Reading Passage 2

Reading passage 2
(https://takeielts.britishcouncil.org/take-ielts/prepare/free-ielts-practice-
tests/reading-academic/section-2)
Fair games?
For seventeen days every four years the world is briefly arrested by the captivating,
dizzying spectacle of athleticism, ambition, pride and celebration on display at the
Summer Olympic Games. After the last weary spectators and competitors have
returned home, however, host cities are often left awash in high debts and costly
infrastructure maintenance. The staggering expenses involved in a successful
Olympic bid are often assumed to be easily mitigated by tourist revenues and an
increase in local employment, but more often than not host cities are short
changed and their taxpayers for generations to come are left settling the debt.
Olympic extravagances begin with the application process. Bidding alone will set
most cities back about $20 million, and while officially bidding only takes two years
(for cities that make the shortlist), most cities can expect to exhaust a decade
working on their bid from the moment it is initiated to the announcement of voting
results from International Olympic Committee members. Aside from the financial
costs of the bid alone, the process ties up real estate in prized urban locations until
the outcome is known. This can cost local economies millions of dollars of lost
revenue from private developers who could have made use of the land, and can
also mean that particular urban quarters lose their vitality due to the vacant lots. All
of this can be for nothing if a bidding city does not appease the whims of IOC
members – private connections and opinions on government conduct often hold
sway (Chicago’s 2012 bid is thought to have been undercut by tensions over U.S.
foreign policy).
Bidding costs do not compare, however, to the exorbitant bills that come with
hosting the Olympic Games themselves. As is typical with large-scale, one-off
projects, budgeting for the Olympics is a notoriously formidable task. Los Angelinos
have only recently finished paying off their budget-breaking 1984 Olympics;
Montreal is still in debt for its 1976 Games (to add insult to injury, Canada is the
only host country to have failed to win a single gold medal during its own
Olympics). The tradition of runaway expenses has persisted in recent years.
London Olympics managers have admitted that their 2012 costs may increase ten
times over their initial projections, leaving tax payers 20 billion pounds in the red.
Hosting the Olympics is often understood to be an excellent way to update a city’s

sporting infrastructure. The extensive demands of Olympic sports include aquatic
complexes, equestrian circuits, shooting ranges, beach volleyball courts, and, of
course, an 80,000 seat athletic stadium. Yet these demands are typically only
necessary to accommodate a brief influx of athletes from around the world. Despite
the enthusiasm many populations initially have for the development of world-class
sporting complexes in their home towns, these complexes typically fall into disuse
after the Olympic fervour has waned. Even Australia, home to one of the world’s
most sportive populations, has left its taxpayers footing a $32 million-a-year bill for
the maintenance of vacant facilities.
Another major concern is that when civic infrastructure developments are

undertaken in preparation for hosting the Olympics, these benefits accrue to a
single metropolitan centre (with the exception of some outlying areas that may get
some revamped sports facilities). In countries with an expansive land mass, this
means vast swathes of the population miss out entirely. Furthermore, since the
International Olympic Committee favours prosperous “global” centres (the United
Kingdom was told, after three failed bids from its provincial cities, that only London
stood any real chance at winning), the improvement of public transport, roads and
communication links tends to concentrate in places already well-equipped with
world-class infrastructures. Perpetually by-passing minor cities creates a cycle of
disenfranchisement: these cities never get an injection of capital, they fail to
become first-rate candidates, and they are constantly passed over in favour of
more secure choices.
Finally, there is no guarantee that an Olympics will be a popular success. The “feel
good” factor that most proponents of Olympic bids extol (and that was no doubt
driving the 90 to 100 per cent approval rates of Parisians and Londoners for their
cities’ respective 2012 bids) can be an elusive phenomenon, and one that is tied to
that nation’s standing on the medal tables. This ephemeral thrill cannot compare to
the years of disruptive construction projects and security fears that go into
preparing for an Olympic Games, nor the decades of debt repayment that follow
(Greece’s preparation for Athens 2004 famously deterred tourists from visiting the
country due to widespread unease about congestion and disruption).
There are feasible alternatives to the bloat, extravagance and wasteful spending
that comes with a modern Olympic Games. One option is to designate a
permanent host city that would be re-designed or built from scratch especially for
the task. Another is to extend the duration of the Olympics so that it becomes a
festival of several months. Local businesses would enjoy the extra spending and
congestion would ease substantially as competitors and spectators come and go
according to their specific interests. Neither the “Olympic City” nor the extended
length options really get to the heart of the issue, however. Stripping away ritual
and decorum in favour of concentrating on athletic rivalry would be preferable.
Failing that, the Olympics could simply be scrapped altogether. International

competition could still be maintained through world championships in each
discipline. Most of these events are already held on non-Olympic years anyway –
the International Association of Athletics Federations, for example, has run a
biennial World Athletics Championship since 1983 after members decided that
using the Olympics for their championship was no longer sufficient. Events of this
nature keep world-class competition alive without requiring Olympic-sized
expenses.
Questions 14–18
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A–K, below.
Write the correct letter, A–K, in boxes 14–18 on your answer sheet.
14. Bids to become a host city C  E
15. Personal relationships and political tensions H  J
16. Cost estimates for the Olympic Games I
17. Purpose-built sporting venues D
18. Urban developments associated with the Olympics A  B
A. often help smaller cities to develop basic infrastructure.
B. tend to occur in areas where they are least needed.
C. require profitable companies to be put out of business.
D. are often never used again once the Games are over.
E. can take up to ten years to complete.
F. also satisfy needs of local citizens for first-rate sports facilities.
G. is usually only successful when it is from a capital city.

H. are closely related to how people feel emotionally about the Olympics.
I. are known for being very inaccurate.
J. often underlie the decisions of International Olympic Committee members.
K. are holding back efforts to reform the Olympics.
Questions 19–25
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage
2?
In boxes 19–25 on your answer sheet, write
True - if the statement agrees with the information
False - if the statement contradicts the information
Not Given - if there is no information on this
19. Residents of host cities have little use for the full range of Olympic
facilities. TRUE
20. Australians have still not paid for the construction of Olympic sports facilities.
TRUE  NOT GIVEN
21. People far beyond the host city can expect to benefit from improved
infrastructure. FALSE
22. It is difficult for small cities to win an Olympic bid. TRUE
23. When a city makes an Olympic bid, a majority of its citizens usually want it to
win. NOT GIVEN
24. Whether or not people enjoy hosting the Olympics in their city depends on how
athletes from their country perform in Olympic events. NOT GIVEN  TRUE
25. Fewer people than normal visited Greece during the run up to the Athens
Olympics. FALSE  TRUE
Questions 26 and 27
Choose TWO letters, A–E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 26 and 27 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following does the author propose as alternatives to the current
Olympics?
A. The Olympics should be cancelled in favour of individual competitions for each

sport  2°!
B. The Olympics should focus on ceremony rather than competition.
C. The Olympics should be held in the same city every time. 1°
D. The Olympics should be held over a month rather than seventeen days. 2
E. The Olympics should be made smaller by getting rid of unnecessary and

unpopular sports.

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Reading passage 2

Hosting the Olympics is often understood to be an excellent way to update a city’s

Another major concern is that when civic infrastructure developments are

Failing that, the Olympics could simply be scrapped altogether. International

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A–K, below.

14. Bids to become a host city C  E

15. Personal relationships and political tensions H  J

16. Cost estimates for the Olympic Games I

17. Purpose-built sporting venues D

18. Urban developments associated with the Olympics A  B

A. often help smaller cities to develop basic infrastructure.

B. tend to occur in areas where they are least needed.

C. require profitable companies to be put out of business.

E. can take up to ten years to complete.

F. also satisfy needs of local citizens for first-rate sports facilities.

G. is usually only successful when it is from a capital city.

I. are known for being very inaccurate.

J. often underlie the decisions of International Olympic Committee members.

K. are holding back efforts to reform the Olympics.

In boxes 19–25 on your answer sheet, write

True - if the statement agrees with the information

False - if the statement contradicts the information

Not Given - if there is no information on this

22. It is difficult for small cities to win an Olympic bid. TRUE

Choose TWO letters, A–E.

Write the correct letters in boxes 26 and 27 on your answer sheet.

A. The Olympics should be cancelled in favour of individual competitions for each

B. The Olympics should focus on ceremony rather than competition.

C. The Olympics should be held in the same city every time. 1°

E. The Olympics should be made smaller by getting rid of unnecessary and

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