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 Ref No: IJIRT165048/Volume 10/Issue 12/

Dear Author,

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With Greetings we are informing you that your paper has been successfully published in the International Journal of Innovative Research in
Technology (ISSN: 2349-6002)

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Title of the Paper : A Review to survey the Effectiveness of a Structured Teaching Program (STP) on Knowledge and
Awareness Regarding Organ Donation Among Degree Students
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Published In : Volume 10, Issue 12

Publication Date : 26-May-2024
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Published URL : https://ijirt.org/Article?manuscript=165048
Authors : A Chandrakala, Prof Dr U Jhansi Rani, Prof C Padmaja, K Shailaja

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knowledge by writing for our journal IJIRT.
 © May 2024 | IJIRT | Volume 10 Issue 12 | ISSN: 2349-6002

A Review to survey the Effectiveness of a Structured

Teaching Program (STP) on Knowledge and Awareness
Regarding Organ Donation Among Degree Students

Dr. A. Chandrakala1, Prof. (Dr). U. Jhansi Rani2, Prof. C. Padmaja3, K. Shailaja4

1
Gov. College of Nursing, Guntur
2,3,4
KKC College of Nursing, Puttur

Abstract- A quasi-experimental (pre/post-test) design was were neutral about their willingness to donate their
employed to achieve the study's objective. This study organs. More than 26 students (52%) believed that the
aimed to assess the effectiveness of an intervention focused health status of the recipient is important when donating

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on a structured teaching program about organ donation an organ. Fourteen students (28%) felt that organ
among first-year degree students at Himaja Degree donation is not acceptable in most societies. Eighteen
College, Puttur, Andhra Pradesh. A simple random students (36%) were neutral about the feasibility of a
sampling technique was used to select students between natural funeral process after organ donation. About 25
the ages of 18 and 20 years. In the pre-test scores
regarding organ donation among degree students, 29
(58%) of them demonstrated poor knowledge, 17 (34%)
exhibited below-average knowledge, and 4 (8%) showed
above-average knowledge. The mean and standard
deviation of the pre-test scores were 2.28 and 0.702,
PL students (50%) were neutral regarding concerns about
body mutilation following organ donation. The study
concluded that the structured teaching program was
effective in improving knowledge about organ donation
among degree students.

respectively. Index Terms-Structured teaching programme, Knowledge

A scheduled teaching program on organ donation was and Awareness, Organ Donation, Dree Students.
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conducted for 50-degree students. After 7 days, a post-test
was administered to the same sample. I. INTRODUCTION:
In the post-test scores regarding organ donation among
degree students, 7 (14%) demonstrated poor knowledge,
Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which
10 (20%) exhibited below-average knowledge, and 33
an organ is removed from one person and placed into the
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(66%) showed above-average knowledge. The mean and

standard deviation of the post-test scores were 3.38 and body of a recipient. Vital organs such as the heart,
0.812, respectively. pancreas, liver, kidneys, and lungs can be transplanted
Degree Students' Opinions on Organ Donation: The from a donor to a person whose organs are failing,
majority of students, 30 (60%), have heard about organ known as the recipient2.
donation, Specifically, 39 (78%) of students have not Anyone, regardless of age, sex, caste, or religion, who
attended any organ donation campaigns, Of the students meets certain health criteria, can potentially donate their
who participated in organ donation campaigns, 20 (40%) organs. Individuals with conditions such as diabetes
were from public meeting, Additionally, 28 (56%) of
mellitus, hypertension (increased blood pressure),
students are willing to donate an organ despite their
asthma, and can still be organ donors, provided that their
religious beliefs, However, 33 (22%) of students cited
reluctance due to psychological tensions as the reason for organs are deemed suitable for transplantation and that
rejecting organ donation. their medical condition does not pose a risk to the
The item analysis on students' knowledge and awareness recipient. It's important for potential donors to be free
regarding organ donation varied. Fifteen students (30%) from communicable diseases that could be transmitted
were neutral about their attitude towards organ donation. through organ transplantation4.
An equal number of students (30%) believed their religion The general public's limited awareness about organ
does not allow organ donation due to cultural practices donation and its consequences is a significant issue.
and beliefs. Twenty-nine students (58%) believed that
Additionally, there is insufficient education among
organ donation can save lives, while 18 students (36%)
medical professionals to identify potential donors and

IJIRT 165048 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY 3034

 © May 2024 | IJIRT | Volume 10 Issue 12 | ISSN: 2349-6002

effectively counsel families. Another challenge is family recovering organs from donors is referred to as retrieval
1
reluctance to give consent for organ donation, even if the .
deceased had previously expressed a desire to donate. The Living Donation Process: The living donor's
Emotional and ethical dilemmas often arise for families medical compatibility is verified by a doctor. The
when making decisions about organ donation, adding transplant can only proceed once all tests have
complexity to an already difficult situation. Addressing conclusively confirmed that the donor is compatible
these challenges requires comprehensive education, with the recipient.
support, and communication strategies for both the
The Deceased Donation Process: A deceased donor is
public and medical professionals alike6.
typically someone who has experienced a fatal head
Three lakh (3,00,000) patients are waiting for organ
injury or brain haemorrhage. They are declared brain
donation in the country, and the increase in donors has
stem dead by a team of medical experts in a hospital.
not matched the demand. Experts stress the urgent need
Before the process of organ retrieval can proceed, the
to boost the deceased donation rate, emphasizing the
donor's family must provide consent for the donation 9.
importance of raising awareness among ICU doctors
and families about how one deceased donor can Once the organs have been retrieved, they have a

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potentially save several lives7. limited window of time before they must be
In India, the scenario of organ transplantation is transplanted into the recipient. The timeframe varies
notable, with the country conducting the third-highest depending on the organ: Heart & Lungs: 4-6 hours,
number of transplants globally. Organs from deceased Liver: 6-12 hours, Kidneys: Up to 30 hours, Intestine:

2022. The total number of deceased organ transplantsPL

donors accounted for nearly 17.8% of all transplants in

has seen a significant increase, rising from 837 in 2013

to 2,765 in 2022. Moreover, the total number of organ
transplants, including those from both deceased and
living donors, has surged from 4,990 in 2013 to 15,561
6 hours, Pancreas: 6 hours. It's crucial to transplant the
organs quickly to ensure their viability and increase the
chances of a successful transplant 11.
Medical science has made remarkable strides in recent
years in the realm of organ donation and transplantation.
With organ donation from one person having the
in 2022. Despite these advancements, the demand for potential to save up to 9 lives and enhance the quality of
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kidney transplants remains high, with an estimated 1.5- life for many others, the impact is profound. However,
2 lakh people needing a kidney transplant each year 3. despite these advancements, a significant portion of the
In 2022, despite the significant demand for organ population in India remains hesitant to participate in this
transplants, the number of individuals who received noble cause due to prevalent myths and a lack of
transplants remains low. Only around 10,000 people awareness about organ donation. Addressing these
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received a kidney transplant out of the estimated 1.5-2 misconceptions and increasing awareness is crucial to
lakh who needed one. Similarly, of the 80,000 encourage more people to consider organ donation and
individuals who required a liver transplant, less than positively impact the lives of those in need10.
3,000 were able to undergo the procedure. India witnesses a significant number of solid organ
Additionally, of the 10,000 people in need of a heart transplants annually, with approximately 17,000–18,000
transplant, only 250 were fortunate enough to receive procedures performed each year. This places India as the
one. These statistics underscore the ongoing third-highest performing country in the world for organ
challenges and disparities in access to organ transplants, following the US and China. However, the
transplantation services in India8. transplantation rates per million population in India,
currently at 0.65, lag several high-income countries.
II.NEED FOR THE STUDY
Despite this, there has been notable progress in the field,
Organ donation encompasses the entire process of particularly in the harvesting of organs from deceased
retrieving a human organ from either a living or donors. The average number of organ transplants per
deceased person, known as the donor, and transplanting donor has increased from 2.43 in 2016 to 3.05 in 2022,
it into a recipient. The recipient is typically a patient indicating improvements in organ procurement and
suffering from organ failure, whose survival depends utilization12.
on receiving an organ replacement. The process of

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 © May 2024 | IJIRT | Volume 10 Issue 12 | ISSN: 2349-6002

An interventional study assessed the impact of a 4. Students aged between 18 and 20 years.
structured training program on cadaver organ donation Exclusion Criteria:
and transplantation knowledge and perception among 1. Individuals who are unwilling to participate in the
nursing students at a Northern Indian nursing teaching study.
institute. The study Results revealed that the pre-test 2. Degree students belonging to the 2nd and 3rd year B.
group exhibited the lowest mean knowledge (50.2346, Com who are not available at the time of data collection.
SD = 15.35188), while immediately after training, the 3.8. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
group showed the highest mean knowledge (57.3900, SD Written permission was obtained from the Principal of
= 14.34626). One-month post-training, knowledge Himaja Degree College in Puttur, Andhra Pradesh.
slightly decreased but remained higher than pretraining Written informed consent was obtained from each
levels (mean = 52.3607, SD = 13.28141). The study participant.
concluded that nursing students' positive attitudes may 3.7 DEVELOPMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF TOOL
contribute to future advancements in cadaver organ The collected data will be analysed using descriptive and
donation and transplantation 5. inferential statistics. A self-structured questionnaire was
III. METHODS developed for data collection, organized into the

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following sections:
3.1. RESEARCH DESIGN: The study employed a
SECTION A: This section includes questions related to
quasi-experimental research design with a one-group
socio-demographic variables.
pre-test and post-test, utilizing randomization.
SECTION B: This section comprises knowledge and
3.2 SETTING OF THE STUDY: The study took place
at Himaja Degree College, located in Puttur, Andhra
Pradesh.

3.3 POPULATION: The target population for this study

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comprises first-year B. Com degree students at Himaja
awareness questions related to organ donation, assessed
on a Likert scale. The maximum score is 5. Respondents
who are very concerned with the statement receive a
score of 5, those who are concerned receive a score of 4,
those who are neutral receive a score of 3, those who are
unconcerned receive a score of 2, and those who are very
Degree College in Puttur, Andhra Pradesh.
unconcerned receive a score of 1.
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3.4 SAMPLE SIZE: The sample consisted of 50 students
aged between 18 and 20 years. 4.DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1. SECTION-I: Frequency and percentage
3.5 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: Out of the 80 first-year distribution of demographic variables among Degre
B. Com degree students, a simple random sampling Students.
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technique was employed. The lottery method was used Table:2 (N=50)
to select 50 samples from this population. S. Demographic Variables Frequency Per %
No
3.6 VARIABLES OF THE STUDY 1. Age in Years
a.16-20 Years 50 50
i. Independent Variable: The structured teaching b. 21-24 Years 0 0
program on Organ Donation. c. 24 Years & Above 0 0
ii. Dependent Variable: Degree students' knowledge Total 50 50
gain on Organ Donation. 2. Gender
a. Male 4 8%
iii. Extraneous Variables: Age, Gender, Religion, type
b. Female 46 92 %
of the family, food pattern, Income /month, marital Total 50 100%
status, Area of living and opinion of degree students 3. Religion
about organ donation questions. a. Hindu 43 86 %
b. Christian 4 8%
3.7. SAMPLING CRITERIA
c. Muslim 3 6%
Inclusion Criteria: d. Others 0 0
1. Availability of students at the time of data collection Total 50 100 %
and willingness to participate in the study. 4. Type of Family
2. Both male and female genders are included. a. Nuclear Family 31 62 %
b. Joint Family 16 32 %
3. Ability to read and write in English and Telugu.

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c. Extended Family 3 6% i. Percentage Distribution of Students know about the

Total 50 100 % Organ Donation.
5. Food pattern
a. Vegetarian 24 48 %
b .non-vegetarian 26 52 %
Total 50 100 %
6. Income per Month
a. Rs. <6000 23 46 %
b.Rs.6001-10,000 5 10 %
c.Rs.10,001-15,000 3 6%
d. Rs.>15,001 19 38 %
Total 50 100 %
7. Marital Status
a. Unmarried 46 92 %
b. Married 3 6%
c. Divorced 1 2% Fig:1
d. Widow/Widower 0 0 The majority of students, 30 (60%), have heard about
Total 50 100 % the organ donation, while 20 (40%) are unaware of

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8. Area of Living
organ donation.
a. Urban 13 26 %
b. Rural 31 62 %
ii. Percentage Distribution of Students "Have you
c. Semi -Urban 6 12 %
Total 50 100 % attended any organ donation campaigns at any time?
9.

10
Do you Know about Organ Donation
a. Yes
b. No
Total
30
20
50
PL
60 %
40 %
100 %
If yes, how do you Know about Organ Donation
a. Mass Media
b. Family Members and
14 28 %

Friends 2 4%
c. Textbooks 14 28 %
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Total 30 60 %
11 Have you attended any organ donation campaigns at
any time?
a. Yes 11 22 %
b. No 39 78 %
Total 50 100 % Fig:2
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12 If yes, where did you Attend the Campaign The majority of students, specifically 39 (78%), have
a. Hospitals 12 24 % not attended any organ donation campaigns, while 11
b. Schools 18 36 %
(22%) have attended such campaigns.
C Public Meetings 20 40 %
Total 50 100 % iii. Percentage distribution of students' attending
13 Are you Willing to Donate an Organ against your locations at organ donation campaigns.
Religions beliefs
a. Yes 28 56 %
b. No 22 44 %
Total 50 100 %
14. If No, what is the Reason to Reject the Organ
Donation
a. Psychological Tensions 33 66 %
b. Religious Beliefs 9 18 %
c. Lack of Family Support 8 16 %
Total 50 100%

4.2. SECTION II: Degree Students' Opinions on Organ

Donation

Fig:3

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The majority of students who participated in the organ Table:3

donation campaign came from various locations: 20 Level of Pre- Post- Mean Standard
(40%) from public meetings ,18 (36%) from schools, Knowledge Test Test Deviation
Pre- Post- Pre- Post-
12 (24%) from hospitals. test test test test
Above
iv. Percentage Distribution of Students' Willingness to 4 33
Average 2.28 3.38 0.702 0.812
Organ Donation against religious beliefs
Average 17 10
Poor 29 7
Willingness to organ donation
againest religious beliefs
Yes, 28
No, 22
30

20

10

E
0

Fig:4
The majority of students, 28 (56%), say "Yes" to
donating an organ despite their religious beliefs, while
22 (44%) say "No."
v. Percentage Distribution of the student’s is a Reason
to Reject Organ Donation
PL Fig:6
In the Pre-Test, 29 (58%) of degree students
Reason to Reject Organ demonstrated poor knowledge on organ donation, while
M
psychologi
cal
Donation 17 (38%) were classified as average, and 4 (8%) were
Tensions,
considered above average. In the Post-Test, 7 (14%)
33 students were categorized as having poor knowledge,
40 10 (20%) were average, and 33 (66%) were above
average. The mean and standard deviation of organ
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30 Lack of
Religious
family donation knowledge among degree students were 2.28
beliefs, 9
20 support, 8 and 0.702, respectively in the pre-test. In the post-test,
the mean and standard deviation were 3.38 and 0.812.
10

0 4.4. SECTION IV: Item Analysis on Knowledge and

Awareness of Organ Donation Among Degree Students
Fig:5 Table:3 (N=50)
The majority of students, 33 (66%), cited reluctance S. No Question 1 2 3 4 5
due to psychological tensions as the reason for rejecting
organ donation. Additionally, 9 students (18%) 1 Attitude Towards
Organ Donation 6 9 15 10 10
mentioned religious beliefs, and 8 students (16%) Among Students
attributed their decision to a lack of family support. 2 Does your Religion
allow Organ 8 1 13 15 13
Donation.
4.3. SECTION III: Frequency and Percentage
3 Do You Believe
Distribution of Level of Knowledge on Organ Donation Organ Donation Can 7 0 0 29 14
among Degree Students in Pre & Post-Test Save Others' Lives?
4 Would You Be
Willing to Donate 1 8 18 16 7

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 © May 2024 | IJIRT | Volume 10 Issue 12 | ISSN: 2349-6002

Your Organ to Any donate (p=0.02). Additionally, income obtained a

Person? significant chi-square value of p=0.0006, significant at the
5 Does the Health
Status of the 7 2 11 26 4
0.01 level.
Recipient Hold
Importance to You V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
When Donating an
Organ? The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of
6 Organ Donation from
Deceased Individuals 13 3 8 14 12 a structured teaching program (STP) on organ donation
Not Acceptable in among degree students. The findings of the study revealed
Most Societies. deficiencies in knowledge and attitudes regarding organ
7 Is a Normal Funeral donation, which can be influenced by various factors
of the Dead Body Not 3 13 18 8 8
Possible after Organ including sociodemographic variables, understanding of
Donation? the organ donation process, religious beliefs, concerns
8 Does Organ Donation related to the decision to donate, and modes of
of a Deceased Person 2 5 25 14 4 communication. The study underscores the importance of
Result in Serious

E
Mutilation of the teaching program interventions and guidelines aimed at
Body, Making It enhancing the organ donation application process and
Unacceptable to ensuring a positive experience for students tasked with
Family Members?
making the decision. By addressing knowledge gaps and

PL
The item analysis on students' knowledge and awareness
regarding organ donation varied. Thirty percent of students
(15 students) expressed a neutral attitude towards organ
donation. An equal proportion of students (30%) believed
their religion prohibits organ donation due to cultural
attitudes, such interventions have the potential to increase
awareness and acceptance of organ donation among
degree students and the wider community.

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