MACHINES. TECHNOLOGIES. MATERIALS.

2019

INFLUENCE OF THE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE CHANGE ON STEAM PRESSURE

REDUCTION VALVE EXERGY DESTRUCTION AND EXERGY EFFICIENCY
PhD. Mrzljak Vedran1, PhD. Poljak Igor2, PhD. Orović Josip2, Prof. PhD. Prpić-Oršić Jasna1
1
Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
2
University of Zadar, Maritime Department, M. Pavlinovića 1, 23000 Zadar, Croatia
E-mail: vedran.mrzljak@riteh.hr, ipoljak1@unizd.hr, jorovic@unizd.hr, jasna.prpic-orsic@riteh.hr

Abstract: The paper presents an exergy analysis of pressure reduction valve mounted in the steam propulsion system on conventional LNG
carrier. From exploitation are obtained that the valve pressure and temperature decrease become as higher as steam system load increases.
Valve exergy power input and output decreases during the increase in steam system load, mostly because of the steam mass flow decrease.
Steam system load increase in exploitation also causes a decrease in valve exergy destruction with a simultaneous decrease in valve exergy
efficiency (from 68.42 % to 68.09 %). The ambient temperature variation showed that the valve exergy destruction is the lowest for the
lowest observed ambient temperature, in any steam system load. The exergy efficiency of the pressure reduction valve is reverse proportional
to valve exergy destruction. An increase in the ambient temperature for 10 °C causes a decrease in analyzed valve exergy efficiency for
between 2.5 % and 3 %.

KEYWORDS: AMBIENT TEMPERATURE, STEAM PRESSURE REDUCTION VALVE, EXERGY DESTRUCTION, EXERGY EFFICIENCY

1. Introduction Table 1. LNG carrier characteristics

Dead weight tonnage 84.812 DWT
The main function of pressure reduction valves is reducing Overall length 288 m
pressure of operating medium (in steam plants that operating Max breadth 44 m
medium is usually superheated steam). If the operating medium is Design draft 9.3 m
superheated steam, along with the pressure reduction through the
Propulsion turbine Mitsubishi MS40-2 (29420 kW)
pressure reduction valve was also reduced steam temperature while
Steam generators 2 x Mitsubishi MB-4E-KS
steam specific entropy increases [1]. In such way the steam system
maintained desired operating parameters [2] in all of its parts. The position of the analyzed pressure reduction valve in the LNG
The basic rule for pressure reduction valve operation is that carrier steam system is near the steam generators. The pressure
before and after valve specific enthalpy of operating medium reduction valve is mounted on steam generators “dump” pipeline.
remains constant [3]. It is irrelevant to investigate steam pressure This pressure reduction valve is involved in steam system operation
reduction valves from the viewpoint of energy, because without any during the system startup. During system startup, steam generators
mass flow leakage, steam pressure reduction valves have energy produce much more superheated steam than is necessary for system
efficiency of 100 % and energy power losses equal to zero, in any operation. These facts occur because from the ecological point of
observed operating point. view, it is more appropriate to burn LNG surplus in steam
In the land-based steam power plants pressure reduction valves generators, than release it into the atmosphere. The superheated
are very rare [4], because in that kind of steam power plants is not steam amount which is not used in steam system was directed to the
necessary to reduce the masses of plant components. In order to main condenser. Before entering the main condenser, it is necessary
remain the walls of every component from the marine steam plant to reduce superheated steam pressure after which follows steam
as thick as possible and thus reduce their mass, pressure reduction cooling by water spray injection. For pressure reduction of
valves are necessary on ship steam systems [5]. superheated steam before its entrance into the main condenser is
A detailed analysis of any valve type can be rarely found in the responsible analyzed valve. So, the measurements of necessary
scientific literature. If some were found, mostly it is investigations steam operating parameters before and after pressure reduction
of control valves for steam turbines [6], in some cases along with its valve are and can be performed only during the steam system
actuation systems [7]. Investigations of steam pressure reduction startup period. General pressure reduction operating range of the
valves are rare, especially for several steam system loads [8]. analyzed valve is reduction from 6.13 MPa to 0.4 MPa.
In this paper was analyzed steam pressure reduction valve, Analyzed steam pressure reduction valve intersection, along with
mounted on the main condenser “dump” line, through a several all main components can be seen in Fig. 1. This type of pressure
steam system loads. For each load is presented a decrease in steam reduction valve has two valves (main and auxiliary) for pressure
temperature and pressure on the analyzed valve from the ship pulsation compensation and for ensuring accurate outlet pressure.
exploitation. Based on the measurements of valve operation
parameters are presented valve exergy power inputs and outputs, as
well as exergy destruction and exergy efficiency in each observed
system load. Exergy power inputs and outputs, as well as exergy
efficiency and exergy destruction of any steam system component
are changeable when the ambient temperature increases or
decreases. Engine room temperature variation is performed from 10
°C to 50 °C in steps of 10 °C what is usually expected change of
engine room temperature. For observed ambient temperature
variation is calculated and presented pressure reduction valve
exergy destruction and exergy efficiency in each observed steam
system load.

2. Analyzed pressure reduction valve elements and

operation characteristics
Analyzed pressure reduction valve is mounted in LNG carrier
steam propulsion plant near steam generators. Main characteristics
Fig. 1. Analyzed steam pressure reduction valve intersection [9]
of the LNG carrier which steam propulsion system includes the
analyzed pressure reduction valve are presented in Table 1:

26
 MACHINES. TECHNOLOGIES. MATERIALS. 2019
3. Exergy analysis equations - pressure: p0 = 0.1 MPa = 1 bar,
- temperature: T0 = 25 °C = 298.15 K.
3.1. Governing exergy analysis equations
4. Measuring equipment and measurement results of
Mass balance equation for a volume in steady state disregarding
potential and kinetic energy can be expressed as [10]:
pressure reduction valve
� m� IN � � m� OUT (1) Measurements were performed in three different LNG carrier
steam system operation points during the system startup. After
Exergy analysis is based on the second law of thermodynamics system startup, all produced superheated steam is used in steam
[11]. The main exergy balance equation for a volume in steady state system and “dump” line is not in operation from that moment on.
is [12]: Required operating parameters (pressures, temperatures and mass
flows) for each steam pressure reduction valve operating point are
X� heat � P � � m� OUT � � OUT � � m� IN � � IN � E� ex,D (2)
presented in Table 2 in relation to the main propulsion propeller
speed. Main propulsion propeller speed is directly proportional to
where the net exergy transfer by heat ( X� heat ) at the temperature
steam system load.
T is equal to [13]: In Table 2 can be seen that as propulsion propeller speed
T increases, the steam mass flow, which is sent directly to the main
X� heat � � (1 � 0 ) � Q� (3) condenser decreases. This fact presents that steam system uses more
T
and more produced superheated steam as propulsion propeller speed
Specific exergy can be defined according to [14] by an equation: (steam system load) increases. After 41.78 rpm, steam system uses
� � ( h � h0 ) � T0 � ( s � s0 ) (4) all of produced superheated steam and steam “dump” line is closed.

The exergy power of a flow can be calculated according to [15]: Table 2. Steam pressure reduction valve inlet and outlet -
measurement results
E� ex � m� � � � m� � �( h � h0 ) � T0 � ( s � s0 ) � (5)
Propulsion Pressure reduction valve - steam Pressure reduction valve - steam
Exergy efficiency [16] is usually defined as: propeller inlet (1*) outlet (2*)
speed
Exergy output (rpm) Temperature Pressure Mass flow Temperature Pressure Mass flow
� ex � (6)
Exergy input (°C) (MPa) (kg/h) (°C) (MPa) (kg/h)
25.58 312.5 6.010 15767 232.6 0.4 15767
3.2. Steam pressure reduction valve exergy analysis
34.33 309.0 6.080 13175 225.6 0.4 13175
For the analyzed pressure reduction valve, all necessary operating
points were presented in Fig. 2. The required specific enthalpies and 41.78 304.0 6.110 3695 216.5 0.4 3695
specific entropies were calculated from measured steam pressures * Streams numeration refers to Fig. 2.
and temperatures by using NIST REFPROP software [17].
Measurement results presented in Table 2 were obtained by using
the existing measuring equipment mounted before and after
analyzed pressure reduction valve. List of used measuring
equipment is presented in Table 3. From Table 3 only the Shaft
Power Meter used for propulsion propeller speed measuring is not
mounted at the analyzed pressure reduction valve inlet or outlet, it is
mounted directly on propulsion propeller shaft.
Table 3. List of used measurement equipment
Steam temperature (valve inlet Greisinger GTF 401-Pt100 -
and outlet) Immersion probe [18]
Fig. 2. Steam pressure reduction valve scheme with a general Yamatake JTG960A - Pressure
Steam pressure (valve inlet)
operating range Transmitter [19]
Yamatake JTG940A - Pressure
Steam pressure (valve outlet)
Mass and exergy balances for the analyzed steam pressure Transmitter [19]
reduction valve are: Steam mass flow (valve inlet Yamatake JTD960A - Differential
and outlet) Pressure Transmitter [20]
Mass balance: Kyma Shaft Power Meter (KPM-
Propulsion propeller speed
m� 1 � m� 2 (7) PFS) [21]

Exergy balance: 5. Pressure reduction valve exergy analysis results

- Exergy power input:
with the discussion
E� ex,IN � m� 1 � �1 (8)
5.1. Pressure reduction valve exergy analysis - exploitation
Decrease in pressure and temperature on the analyzed pressure
- Exergy power output:
reduction valve is presented on Fig. 3. During the increase in steam
E� ex,OUT � m� 2 � � 2 (9) system load, steam pressure at the analyzed pressure reduction
valve inlet increases, Table 2, and this occurrence causes a
- Exergy destruction: simultaneous increase in pressure reduction. At the propulsion
propeller speed of 25.58 rpm, analyzed valve reduces steam
E� ex,D � E� ex,IN � E� ex,OUT � m� 1 � �1 � m� 2 � � 2 (10)
pressure for 5.61 MPa, at 34.33 rpm steam pressure reduction
- Exergy efficiency: amounts 5.68 MPa, while at the highest observed propulsion
propeller speed of 41.78 rpm, right before the closing of “dump”
E� m� � � line, pressure reduction amounts 5.71 MPa.
�ex � �ex,OUT � 2 2 (11)
Eex,IN m� 1 � �1 Increase in steam pressure reduction resulted also with the
increase in steam temperature reduction. During the increase in
The ambient state in the LNG carrier engine room during the steam system load, the steam temperature reduction increases from
provided measurements was: 79.9 °C (at 25.58 rpm) to 87.5 °C (at 41.78 rpm).

27
MACHINES. TECHNOLOGIES. MATERIALS. 2019
ambient pressure can not be changed for a significant value, so the
influence of the ambient pressure on exergy analysis is almost
negligible. Change in the ambient temperature is significant for
land-based steam plants during the season change (summer/winter).
For the marine steam plants change in the ambient temperature
significantly influenced exergy destruction and exergy efficiency of
any plant component because it depends on the geographical area in
which ship operates. It is realistic to expect that the ambient
temperature in the analyzed LNG carrier engine room can be
changed from 10 °C (when ship operates in Nordic areas) to 50 °C
when ship operates in warm areas (for example Persian Gulf).
Fig. 3. The steam pressure and temperature decrease on the At any observed pressure reduction valve operating point, exergy
pressure reduction valve - exploitation destruction (exergy power loss) is the lowest for the lowest
observed ambient temperature. An increase in the ambient
Exergy power input and output of the analyzed pressure temperature causes an increase in valve exergy destruction, Fig. 6.
reduction valve continuously decreases during the increase in steam Valve exergy destruction is also related to steam mass flow
system load, Fig. 4. According to the equations (8) and (9) the main through the valve; higher steam mass flow resulted in the higher
reason for such decrease in the exergy power input and output can exergy destruction at any steam system load and at any temperature.
be found in the decrease in steam mass flow, Table 2. After 41.78 Increase in the ambient temperature causes an increase in valve
rpm, steam system uses all of the produced steam, so amount of exergy destruction. Between propulsion propeller speeds of 25.58
steam, which passes directly from steam generators to main rpm and 41.78 rpm, valve exergy destruction amounts from 1446.62
condenser is equal to zero. kW to 338.05 kW for the ambient temperature of 10 °C, while for
Increase in steam system load causes decrease in valve exergy the ambient temperature of 50 °C valve exergy destruction amounts
power input from 4823.8 kW (at 25.58 rpm) to 1115.7 kW (at 41.78 from 1651.16 kW to 385.86 kW in the same operation range.
rpm) while exergy power output simultaneously decreases from
3300.3 kW to 759.7 kW between the same propulsion propeller
speeds.

Fig. 6. Change in the exergy destruction of analyzed valve during

the ambient temperature change
Fig. 4. Change in exergy power input and output of analyzed valve - During the ambient temperature variation, exergy efficiency of
exploitation the analyzed pressure reduction valve is reverse proportional to
valve exergy destruction. The highest valve exergy efficiency is
Increase in steam system load causes decrease in pressure
obtained for the lowest ambient temperature of 10 °C (and for the
reduction valve exergy destruction (exergy power losses), Fig. 5,
lowest exergy destruction), while the lowest valve exergy efficiency
which is caused mostly because of a decrease in steam mass flow.
is obtained for the highest ambient temperature of 50 °C (and for
Pressure reduction valve exergy destruction decreases from 1523.5
the highest exergy destruction), Fig. 7.
kW at 25.58 rpm to 356 kW at 41.78 rpm.
At each observed ambient temperature, pressure reduction valve
The same decrease trend during the increase in propulsion
exergy efficiency slowly decreases during the increase in steam
propeller speed can also be seen in pressure reduction valve exergy
system load. Increase in the ambient temperature for a 10 °C causes
efficiency, Fig. 5, which decreases from 68.42 % at 25.58 rpm to
decrease in valve exergy efficiency for between 2.5 % and 3 %.
68.09 % at 41.78 rpm.
When compared analyzed pressure reduction valve exergy
efficiency with steam turbines, it can be concluded that valve
exergy efficiency are much more affected by the change in the
ambient temperature than steam turbines in general, because an
increase in the ambient temperature for 10 °C causes decrease in
steam turbine exergy efficiency for 1 % or less [5].

Fig. 5. Exergy destruction and exergy efficiency of the pressure

reduction valve - exploitation
5.2. Pressure reduction valve exergy analysis during the
ambient temperature variation
Exergy analysis of any steam plant component is dependable on Fig. 7. Change in exergy efficiency of analyzed valve during the
the ambient pressure and temperature. In realistic conditions, ambient temperature change

28
 MACHINES. TECHNOLOGIES. MATERIALS. 2019
6. Conclusion [4] Adibhatla, S., Kaushik, S. C.: Energy and exergy analysis of a
super critical thermal power plant at various load conditions
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valve mounted in the steam propulsion system on conventional Thermal Engineering, 73, p. 51-65, 2014.
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based on the ambient temperature variation. Analyzed valve is analysis of the turbo-generators and steam turbine for the
mounted on the steam generators “dump” line, which led main feed water pump drive on LNG carrier, Energy
superheated steam surplus direct to the main condenser. Conversion and Management, 140, p. 307–323, 2017.
From LNG carrier exploitation data are obtained that the valve (doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2017.03.007)
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system load increases. Valve exergy power input and output flow behavior in steam turbine control valves, Applied
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exploitation also causes a decrease in valve exergy destruction and actuation system for dynamics analysis of steam turbines,
(from 1523.5 kW at 25.58 rpm to 356 kW at 41.78 rpm) with a Applied Energy, In Press, Corrected Proof,
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Pressure reduction valve exergy destruction is the lowest for the Jiang, W. K., Jin, Z. J.: Flow rate analysis of compressible
lowest observed ambient temperature, in any steam system load. An superheated steam through pressure reducing valves, Energy,
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higher exergy destruction at any steam system load and at any Generators Main and Auxiliary Energy Flow Streams During
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proportional to valve exergy destruction - the highest exergy (doi:10.31217/p.32.1.15)
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(and for the lowest exergy destruction), while the lowest valve of Energy Systems, Springer Briefs in Energy, Springer, 2012.
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The authors would like to extend their appreciations to the main Evaluation of synchronous execution of full repowering and
ship-owner office for conceding measuring equipment and for all solar assisting in a 200 MW steam power plant, a case study,
help during the exploitation measurements. This work has been Applied Thermal Engineering, 112, p. 111–123, 2017.
fully supported by the Croatian Science Foundation under the (doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.10.083)
project IP-2018-01-3739. [14] Orović, J., Mrzljak, V., Poljak, I.: Efciency and Losses
Analysis of Steam Air Heater from Marine Steam Propulsion
Plant, Energies 2018, 11 (11), 3019;
NOMENCLATURE (doi:10.3390/en11113019)
[15] Mrzljak, V., Poljak, I., Medica-Viola, V.: Dual fuel
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LNG Liquefied Natural Gas � specific exergy, kJ/kg the propulsion of LNG carrier, Applied Thermal Engineering,
� efficiency, - 119, p. 331–346, 2017.
(doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.03.078)
Latin Symbols: Subscripts: [16] Mrzljak, V., Poljak, I., Medica-Viola, V.: Thermodynamical
E� stream flow power, kJ/s 0 ambient conditions analysis of high-pressure fed water heater in steam
h specific enthalpy, kJ/kg D destruction propulsion system during exploitation, Shipbuilding: Theory
and Practice of Naval Architecture, Marine Engineering and
m� mass flow rate, kg/s or kg/h ex exergy
Ocean Engineering 68 (2), p. 45-61, 2017.
p pressure, MPa IN inlet (input)
P work done, kJ/s OUT outlet (output) (doi:10.21278/brod68204)
[17] Lemmon, E. W., Huber, M. L., McLinden, M. O.: NIST
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s specific entropy, kJ/kg·K REFPROP, Version 8.0, User’s Guide, Colorado, 2007.
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X� heat heat exergy transfer, kJ/s [19] http://www.industriascontrolpro.com, (accessed: 25.10.18.)
[20] http://www.krtproduct.com, (accessed: 28.10.18.)
[21] https://www.kyma.no, (accessed: 29.10.18.)
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[1] Bloch, H. P.: Petrochemical Machinery Insights, Elsevier
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[2] Sutton, I.: Plant Design and Operations, Elsevier Inc., 2015.
[3] Mrzljak, V., Poljak, I., Žarković, B.: Exergy Analysis of Steam
Pressure Reduction Valve in Marine Propulsion Plant on
Conventional LNG Carrier, International Journal of Maritime
Science & Technology "Our Sea" 65(1), p. 24-31, 2018.
(doi:10.17818/NM/2018/1.4)

29
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 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE
MACHINES. TECHNOLOGIES. MATERIALS
13-16.03.2019, BOROVETS, BULGARIA

PROCEEDINGS
YEAR III, ISSUE 1 (12), BOROVETS, BULGARIA 2019

VOLUME I
MACHINES. TECHNOLOGIES. MATERIALS

ISSN 2535-0021 (PRINT)

ISSN 2535-003X (ONLINE)

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Prof. Milan Vukcevic ME Prof. Wu Kaiming CN
 CONTENTS
SECTION “MACHINES”
SPATIAL GEARING: KINEMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INSTANTANEOUS CONTACT
Assoc. Prof. Abadjieva E. PhD., Prof. Sc. D. Abadjiev V. PhD. ............................................................................................................................ ..... 5

OPTIMISATION OF GEAR GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS USING KISSSOFT

Emre Can, Mehmet Bozca ........................................................................................................................................................ ................................. 10

FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD MODELLING OF ROLLING BEARINGS

Mustafa Koç, Mehmet Bozca .............................................................................................................. ....................................................................... 14

SUBSTITUTION OF GEAR-BAR MECHANISM WITH BAR MECHANISM ON THE INFEED MECHANISM OD BOTTLE
WASHER
Spec. Sci. Vidak Šabanović , Prof. Dr. Goran Ćulafić .............................................................................................................................. ................. 18

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF TURBO-GENERATOR STEAM TURBINE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY POWER LOSSES
CHANGE DURING THE VARIATION IN DEVELOPED POWER
PhD. Mrzljak Vedran, PhD. Poljak Igor, Prof. PhD. Prpić-Oršić Jasna .................................................................................................................... 22

INFLUENCE OF THE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE CHANGE ON STEAM PRESSURE REDUCTION VALVE EXERGY
DESTRUCTION AND EXERGY EFFICIENCY
PhD. Mrzljak Vedran, PhD. Poljak Igor, PhD. Orović Josip, Prof. PhD. Prpić-Oršić Jasna ..................................................................................... 26

COMPARISON OF NUMERICAL METHODS FOR MODELING THE EFFECT OF EXPLOSION ON PROTECTIVE

STRUCTURES
PhD.Bisyk S., PhD.Davydovskyi L., PhD.Hutov I., Ass. Prof. PhD. Slyvinskyi O., M.Sc. Aristarkhov O., Prof. PhD. Lilov ................................ 30

SECTION “TECHNOLOGIES”
МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ РАДИАЛЬНО-СДВИГОВОЙ ПРОКАТКИ АУСТЕНИТНОЙ НЕРЖАВЕЮЩЕЙ СТАЛИ AISI-321 С
ЦЕЛЬЮ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ОПТИМАЛЬНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ УМЗ-СТРУКТУРЫ
Д.т.н., проф. Найзабеков А.Б., к.т.н., доцент Лежнев С.Н., PhD Арбуз А.С., PhD Панин E.A. ........................................................................ 34

A-TIG WELDING AS A SOLUTION FOR NICKEL AND MANGANESE SAVINGS IN DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL WELDED
JOINTS
Ph.D. Bušić M., Ph.D. Jurica M., Prof. Ph.D. Garašić I., Prof. Ph.D. Kožuh Z. ....................................................................................................... 38

CALCULATING CONTOURING TOOL BY FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD

Prof. Dr. Kikvidze O., Assoc.Prof. Dr.Sakhanberidze N.., senior teacher Kordzadze L ........................................................................................... 42

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR THERMAL AND HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF A MINI CHANNEL SHELL AND TUBE
HEAT EXCHANGER USING LOW CONCENTRATION NANOFLUIDS PREPARED WITH AL2O3 NANOMATERIALS
M.Sc. Mehmet Senan Yilmaz, Assist. Prof. PhD. Hasan Kucuk, Res. Assist. PhD. Murat Unverdi ........................................................................ 47

DETERMINATION OF GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF GRADIENT STRUCTURES FORMED IN OPTICAL GLASS BY THE

ELECTRON BEAM METHOD
Grechana О., Skoryna E., PhD Bondarenko I. ..................................................................................................................................... ...................... 54

UNIVERSAL THERMAL MICROSYSTEMS BASED ON SILICON CARBIDE

Phd Student Eng Daniil Evstigneev, Prof. Grand PhD in Engeneers Science Eng . Vladimir Karachinov, Master's degree courses Eng.
AntonVarshavsiy, PhD Applicant Eng. Petrov Dmitriy ................................................................................................................................. ........... 59

DIAGNOSTICS OF THERMAL PIPES WITH SYMMETRIC STRUCTURE THERMAL IMPACT METHOD

Grand PhD in Engeneers Science Eng . Vladimir Karachinov,Phd Student Eng Daniil Evstigneev, Prof.,PhD in Engeneering sciences
Eng. Alexander Abramov, , PhD Applicant Eng. Petrov Dmitriy .................................................................................................................... ......... 62

AN EFFICIENT COMBINATION OF WATER TREATMENT AND ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY DIFFERENT

MICROORGANISMS
Assoc. Prof. PhD M. Nicolova, Assoc. Prof. PhD I.Spasova, Assoc. Prof. PhD P. Georgiev, Prof. PhD V. Groudeva, Prof. DSc S. Groudev ...... 65

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CUTTING FORCES AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS IN MQL MILLING OF ALUMINUM 6061
B.Sc. Conger D.B., M.Sc. Emiroglu U., Assoc. Prof. M.Sc. Uysal A. PhD., Prof. M.Sc. Altan E. PhD. ................................................................. 67

FLANK WEAR OF SURFACE TEXTURED TOOL IN DRY TURNING OF AISI 4140 STEEL
Mech. Eng. Eskizara H. B., R. Assist. Emiroglu U., Prof. Dr. Altan E. ............................................................................................................. ....... 71

EFFECTS OF PROCESS PARAMETERS IN PLASMA ARC CUTTING ON STAINLESS STEELS AND STRUCTURAL STEEL
Erbilen M., Çakır O. .................................................................................................................................... ............................................................... 75

ГЛОБАЛЕН МАКСИМУМ – ПРАКТИЧЕСКИ ОЦЕНКИ В ОБЛАСТТА НА МЕТАЛУРГИЧНИЯ ДИЗАЙН

Йордан Калев, Николай Тончев ........................................................................................................................................ ...................................... 78
TECHNOGENIC RAW MATERIALS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MAGNESIUM AND SILICON-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS
Сandidate of technical sciences Shayakhmetova R.A., PhD student Mukhametzhanova A.A. , Candidate of geological and
mineralogical sciences Samatov I.B.1, doctor of chemical sciences, assoc. prof. Akbayeva D.N. ........................................................................... 85

GEOMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINIG RADIANT HEAT EXCHANGE IN VACUUME FURNACE

PhD Eng. Angelova E, Assoc.Prof. PhD Eng. Ronkova V., Assoc.Prof. PhD Eng. .................................................................................................. 88

HOME PAGES, DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF THEIR ELEMENTS AND THEIR DISPLAY ON THE USERS'
COMPUTERS
Asst. Prof. Bidjovski Goran PhD. ................................................................................................................................................................ .............. 91

DAMAGE FUNCTIONS EVALUATION COHERENT TO WEAPON TARGET INTERACTION

Assistant M.Sc. Ing. Katsev I., Prof. PhD. Evlogiev S. ................................................................................................................................ ............. 96

СТЕГАНАЛИЗ НА ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЯ ЧРЕЗ ИЗПОЛЗВАНЕ НА МУЛТИ-КЛАСИФИКАТОР

Диан Велев, Ст. Павлова, полк. проф. д-р инж. И.Лилов, И. Кичуков ............................................................................................................... 99

SECTION “MATERIALS”
INCREASE IN STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF LOW-CARBON STEELS DUE TO STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS AT
DEFORMATION BY ROTARY SWAGING
Prof., Dr.Sci. Dobatkin S.V., Dr. Rybalchenko O.V., Tokar A.A., Prof., Dr.Sci. Odessky P.D., Lunev V.A., Morozov M.M.,
Dr.Sci. Yusupov V.S. ..................................................................................................................................................... .......................................... 102

FEATURES OF STRUCTURE FORMATION AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF METALLIC MATERIALS UNDER

CONDITIONS OF APPLICATION OF GRADIENT DEFORMATIONS
A.G. Raab - Ph.D., A.P. Zhilyaev– Dr. Sci, I.S.Kodirov, G.N. Aleshin - Ph.D. ..................................................................................................... 105

TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIALLY PURE COPPER AND A LOWALLOYED CHROMIUM BRONZE

Lead. Res., Dr. Semenov V.I., PhD Stud. Alemayehu D.B., Prof., Dr. Lin H.-C., Lead. Res., Prof. Raab G.I.1, Prof., Dr. Huang S.-J.,
Prof., Dr. Chun Chiu ............................................................................................................................................. ................................................... 107

COMPARATIVE TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF AZ91D MAGNESIUM ALLOY AFTER STRENGTHENING BY SiC

POWDER AND AFTER SEVERE PLASTIC DEFORMATION
Lead. Res., Dr. Semenov V. I., Prof., Dr. Lin H.-C., Prof. Shuster L.Sh., Prof. N. Tontchev, Prof., Dr. Chun Chiu, Prof., Dr. Huang S.-J. ........ 111

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF CARBON ADSORBENTS BASED ON PLANT RAW MARERIALS AND POLYMERIC
WASTE
Доц. к.т.н. Нистратов А.В., проф. д.т.н. Клушин В.Н. ............................................................................................................................. .......... 115

GEOPOLYMERS BASED ON BULGARIAN RAW MATERIALS – PRELIMINARY STUDIES

Ass. Prof. Dr. Eng. Nikolov A. .................................................................................................................................... ............................................ 120

CRACK RESISTANCE EVALUATION FOR Al+3.5% Mg ALLOYS BY MEASURMENTS OF ULTRASONIC VELOCITIES AND
HARDNESS
Assoc. Prof. PhD Alexander Popov, PhD. Eng. Georgy Dobrev ..................................................................................................................... ........ 124

DETERMINATION OF GEYSER EVENTS IN A THERMOSYPHON WORKING WITH GRAPHENE OXIDE NANOFLUID

Kujawska A., Zajaczkowski B., Woluntarski M., Buschmann M.H. .................................................................................................... .................. 128

GRADIENT STRUCTURE AND METHODS FOR THEIR PREPARATION

G.I. Raab – Dr.Sci, A.G. Raab - Ph.D., A.P. Zhilyaev – Dr.Sci .......................................................................................................... .................... 132

SURFACE HARDENING OF METALLIC MATERIALS BY USE OF COMBINED MAT-FORMING TREATMENT AND

ELECTROSPARK DOPING
Prof. Bagliuk G., Dr. Sc., Makovey V., PhD. Borodiy Yu., PhD. ........................................................................................................................... 134

INFLUENCE OF THE SYNTHESIS METHOD ON THE CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE, PHASE COMPOSITION AND
PROPERTIES OF TiCrFeNiCuC EQUIATOMIC ALLOYS
M.Sc. Marych M., Mamonova A., PhD., Prof. Bagliuk G., Dr. Sc. ........................................................................................................................ 138

FATIGUE ANALYSIS APPROACHES FOR VEHICLE COMPONENTS MADE OF RUBBER

M.Sc. Tomposne Szüle V. .......................................................................................................................................................................... .............. 141

RECYCLED TIRE RUBBER MODIFIED BITUMENS FOR IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF THE ROAD CONSTRUCTIONS IN
ALBANIA
Dhoska K. PhD., Markja I. PhD. ............................................................................................................................................ .................................. 145

SURFACE TREATMENTS AND COATINGS APPLICATION ON THE ALUMINUM PRODUCTS

PhD. Markja I, PhD. Dhoska K., Prof. As. Elezi D. ................................................................................................................................................ 147

IDENTIFICATION OF TEKRONE POLYMER MATERIAL

д. н. гос. упр., к.т.н., проф. Кобец А., к.т.н. доц. Деркач А., к.т.н., доц. Кабат О., асп. Муранов Е., инж. Шаповал А. .............................. 149