Gases

Gases
At the end of this lesson, you

should be able to:
1. identify the different units used to

express the amount of pressure;
2. classify the different gas laws;
and
3. calculate the amount of
temperature, pressure and volume
of gas under given conditions.
Let us identify
the
characteristics
of gases.
No definite shape and volume.
Let us identify
the
characteristics
of gases.
Have a much lower density
compared to other phases.
Let us identify
the
characteristics
of gases.
In constant random motion, collide
with one another and with any surface
they are contained in.
Factors that
affect the
property of
gases
Pressure Temperature Volume
Average Space
Force
amount of occupied
exerted
kinetic by matter
per unit
energy
area
 The old air pump in the gasoline
stations used the unit pounds per
square inch (psi)
Various  New air pumps used kilopascal (KPa)
units used (or newton per square meter, N/m2),
which is the SI unit for pressure.
for In chemistry, a widely used unit for
pressure: pressure is the atmosphere (atm).
Another old and popular unit for
pressure is the Torr (or mmHg).
Units of 1 atm = 760 Torr (mm Hg)
Pressure 1 atm = 101.3 kPa
1 L = 1000 cm 3
Units of 1 L = 1 dm 3
Volume 1 mL = 1 cm 3
Kelvin
Unit of
Temperature K = C + 273.15
o
The kinetic molecular theory of
gases is a model that helps us
understand the physical properties of
gases at the molecular level.
Gases consist of particles (molecules
or atoms) that are in constant random
motion.
Gas particles are constantly colliding
Kinetic with each other and the walls of their
Molecular container. These collisions are elastic;
Theory of that is, there is no net loss of energy
Gases from the collisions.
Gas particles are small and the total
volume occupied by gas molecules is
negligible relative to the total volume
of their container.
Kinetic
Molecular
Theory of
Gases
There are no interactive
forces (i.e., attraction or
repulsion) between the
Kinetic particles of a gas.
Molecular The average kinetic energy
Theory of of gas particles is proportional
Gases to the absolute temperature of
the gas, and all gases at the
same temperature have the
same average kinetic energy.
Kinetic
Molecular
Theory of
Gases
The relationships between
pressure, volume and
temperature are expressed by
the Gas Laws.
1. Boyle’s Law
2. Charles’s Law
Gas Laws 3. Avogadro’s Law
• The volume of a given amount of gas is
inversely proportional to its pressure at
constant temperature.
• It is valid only if the amount of the gas and
Boyle’s
the temperature is constant.
Law P V = k or
P1 V1 = P2 V2
where: P1 is the initial pressure
V1 is the initial volume
P2 is the final pressure
V2 is the final volume
Example:
A 20.0 L gas kept in a movable

Boyle’s piston has an initial pressure of
Law 1.5 atm at 25oC. If the piston is
allowed to expand isothermally
(i.e., at constant temperature)
to 45.0 L, what will be the
resulting pressure of the gas?
Solution:
Given: P1 = 1.5 atm P2 = ?
V1 = 20.0 L V2 = 45.0 L
Temperature is constant (not changing)
Substitute the given to Boyle’s law equation
Boyle’s P1V1 = P2V2
Law (1.5 atm)(20.0 L) = P2 (45.0L)
45.0L 45.0L

0.67 atm = P2
Since there is indirect relationship of pressure and

volume, we can observe that the volume increased while
the pressure decreased.
States that the volume of a given amount of
gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature at constant pressure.
It is valid only if the amount of the gas and the
pressure is constant.
The temperature should be expressed in the
Charles’s unit Kelvin (K).
Law V / T = k or
V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
where: T1 is the initial temperature
T2 is the final temperature

Example: Consider a 25.0 L
gas initially at 25oC and 1 atm.
Charles’s If this gas is heated to 80oC,
Law
what will happen to its volume
under constant pressure?
Solution:
Given: T1 = 25oC → 25oC + 273.15 = 298.15 K
T2 = 80oC → 80oC + 273.15 =
353.15 K
V1 = 25.0 L
Charles’s V2 = ?
Law
Pressure is constant (not changing)
Substitute the given to Charles’s law equation
(25.0 L) = __V2______
298.15 K 353.15 K
Charles’s Cross multiply and solve algebraically to solve for
the value of V2.
Law (298.15 K) V2 = (25.0 L)(353.15 K)
298.15 K 298.15 K
V2 = 29.61 L
Since there is direct relationship of temperature
and volume, we can observe that the volume also
increased when temperature increased.
The volume of a gas at a given temperature
pressure is directly proportional to the number
of moles contained in the volume.
 It is based on Avogadro’s hypothesis that ‘the
same volume of two gases at the same
Avogadro’s temperature and pressure contain the same
number of molecules.
Law
The SI unit mole is related to the number of
molecules in a substance.
Experiments have shown that the volume of
1.0 mole of a gas at 0oC and 1 atm is 22.4 L.
(Standard Temperature and Pressure, STP)
V / n = k or
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2

where:
Avogadro’s n1 is the initial number of moles
Law
n2 is the final number of moles
Example: A canister of 1.5 moles
butane gas (C4H10) is available in
store in two sizes, 750 mL and 2.0
L with a pressure of 48 atm at
Avogadro’s 28oC. How many moles of butane
Law are present in the bigger canister
(2.0 L) under the same conditions
of pressure and temperature?
Solution:
Given: n1 = 1.5 moles n2 = ?
V1 = 750 mL
V2 = 2.0 L → 2 000 mL
Avogadro’s
Law Temperature and pressure are
constant (not changing).
Substitute the given to Avogadro’s
law equation
(750 mL) = 2 000 mL
1.5 mol n2
Avogadro’s Cross multiply and solve algebraically to
Law solve for the value of n2.
(750 mL) n2 = (2 000 mL)(1.50 mol)
750 mL 750 mL
n2 = 4.0 moles
Ideal Gas PV=nRT
Equation
Ideal Gas
Equation
Ideal Gas
Equation
PV=nRT
Example: How many
moles of a gas occupies a
Ideal Gas
Equation volume of 0.68 L at 0.85
atm and 301 K?
Solution:
Given: V = 0.68 L P = 0.85 atm
T = 301 K n=?

Using Ideal Gas equation, PV = nRT substitute
Ideal Gas the given
Equation
0.023 mol = n
The daily weather patterns reported on TV
often include a reference to high pressure
and low pressure systems. These systems
arise from the unequal solar heating of the
Earth, which results in variation of
Science temperatures in different regions. Air at the
equator is much warmer, and rises and
Connections spreads towards the poles where colder and
heavier air also begins to sink and move
towards the equator. This, together with the
rotation of Earth, gives rise to spiraling wind
currents whose consequence is the daily
weather patterns we hear of in the news.

Gases

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Gases

At the end of this lesson, you

1. identify the different units used to

A 20.0 L gas kept in a movable

Since there is indirect relationship of pressure and

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