ACP

AARAMBH CHAPTERWISE PROBLEMS

PRASHANT KIRAD
PRASHANT KIRAD

CARBON AND
ITS COMPOUNDS
(Options acche se padhna)
VERY SHORT QUESTIONS (1 Mark)
1.Which of the following metal is used as a catalyst in hydrogenation?
a. Cu
b. Ni
C. Fe
d. Na

2.The number of single bonds in hexane molecule are:

a 18
b. 19
c 20
d. 21

3. What type of bond is present in a nitrogen molecule?:

a. Single bond
b. Ionic bond
c. double bond
d. Triple bond

4. Which substance burns without producing flame?

a Candle
b. Charcoal
c. Wood
d. LPG

5. It is a product of soap industry,

a Glycerol
b. Glucose
c. Ester
d. Propanol JOSH METER?
PRASHANT KIRAD

6. The third member of homologous series of alkyne is

a. Hexyne
b. Butyne
c. Propyne
d. Ethyne

7. Which of the following is used in cough syrups:

a. Sugar-methanol
b. Methanol
c. Ethanol-methanol
d. Sugar-ethanol

8. -CHO is:
a Carboxylic acid
b. Ketone
c. Aldehyde
d. Alcohol

9.Read the following passage and answer the questions:

Consumption of alcohol in large quantities slows down the metabolic

processes and affects the central nervous system. It results in difficulties
such as lack of coordination, mental confusions, drowsiness, lowering of
normal inhibitions and finally stupor. Along with these harmful effects,
ethanol is an important industrial solvent, it is used in different industries.
with water and with many organic solvents, including acetic acid, acetone,
benzene, carbon tetrachloride. It is used as fuel in jet engines in countries
like Brazil.

(i). Identify the heteroatom in ethanol.

a. Carbon
b. Carbonic Acid
c. Bromine
d. Oxygen

(ii). Which acid is constituent of vinegar?

a Ethanoic acid
b. Hydrogen
c. Oxalic acid
d. Lactic acid
PRASHANT KIRAD

(iii). Complete the following chemical equation

—>
. conc.H₂SO₄
C₂H₅OH + CH₃COOH _____________

(iv). Draw the structure of ethanol molecule.

(v). Describe the harmful effects of consuming alcohol?

10. How does an atom of carbon attain noble gas configuration?

11. Draw the electron dot structure of molecule of CCl₄.

12. Define catenation.

13. Why do kerosene/gas stoves have inlets for air?

14. Write only the balanced chemical equation for dehydration of ethanol by
hot concentrated sulphuric acid.

15. Draw the structure for propane.

16. Write the formula of first member of ketone.

17. What is an oxidising agent? Give examples.

18. Which energy is used to convert methane into chloromethane?

19. Write a balanced chemical equation for burning of ethanol in oxygen.

20.In the following questions, two statements are given one labeled
Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to
these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of the assertion
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.

i. ASSERTION: Butane is less reactive than butene.

REASON: Presence of double bond increases the reactivity of molecule.
PRASHANT KIRAD

ii. ASSERTION: Unsaturated hydrocarbons burn in air with blue flame.

Reason: Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons causes a yellow flame.

iii. ASSERTION: Detergents are not environment-friendly.

Reason: Detergents are not easily bio-degradable.

iv. ASSERTION: Alkanes show addition reaction.

Reason: Addition reaction is a characteristic property of unsaturated
hydrocarbons.

v. ASSERTION: Pentane has three isomers.

Reason: For structural isomerism hydrocarbons should have 4 or more carbon
atoms.
(ho jaayenge aaram se)
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
(2 and 3 Marks)
21.Define saponification. Write a chemical equation for it.

22. Covalent compounds generally don't conduct electricity. Why?

23. Specify the condition due to which ethanol undergo oxidation to form
ethanoic acid. Write the chemical equation.

24. Define structural isomerism. Draw the structures of two isomers of butane.

25. Identify the functional group in the following compounds, methanoic acid,
methanol, bromo ethane and hexanol.

26. Why is ethanoic acid called as glacial acetic acid. Write the chemical.
equation for esterification..

27. Draw the structure of benzene.

28. Why are carboxylic acids known as weak acids? Name the alcohol which
produces methanoic acid on oxidation.

29. A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a
mixture of air and ethyne is not used?
PRASHANT KIRAD

30. (i) Which property of ethanol makes it suitable for making cough
syrups and tincture iodine?

(ii) What is the function of concentrated sulphuric acid in the formation of

ethene from ethanol?

31. What is a homologous series? List any of its four features.

32. State any three characteristics of structural isomers of any compound.

33. Propanol and propanone are structural isomers. Explain.

34. Explain why carbon atom is unable to form either cation or anion?

35. Describe substitution reaction with the help of an example.

36. Give a test that can be used to differentiate between saturated and
unsaturated hydrocarbons.

37. Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.

38. Distinguish between soap and detergent.

39. Describe the two properties of carbon which lead to the formation of
huge number of compounds..

(Easy Hai)
Long Answer Type Questions
(5marks)
40. Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps with the help of
diagram.

41. A neutral organic compound X of molecular formula C₂H₆O on oxidation

with alkaline KMnO₄ , gives compound Y. compound X and Y react upon
warming in presence of concentrated sulphuric acid to produce a sweet
smelling substance Z. Identify X,Y and Z. Also write the corresponding chemical
equations.
PRASHANT KIRAD

(Try Karo)

NCERT EXEMPLAR QUESTIONS

42.Which of the following statements are usually correct for carbon

compounds? These
(i) are good conductors of electricity
(ii) are poor conductors of electricity
(iii) have strong forces of attraction between their molecules
(iv) do not have strong forces of attraction between their molecules
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iv

43. (a) What are hydrocarbons? Give examples.

(b) G ive the structural differences between saturated and
unsaturated hydrocarbons with two examples each.
(c) What is a functional group? Give examples of four different
functional groups.

44. Name the reaction which is commonly used in the conversion of

vegetable oils to fats. Explain the reaction involved in detail.

45. (a) Write the formula and draw electron dot structure of carbon
tetrachloride.
(b) What is saponification? Write the reaction involved in this
process.

46.Explain the given reactions with the examples

(a) Hydrogenation reaction
(b) Oxidation reaction
(c) Substitution reaction
(d) Saponification reaction
(e) Combustion reaction

Kitne Questions kar paaye?

Solutions
PRASHANT KIRAD

1. Ni (Nickel)

2. 19

3. Triple bond

4. Charcoal

5. Glycerol

6. Butyne

7. Sugar-ethanol

8. Aldehyde

9. (i) Oxygen

(ii) Ethanoic Acid

(iii)

(iv)

(v) Consuming alcohol in large quantities can impair metabolic

processes and affect the central nervous system, leading to
lack of coordination, mental confusion, drowsiness, and
stupor.

10. A carbon atom attains a noble gas configuration by sharing four

electrons to form four covalent bonds, completing its octet.
PRASHANT KIRAD

11.

12. Catenation is the ability of an element to form bonds with itself,

creating chains or rings of atoms.

13. Kerosene/gas stoves have inlets for air to ensure complete combustion,
producing a hotter and cleaner flame.

14.

15.

16. The formula of the first member of the ketone series is acetone
or propanone.
PRASHANT KIRAD

17. An oxidizing agent is a substance that gains electrons and gets

reduced in a chemical reaction, facilitating the oxidation of another
substance; examples include oxygen (O₂), hydrogen peroxide
(H₂O₂), and potassium permanganate (KMnO₄).

18. Ultraviolet (UV) light energy is used to convert methane into

chloromethane.

19.

20. (i) (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
(ii) (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation
of the assertion.
(iii) (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of
the assertion.
(iv) (d) A is false, but R is true.
(v) (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of
the assertion.

21. Definition:
Saponification is the hydrolysis of fats or oils with a base (usually
sodium hydroxide) to produce glycerol and soap.

Chemical Equation:
PRASHANT KIRAD

22. Covalent compounds generally don't conduct electricity

because they do not have free electrons or ions to carry the
electric charge. In covalent compounds, electrons are shared
between atoms, forming stable molecules without mobile
charged particles needed for electrical conductivity.

23. Condition:
Ethanol undergoes oxidation to form ethanoic acid in the
presence of a strong oxidizing agent, such as potassium
dichromate and sulfuric acid.

Chemical Equation:

24. Definition:
Structural isomerism occurs when compounds have the same
molecular formula but different structural arrangements of
atoms, leading to different physical and chemical properties.

Two Isomers of Butane:

1. n-Butane (Normal Butane)
2. Isobutane (or 2-Methylpropane)
PRASHANT KIRAD

25. Here are the functional groups in the given compounds:

1. Methanoic acid (Formic acid) - HCOOH:
Functional Group: Carboxyl group (−COOH-)
2. Methanol (CH₃OH):
Functional Group: Hydroxyl group (−OH-)
3. Bromoethane (Ethyl bromide) - C₂H₅Br:
Functional Group: Halide group (specifically, Bromine - Br)
4. Hexanol (C₆H₁₃OH):
Functional Group: Hydroxyl group (−OH-)

26. Ethanoic acid is called glacial acetic acid because it freezes just
below room temperature at 16.7°C (62°F) into ice-like crystals,
resembling glaciers. The term "glacial" refers to this property of
forming ice-like crystals.

Chemical Equation:

27.

28. Carboxylic acids are known as weak acids because they only
partially dissociate in aqueous solutions. This partial dissociation
means that only a small fraction of the carboxylic acid molecules
release hydrogen ions (H⁺) into the solution, resulting in a
relatively low concentration of H⁺ ions compared to strong acids
that fully dissociate.
The alcohol that produces methanoic acid (formic acid) on
oxidation is methanol (CH₃OH).
PRASHANT KIRAD

29. A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is used for welding instead of air
and ethyne because pure oxygen provides a much higher flame
temperature. The combustion of ethyne (acetylene) with oxygen
produces a flame temperature of around 3000°C, which is
sufficient for welding and cutting metals. In contrast, using air,
which contains only about 21% oxygen, results in a significantly
lower flame temperature, insufficient for welding purposes.

30. (i) Ethanol is suitable for making cough syrups and tincture
iodine due to its excellent solvent properties, allowing it to
dissolve various medicinal compounds effectively.
(ii) Concentrated sulfuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent in the
formation of ethene from ethanol, removing water molecules
and facilitating the conversion of ethanol to ethene.

31. Homologous Series: A homologous series is a group of organic

compounds that have a similar general formula, possess similar
chemical properties, and show a gradation in physical properties.
Each successive member in the series differs by a CH₂
(methylene) group.
Four Features of a Homologous Series:
1. Similar Chemical Properties.
2. Gradation in Physical Properties.
3. Same General Formula.
4. Constant Increment in Molecular Mass.

32. Three characteristics of structural isomers are:

Different Physical Properties: Structural isomers have distinct
boiling points, melting points, and densities due to differences in
their molecular structures.
Same Molecular Formula: Despite having the same molecular
formula, structural isomers differ in the connectivity of their
atoms, leading to different structures.
Different Chemical Properties: Structural isomers can exhibit
varied chemical reactivity and behavior because the
arrangement of atoms influences how they interact with other
molecules.
PRASHANT KIRAD

33. Propanal (an aldehyde) and propanone (a ketone) are structural

isomers because they share the same molecular formula (C₃H₆O)
but differ in the arrangement of their atoms. Propanal has the
structure CH₃CH₂CHO with the carbonyl group at the end, while
propanone has the structure CH₃COCH₃ with the carbonyl group
in the middle. This difference in structure leads to distinct
chemical and physical properties.

34. Carbon is unable to form either a cation or an anion because it

requires a significant amount of energy to either lose or gain four
electrons to achieve a stable octet. Losing four electrons to form
C⁴⁺ or gaining four electrons to form C⁴⁻ is energetically
unfavorable due to the high ionization energy and electron
affinity involved.

35. Substitution Reaction: A substitution reaction is a chemical

reaction in which one atom or group of atoms in a molecule is
replaced by another atom or group of atoms.

Example: One common example is the substitution of a hydrogen

atom in methane (CH₄) by a chlorine atom when methane reacts
with chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet light.

Reaction:

36. Bromine Water Test:

A test to differentiate between saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbons is the bromine water test. When bromine water (a
brownish-red solution) is added to an unsaturated hydrocarbon,
the solution decolorizes due to the addition reaction with the
double or triple bonds. In contrast, saturated hydrocarbons do
not react and the bromine water retains its color.

37. Scum forms when hard water, which contains calcium (Ca²⁺) and
magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions, reacts with soap. The calcium and
magnesium ions react with the fatty acids in the soap to form
insoluble salts, resulting in a precipitate known as scum.

38.
PRASHANT KIRAD

39. The two properties of carbon which lead to the formation of huge
number of compounds are:
1. Catenation: Carbon can form strong covalent bonds with other carbon
atoms, allowing it to create long chains and complex structures,
leading to a vast array of compounds.
2. Tetravalency: Carbon has four valence electrons, enabling it to form
stable covalent bonds with a variety of other elements, contributing
to the diversity of organic compounds.

40. Mechanism of Cleaning Action of Soaps:

1. Micelle Formation: Soap molecules have hydrophobic tails and
hydrophilic heads. When added to water, they arrange into micelles
with tails trapping oil/dirt and heads facing water.
2. Emulsification: The micelles surround the oil/dirt, breaking it into
smaller droplets suspended in water.
3. Rinsing Away: The suspended dirt and grease are then easily rinsed
away with water.
PRASHANT KIRAD

41. The neutral organic compound 'X' having the molecular formula
C2H5OH is ethanol (alcohol with functional group -OH).

When ethanol undergoes oxidation reaction (controlled

combustion) with alkaline KMnO₄ , it gets oxidised to form an
acidic compound, Y, called ethanoic acid (CH3−COOH).

Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of

concentrated sulphuric acid to release a sweet smelling ester,
Z, called ethyl ethanoate (CH3−COO−CH2−CH3).

42. (d) (ii) and (iv)

43. (a) Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting entirely of

hydrogen and carbon atoms. Examples include methane (CH₄)
and ethene (C₂H₄).

(b) Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) have single bonds between

carbon atoms, like methane (CH₄) and ethane (C₂H₆).
Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or triple
bonds, like ethene (C₂H₄) and ethyne (C₂H₂).

(c) A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a

molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical
reactions of that molecule. Examples include hydroxyl (-OH),
carboxyl (-COOH), amino (-NH₂), and aldehyde (-CHO) groups.

43. (a) Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting entirely of

hydrogen and carbon atoms. Examples include methane (CH₄)
and ethene (C₂H₄).

(b) Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) have single bonds between

carbon atoms, like methane (CH₄) and ethane (C₂H₆).
Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or triple
bonds, like ethene (C₂H₄) and ethyne (C₂H₂).
PRASHANT KIRAD

(c) A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a

molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical
reactions of that molecule. Examples include hydroxyl (-OH),
carboxyl (-COOH), amino (-NH₂), and aldehyde (-CHO) groups.

44. The reaction commonly used in the conversion of vegetable oils

to fats is called hydrogenation.
Detailed Reaction:
1. Starting Material (Unsaturated Oil):
Unsaturated oils contain one or more double bonds (C=C) in their
fatty acid chains. An example of an unsaturated oil is oleic acid,
which has one double bond.
2. Addition of Hydrogen:
Hydrogen gas is introduced to the unsaturated oil in the presence of
a nickel catalyst. The double bonds in the fatty acid chains react
with hydrogen.
3. Formation of Saturated Fat:
The double bonds are broken, and hydrogen atoms are added,
converting the unsaturated fatty acids into saturated fatty acids. For
example, oleic acid (C₁₈H₃₄O₂) is converted to stearic acid (C₁₈H₃₆O₂).
Chemical Equation:

Example:

45. (a) Formula: Carbon tetrachloride is CCl4.

Electron-dot structure:
PRASHANT KIRAD

(b) Saponification is the chemical reaction in which a fat or oil

reacts with an alkali, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), to
produce glycerol and soap.
Reaction Involved:

Example:

46. (a) Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction in which hydrogen

(H₂) is added to unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes or
alkynes) in the presence of a catalyst, typically nickel (Ni).
This converts the unsaturated hydrocarbons into saturated
hydrocarbons (alkanes).

(b) Oxidation is a chemical reaction in which a substance loses

electrons and increases its oxidation state, often by gaining
oxygen or losing hydrogen.

(c) A substitution reaction is a chemical reaction in which one

atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another
atom or group of atoms.

(d) Saponification is the chemical reaction in which a fat or oil reacts

with an alkali (such as sodium hydroxide, NaOH) to produce
glycerol and soap.

(e) Combustion is a chemical reaction in which a substance reacts

rapidly with oxygen (O₂) to produce heat and light, usually
resulting in the formation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O).