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    Unit - IV: Anova Analysis of Variance

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    sachin
    The document provides information about several statistical tests used for comparing multiple sample means, including analysis of variance (ANOVA), post hoc tests, least significant difference (LSD) test, Tukey's test, and Dunnett's test. It explains the assumptions and procedures for each test, such as how ANOVA is used to determine if sample means are significantly different, while post hoc tests identify specifically which pairs of means differ. The LSD, Tukey's, and Dunnett's tests make direct comparisons between sample mean pairs using calculated critical values.

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    Unit - IV: Anova Analysis of Variance

    Uploaded by

    sachin
    76 views149 pages
    The document provides information about several statistical tests used for comparing multiple sample means, including analysis of variance (ANOVA), post hoc tests, least significant difference (LSD) test, Tukey's test, and Dunnett's test. It explains the assumptions and procedures for each test, such as how ANOVA is used to determine if sample means are significantly different, while post hoc tests identify specifically which pairs of means differ. The LSD, Tukey's, and Dunnett's tests make direct comparisons between sample mean pairs using calculated critical values.

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    Unit –IV ANOVA

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    The document provides information about several statistical tests used for comparing multiple sample means, including analysis of variance (ANOVA), post hoc tests, least significant difference (LSD) test, Tukey's test, and Dunnett's test. It explains the assumptions and procedures for each test, such as how ANOVA is used to determine if sample means are significantly different, while post hoc tests identify specifically which pairs of means differ. The LSD, Tukey's, and Dunnett's tests make direct comparisons between sample mean pairs using calculated critical values.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    76 views149 pages

    Unit - IV: Anova Analysis of Variance

    Uploaded by

    sachin
    The document provides information about several statistical tests used for comparing multiple sample means, including analysis of variance (ANOVA), post hoc tests, least significant difference (LSD) test, Tukey's test, and Dunnett's test. It explains the assumptions and procedures for each test, such as how ANOVA is used to determine if sample means are significantly different, while post hoc tests identify specifically which pairs of means differ. The LSD, Tukey's, and Dunnett's tests make direct comparisons between sample mean pairs using calculated critical values.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 149

    Unit –IV

    Anova
    Analysis of variance
    Example :
    Example:

    The three samples below have been obtained from normal populations
    with equal variances. Test the hypothesis that the sample means are
    equal:
    8 7 12
    10 5 9
    7 10 13
    14 9 12
    11 9 14
    The table value of F at 5% level of significance for v1=2 and v2 is 3.88
    Post hoc test
    • A post hoc test is used only after we find a statistically significant
    result and need to determine where our differences truly came from.
    The term “post hoc” comes from the Latin for “after the event”. There
    are many different post hoc tests that have been developed, and most
    of them will give us similar answers.
    The most common post-hoc tests are here number wise from 1
    (better) to onwards:
    • Bonferroni Procedure.
    • Duncan's new multiple range test (MRT)
    • Dunn's Multiple Comparison Test.
    • Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD)
    • Holm-Bonferroni Procedure.
    • Newman-Keuls.
    • Rodger's Method.
    • Scheffé's Method.
    How to Calculate the Least Significant Difference

    When you run an ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) test and get a significant result,


    that means at least one of the groups tested differs from the other groups.
    However, you can’t tell from the ANOVA test which group differs. In order to
    address this, Fisher developed the least significant difference test in 1935, which is
    only used when you reject the null hypothesis as a result of your hypothesis test
    results. The LSD calculates the smallest significant between two means as if a test
    had been run on those two means (as opposed to all of the groups together). This
    enables you to make direct comparisons between two means from two individual
    groups. Any difference larger than the LSD is considered a significant result.
    Tukey’s test
    Definition
    Tukey's test is a multiple comparison test and is applicable when there
    are more than two means being compared (for two means, utilize a
    t test). Typically, Tukey's test is utilized after an ( Analysis of Variance)
    has shown that significant difference exists and determines where the
    difference exists.
    Assumptions

    • The observations being tested are independent within and among the


    groups.
    • The groups associated with each mean in the test are 
    normally distributed.
    • There is equal within-group variance across the groups associated
    with each mean in the test (homogeneity of variance).
    Dunnett’s Test
    Dunnett’s Test (also called Dunnett’s Method or Dunnett’s Multiple
    Comparison) compares means from several experimental groups against
    a control group mean to see is there is a difference. When an ANOVA
     test has significant findings, it doesn’t report which pairs of means are
    different. Dunnett’s can be used after the ANOVA has been run to
    identify the pairs with significant differences.

    One fixed “control” group is compared to all of the other samples, so it


    should only be used when you have a control group. If you don’t have a
    control group, use Tukey’s Test.
    Calculation
    As Dunnett’s compares two groups, it acts similarly to a t-test. The following formula gives you a value
    that you can use to compare mean differences. The formula is:
    • Step 1: Look up the tDunnett critical value in the Dunnett
    -critical value table. You’ll need:
    • Your chosen alpha level (usually 5%),
    • Sample size, n,
    • Degrees of freedom from the ANOVA “Within Groups” output. This is
    the “n” in the left hand column of the table.
    • For example, let’s say you had an alpha level of 5%, a sample size of 5
    and 20 df. The Dunnett critical value is 2.65.
    Plug the value into the formula:

    Step 2: Find the mean squares (MS) of the within group in the
    ANOVA source table. Plug that value into the above formula.
    For example, let’s say your MS within is 15.39:
    • Step 3: Find “n”, the number in one group. For this example, that’s 5:

    solving the formula, we get:


    DDunnett = 2.65 * 2.481 = 6.575.
    • The answer (6.575) is the critical distance between means. If the distance
    between a control group mean and an experimental group mean is greater
    than 6.575, then that distance is significant. For example, let’s say you had
    a control group mean of 52 and three experimental group means of 55, 64
    and 72. The differences between means (absolute values) are:
    • Group 1 55 – 52 = 3
    • Group 2 64 – 52 = 12
    • Group 3 72 – 52 = 20
    • Only groups 2 and 3 exceed the Dunnett’s distance of 6.575, so they are
    the significant pairs.

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