6 t
Gstd − For the case where f sxd > 0, draw a diagram to interpret this
s1 1 5e20.6 t d2
equation geometrically as an equality of areas.
where t is measured in years and G in kilograms per year.
If the biomass was 25,000 kg in the year 2000, what is the 91. If a and b are positive numbers, show that
predicted biomass for the year 2020?
y x a s1 2 xd b dx − y x b s1 2 xd a dx
1 1

85. Dialysis treatment removes urea and other waste products 0 0

from a patient’s blood by diverting some of the bloodflow

92. If f is continuous on f0, g, use the substitution u −  2 x to
externally through a machine called a dialyzer. The rate at
show that
which urea is removed from the blood (in mgymin) is often
well described by the equation   

r
y 0
x f ssin xd dx −
2
y
0
f ssin xd dx
ustd − C0 e2rtyV
V
93. Use Exercise 92 to evaluate the integral
where r is the rate of flow of blood through the dialyzer (in
mLymin), V is the volume of the patient’s blood (in mL), and  x sin x
C 0 is the amount of urea in the blood (in mg) at time t − 0. y0 1 1 cos2x
dx
Evaluate the integral y030 ustd dt and interpret it.
86. Alabama Instruments Company has set up a production line 94. (a) If f is continuous, prove that
to manufacture a new calculator. The rate of production of y2 y2
these calculators after t weeks is y 0
f scos xd dx − y
0
f ssin xd dx

dx
dt
S
− 5000 1 2
100
st 1 10d2
D calculatorsyweek (b) Use part (a) to evaluate y0
y2
cos 2 x dx and y0
y2
sin 2 x dx.
1–2 Evaluate the integral using integration by parts with the 13. y t csc 2
t dt 14. y x cosh ax dx
indicated choices of u and dv.
z
1. y xe 2x
dx; u − x, dv − e 2x dx 15.. y sln xd dx 2
16. y 10 z
dz

2. y sx ln x dx; u − ln x, dv − sx dx 17.. ye 2
sin 3 d 18. ye 2
cos 2 d

3–36 Evaluate the integral.

19.. yz e 3 z
dz 20.. y x tan x dx 2

xe 2x
3. y x cos 5x dx 4. y ye 0.2y
dy 21. y s1 1 2xd2
dx 22. y sarcsin xd 2
dx

5. y te 23t
dt 6. y sx 2 1d sin x dx 23.. y0
1y2
x cos x dx 24. y0
1
sx 2 1 1de2x dx

7. y sx 2
1 2xd cos x dx 8. yt 2
sin t dt 25. y0
2
y sinh y dy 26.. y1
2
w 2 ln w dw
ln R
y cos y ln sx dx y y
21 5 2
9. x dx 10.
1 27.. dR 28.. t 2 sin 2t dt
1 R2 0


11. yt 4
ln t dt 12. y tan 21
2y dy 29.. y0
x sin x cos x dx 30.. y1
s3
arctans1yxd dx
 SECTION 7.1 Integration by Parts 477

M sln xd2 50. Prove that, for even powers of sine,

y y
5 2
31. dM 32. dx
1 eM 1 x3
y2 1 ? 3 ? 5 ? ∙ ∙ ∙ ? s2n 2 1d 
y3 r3 y sin 2nx dx −
2 ? 4 ? 6 ? ∙ ∙ ∙ ? 2n
y y 2
1 0
33. sin x lnscos xd dx 34.. dr
0 0 s4 1 r 2
51–54 Use integration by parts to prove the reduction formula.
t
y y
2
35.. x 4sln xd2 dx 36.
3 e s sinst 2 sd ds
1 0 51. y sln xd n
dx − x sln xd n 2 n y sln xd n21 dx

37–42 First make a substitution and then use integration by 52. yx e

n x
dx − x ne x 2 n y x n21e x dx
parts to evaluate the integral.
tan n21 x
37. ye sx
dx 38.
3 y cossln xd dx 53. y tan x dx −
n
n21
2 y tan n22 x dx sn ± 1d

tan x sec n22x n22

39. y
s

sy2
 3 coss 2 d d 40. y0

e cos t sin 2t dt 54. y sec x dx −
n
n21
1
n21
y sec n22
x dx sn ± 1d

arcsinsln xd
41. y x lns1 1 xd dx 42.
4 y x
dx 55. Use Exercise 51 to find y sln xd3 dx.

56. Use Exercise 52 to find y x 4e x dx.

; 43–46 Evaluate the indefinite integral. Illustrate, and check 57–58 Find the area of the region bounded by the given curves.
that your answer is reasonable, by graphing both the function
and its antiderivative (take C − 0). 57. y − x 2 ln x, y − 4 ln x 58. y − x 2e 2x, y − xe 2x

43. y xe 22x
dx 44. yx 3y2
ln x dx
; 59–60 Use a graph to find approximate x-coordinates of the
45. yx 3
s1 1 x dx 2 46. yx 2
sin 2x dx points of intersection of the given curves. Then find (approxi-
mately) the area of the region bounded by the curves.
59. y − arcsins21 xd, y − 2 2 x2
47. (a) Use the reduction formula in Example 6 to show that
60. y − x lnsx 1 1d, y − 3x 2 x 2
x sin 2x
y sin 2x dx − 2
2 4
1C
61–64 Use the method of cylindrical shells to find the volume
(b) Use part (a) and the reduction formula to evaluate generated by rotating the region bounded by the curves about the
y sin 4x dx. given axis.
48. (a) Prove the reduction formula 61. y − coss xy2d, y − 0, 0 < x < 1; about the y-axis

1 n21 62. y − e x, y − e2x, x − 1; about the y-axis

y cos x dx − n cos
n n21
x sin x 1
n
y cos n22
x dx
2x
63. y − e , y − 0, x − 21, x − 0; about x − 1
x
(b) Use part (a) to evaluate y cos 2x dx. 64. y − e , x − 0, y − 3; about the x-axis
(c) Use parts (a) and (b) to evaluate y cos 4x dx.

49. (a) Use the reduction formula in Example 6 to show that 65. Calculate the volume generated by rotating the region
bounded by the curves y − ln x, y − 0, and x − 2 about
y2 n21 y2
y 0
sin n x dx −
n
y0
sin n22x dx each axis.
(a) The y-axis (b) The x-axis

where n > 2 is an integer. 66. Calculate the average value of f sxd − x sec2 x on the
y2 y2
(b) Use part (a) to evaluate y0 sin 3x dx and y0 sin 5x dx. interval f0, y4g.
(c) Use part (a) to show that, for odd powers of sine, x
67. The Fresnel function Ssxd − y0 sin(21 t 2) dt was discussed
y2 2 ? 4 ? 6 ? ∙ ∙ ∙ ? 2n in Example 5.3.3 and is used extensively in the theory of
y0
sin 2n11x dx −
3 ? 5 ? 7 ? ∙ ∙ ∙ ? s2n 1 1d
optics. Find y Ssxd dx. [Your answer will involve Ssxd.]
1–49 Evaluate the integral. 15.
1 y cot x cos x dx
2
16. y tan x cos x dx
2 3

1. y sin x cos x dx
2 3
2. y sin  cos
3 4
 d
17. y sin x sin 2x dx
2
18. y sin x cos( 12 x) dx
y2 y2
3. y sin7 cos 5 d 4. y sin 5 x dx
0 0
19. y t sin t dt
2
20. y x sin x dx 3

5. y sin s2td cos s2td dt

5 2
6. y t cos st 5 2
d dt
21.. y tan x sec x dx
3
22.. y tan 2
 sec 4  d
y2
y y
2
7. cos2  d  8. sin 2 ( 13 ) d
0 0 23. y tan x dx
2
24. y stan x 1 tan xd dx
2 4

 
9. y0
cos 4 s2td dt 10. y0
sin 2 t cos 4 t dt 25.. y tan x sec x dx
4 6
26.. y
y4
sec6  tan6  d
0

y2 y2
11. y0
sin 2x cos 2x dx 12. y0
s2 2 sin d 2 d 27.. y tan x sec x dx
3
28.. y tan x sec x dx
5 3

sin2s1ytd y4
13. y scos  sin  d  3
14.
14 y t2
dt 29.. y tan x sec x dx
3 6
30.. y0
tan 4 t dt
 SECTION 7.2 Trigonometric Integrals 485

31.. y tan x dx5

32. y tan x sec x dx
2 ; 59–60 Use a graph of the integrand to guess the value of the
integral. Then use the methods of this section to prove that your
guess is correct.
sin 
33. y x sec x tan x dx 34. y cos3 
d
59. y
2
cos 3x dx 60. y
2
sin 2 x cos 5 x dx
0 0

y2 y2
35.. yy6
cot 2x dx 36. yy4
cot 3x dx
61–64 Find the volume obtained by rotating the region bounded
y2 y2
37. yy4
cot  csc  d
5 3
38. yy4
csc  cot  d
4 4 by the curves about the given axis.
61. y − sin x, y − 0, y2 < x < ; about the x-axis
y3
39. y csc x dx 40. yy6
csc x dx
3
62. y − sin 2 x, y − 0, 0 < x < ; about the x-axis
63. y − sin x, y − cos x, 0 < x < y4; about y − 1
41. y sin 8x cos 5x dx 42. y sin 2 sin 6 d 64. y − sec x, y − cos x, 0 < x < y3; about y − 21

y2
43. y cos 5t cos 10t dt 44. y sin x sec x dx 5
0
65. A particle moves on a straight line with velocity function
y6 y4
vstd − sin t cos 2t. Find its position function s − f std if
45.. y0
s1 1 cos 2x dx 46.
4 y0
s1 2 cos 4 d  f s0d − 0.
66. Household electricity is supplied in the form of alternating
1 2 tan 2x dx
47. y sec 2x
dx 48.
4 y cos x 2 1
current that varies from 155 V to 2155 V with a frequency
of 60 cycles per second (Hz). The voltage is thus given by
the equation
49. y x tan x dx 2

Estd − 155 sins120 td

y4
where t is the time in seconds. Voltmeters read the RMS
50. If y0 tan 6 x sec x dx − I, express the value of (root-mean-square) voltage, which is the square root of the
y4
y0 tan 8 x sec x dx in terms of I. average value of fEstdg 2 over one cycle.
(a) Calculate the RMS voltage of household current.
; 51–54 Evaluate the indefinite integral. Illustrate, and check that (b) Many electric stoves require an RMS voltage of
your answer is reasonable, by graphing both the integrand and its 220 V. Find the corresponding amplitude A needed
antiderivative (taking C − 0d. for the voltage Estd − A sins120td.

51. y x sin sx 2 2
d dx 52. y sin x cos x dx
5 3
67–69 Prove the formula, where m and n are positive integers.


53. y sin 3x sin 6x dx 54. y sec 4 ( 12 x) dx

67. y2
sin mx cos nx dx − 0

55. Find the average value of the function f sxd − sin x cos x on 2 3
68. y2

sin mx sin nx dx − H 0

if m ± n
if m − n
the interval f2, g.

56. Evaluate y sin x cos x dx by four methods:

69. y2

cos mx cos nx dx − H 0

if m ± n
if m − n
(a) the substitution u − cos x
(b) the substitution u − sin x
(c) the identity sin 2x − 2 sin x cos x 70. A finite Fourier series is given by the sum
N
(d) integration by parts
Explain the different appearances of the answers. f sxd − o a n sin nx
n−1

− a 1 sin x 1 a 2 sin 2x 1 ∙ ∙ ∙ 1 a N sin Nx

57–58 Find the area of the region bounded by the given curves.
57. y − sin 2 x, y − sin3x, 0 < x <  Show that the mth coefficient a m is given by the formula

58. y − tan x, y − tan 2 x, 0 < x < y4 1 

am −

y
2
f sxd sin mx dx
1–3 Evaluate the integral using the indicated trigonometric x dx
substitution. Sketch and label the associated right triangle.
17. y sx 2 72
dx 18.
18 y fsaxd2 2 b 2 g 3y2
dx
1. y x s4 2 x 2
2
x − 2 sin 
19.. y
s1 1 x 2
dx 20. y
x
dx
x s1 1 x 2
x3
2. y sx 2 1 4
dx x − 2 tan 
21. y
0.6 x2
dx 22.. y
1
sx 2 1 1 dx
0 s9 2 25x 2 0

sx 2 2 4
3. y x
dx x − 2 sec 
23. y
dx
24.. y
1
sx 2 x 2 dx
sx 1 2x 1 5
2 0

x2
4–30 Evaluate the integral. 25. yx 2
s3 1 2x 2 x 2 dx 26.
26 y s3 1 4x 2 4x 2 d3y2
dx
x2
4. y s9 2 x 2
dx
x2 1 1
27.. y sx 2 1 2x dx 28. y sx 2 2x 1 2d2
2 dx
sx 2 2 1 x
y y
3
5. dx 6. dx
x4 0 s36 2 x 2 y2 cos t
29. y x s1 2 x 4 dx 30. y
0 s1 1 sin 2 t
dt
a dx dt
7. y
0 sa 2 1 x 2 d3y2
, a.0 8. y t 2st 2 2 16

dx 31. (a) Use trigonometric substitution to show that

y y
3 2y3
9. 10.. s4 2 9x 2 dx
2 sx 2 2 1d3y2 0
dx
dt y sx 1 a 2
− ln ( x 1 sx 2 1 a 2 ) 1 C
y y
1y2 2 2
11.. x s1 2 4x dx 2
12..
0 0
s4 1 t 2
(b) Use the hyperbolic substitution x − a sinh t to show that
sx 2 2 9 dx
y y
1
13. dx 14.

a
x3 0 sx 2 1 1d2

dx
y
dx
sx 1 a
2 2
SD
− sinh21
x
a
1C

15. y
0
x 2 sa 2 2 x 2 dx 16.
16 y
2y3

x 5s9x 2 2 1
s2y3 These formulas are connected by Formula 3.11.3.
 SECTION 7.4 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions 501

1–6 Write out the form of the partial fraction decomposition of 1 x

y y
1
31.. dx 32. dx
the function (as in Example 7). Do not determine the numerical x3 2 1 0 x 2 1 4x 1 13
values of the coefficients.
41x 12x x 3 1 2x x5 1 x 2 1
y y
1
1. (a) (b) 3 33. dx 34.. dx
s1 1 2xds3 2 xd x 1 x4 0 x 1 4x 2 1 3
4
x3 1 1
x26 x2 5x 4 1 7x 2 1 x 1 2 x 4 1 3x 2 1 1
2. (a)
x 1x26
2 (b)
x 1x16
2 35. y xsx 2 1 1d2
dx 36. y x 5 1 5x 3 1 5x
dx

1 x3 1 1
3. (a) (b) x 2 2 3x 1 7 x 3 1 2x 2 1 3x 2 2
x 1 x4
2
x 2 3x 2 1 2x
3
37. y sx 2 2 4x 1 6d2
dx 38. y sx 2 1 2x 1 2d2
dx
x 4 2 2x 3 1 x 2 1 2x 2 1 x2 2 1
4. (a) (b) 3
x 2 2x 1 1
2
x 1 x2 1 x
39–52 Make a substitution to express the integrand as a rational
x6 x4 function and then evaluate the integral.
5. (a) (b)
x 24
2
sx 2 x 1 1dsx 2 1 2d2
2
dx dx
t6 1 1 x5 1 1
39. y x sx 2 1
40. y 2 sx 1 3 1 x
6. (a) 6 (b)
t 1 t3 sx 2 2 xdsx 4 1 2x 2 1 1d
dx 1
y y
1
41. 42. dx
x 1 x sx
2 0 11s 3
x
7–38 Evaluate the integral.
x4 3t 2 2 x3 dx
7. y
x21
dx 8. y t11
dt 43. y dx 44. y s1 1 sx d2
sx 1 1
3 2

5x 1 1 y 1
9. y s2x 1 1dsx 2 1d
dx 10.
1 y s y 1 4ds2y 2 1d
dy 45. y sx 2 s
3
x
dx fHint: Substitute u − sx
6
.g

2 x24 s1 1 sx
y y
1 1
11.. dx 12.
12 dx
0 2x 2 1 3x 1 1 0 x 2 2 5x 1 6 46. y x
dx

ax 1
13.. y x 2 2 bx
dx 14. y sx 1 adsx 1 bd
dx
47. y
e 2x
dx 48. y
sin x
dx
e 2x
1 3e x 1 2 cos 2 x 2 3 cos x
x 3 2 4x 1 1 x 3 1 4x 2 1 x 2 1
y y
0 2
15.
1 dx 16.. dx sec 2 t ex
21 x 2 2 3x 1 2 1 x3 1 x2 49.. y tan t 1 3 tan t 1 2
2 dt 50. y x
se 2 2dse 2x 1 1d
dx

4y 2 2 7y 2 12 3x 2 1 6x 1 2
y y dx cosh t
2 2
17. dy 18.. dx
1 ys y 1 2ds y 2 3d 1 x 2 1 3x 1 2 51. y 1 1 ex
52. y sinh2 t 1 sinh 4 t
dt

x2 1 x 1 1 xs3 2 5xd
y y
1 3
19.. dx 20.. dx
0 sx 1 1d 2sx 1 2d 2 s3x 2 1dsx 2 1d 2 53–54 Use integration by parts, together with the techniques of
this section, to evaluate the integral.
dt x 1 9x 1 x 1 2
4 2
21. y st 2 2 1d2
22. y x2 1 9
dx
53.. y lnsx 2
2 x 1 2d dx 54. y x tan 21
x dx

10 x2 2 x 1 6
23.. y sx 2 1dsx 2 1 9d
dx 24. y x 3 1 3x
dx
; 55. Use a graph of f sxd − 1ysx 2 2x 2 3d to decide whether
2

y0 f sxd dx is positive or negative. Use the graph to give a

2
4x x 1x11
2
25. y x3 1 x2 1 x 1 1
dx 26. y sx 2 1 1d2
dx rough estimate of the value of the integral and then use partial
fractions to find the exact value.
x 3 1 4x 1 3 x 3 1 6x 2 2
27. y x 4 1 5x 2 1 4
dx 28.. y x 4 1 6x 2
dx 56. Evaluate
1
x14 x 2 2x 1 2x 2 5
3 2
y x 1k
2
dx
29.. y x 2 1 2x 1 5
dx 30. y x 4 1 4x 2 1 3
dx
by considering several cases for the constant k.
1–82 Evaluate the integral. 1 2x 2 3
11. y x sx 2 1
3 2
dx 12.. y x 3 1 3x
dx
cos x
y y
1
1. dx 2. s3x 1 1d s2 dx
1 2 sin x
y sin t cos t dt y lns1 1 x
0
13. 5 4
14.. 2
d dx
sin x
3

y y
4
3. sy ln y dy 4. dx x2
cos x
y x sec x tan x dx y
s2y2
1
15
15. 16.. dx
0
s1 2 x 2
t x
y y
1
5. dt 6. dx est dt
t4 1 2 s2x 1 1d3 
y y
0 4
17. t cos2 t dt 18.
0 1 st
e arctan y
y y t sin t cos t dt
1
7. dy 8.
21 1 1 y2 19
19. ye x1e x
dx 20. ye 2
dx

x12 coss1yxd ln x
y y y arctan sx y
4
9. dx 10.
10 dx 21. dx 22. dx
2 x 2 1 3x 2 4 x3 x s1 1 sln xd2
508 CHAPTER 7 Techniques of Integration

dx dx
y s1 1 sx d dx y s1 1 tan xd
1
23.. 24.. sec x dx y y
8 2
59.. 60.
0
x 4 2 16 x s4x 2 2 1
2

1 1 12t 3x 2 1 1 d d
y y
1 1
25. dt 26.. dx
0 1 1 3t 0 x 1 x2 1 x 1 1
3 61. y 1 1 cos 
62.. y 1 1 cos 2
dx
27. y 1 1 ex
28. y sin sat dt 63. y sx e sx
dx 64. y
1 dx
ssx 1 1
y lns x 1 sx y |e
2
29. 2 2 1 d dx 30.. x
2 1 dx | sin 2x y3 lnstan xd
21 65. y 1 1 cos 4 x
dx 66. y y4 sin x cos x
dx

31.. y Î 11x
12x
dx 32. y1
3 e 3yx
x2
dx
67. y
1
dx 68.
6 y
x2
dx
sx 1 1 1 sx x 6 1 3x 3 1 2
y2 1 1 4 cot x
33. y s3 2 2x 2 x 2 dx 34.
34 y
y4 4 2 cot x
dx
s1 1 x 2 1
y y
s3
69.. dx 70. dx
1 x2 1 1 2e x 2 e2x
y2 x 1 1 sin x
35. y
2y2 1 1 cos2 x
dx 36. y 1 1 cos x
dx
e 2x lnsx 1 1d
71. y 1 1 ex
dx 72.. y x2
dx
y4 y3 sin  cot 
37. y tan 3  sec 2  d 38. y d x 1 arcsin x 4 x 1 10 x
0 y6 sec  73.
73 y dx 74. y 2x
dx
s1 2 x 2
sec  tan  
39.. y sec2 2 sec 
d 40. y sin 6x cos 3x dx dx x2
0
75. y x ln x 2 x
76. y sx 1 1 2
dx
21
tan x
41. y  tan  d 2
42. y x2
dx
xe x 1 1 sin x
77.. y dx 78. y 1 2 sin x
dx
sx s1 1 e x
43. y 1 1 x3
dx 44. y s1 1 e x
dx
sec x cos 2x
79.. y x sin 2
x cos x dx 80. y sin x 1 sec x
dx
sx 2 1de x
45.. yx e 5 2x 3
dx 46. y x2
dx
sin x cos x
81. y s1 2 sin x dx 82. y sin 4 x 1 cos 4 x
dx
y x sx 2 1d y
1
47. 3 24
dx 48. x s2 2 s1 2 x 2 dx
0

83. The functions y − e x and y − x 2e x don’t have elementary

2 2
1 1
49. y x s4x 1 1
dx 50. y x s4x 1 1
2 dx
antiderivatives, but y − s2x 2 1 1de x does. Evaluate
2

y s2x 2 1 1de x dx.

2

1 dx
51.. y x s4x 1 1 2
dx 52. y x sx 1 1d
4 x t
84. We know that Fsxd − y0 e e dt is a continuous function by
FTC1, though it is not an elementary function. The functions
53. yx 2
sinh mx dx 54. y sx 1 sin xd dx 2
ex 1
y x
dx and y ln x
dx
dx dx
55. y x 1 x sx
56. y sx 1 x sx
are not elementary either, but they can be expressed in terms
of F. Evaluate the following integrals in terms of F.
x ln x ex 1
y x sx 1 c dx y y y
2 3
57. 3
58.. dx (a) dx (b) dx
sx 2 2 1 1 x 2 ln x