Wood

Wood is one of the oldest and most widely used materials in

construction due to its versatility, natural availability, and
strength-to-weight ratio.
 In modern construction engineering, wood is used in a variety
of forms and applications, ranging from residential buildings to
large timber structures.
Understanding the properties, types, treatment, and applications
of wood is critical for engineers to design durable, safe, and
sustainable wooden structures.
Wood comes from trees and is divided in two type softwood &
hardwood Softwoods come from coniferous trees and hardwoods
from broad-leafed trees.
 ‫د لرګي قیمتي ځانګړنې ( ‪)Valuable properties wood‬‬
‫‪‬په اسانۍ سره کار ته اماده او کار ترې اخیستل کیږي نو ځکه د ډير پخوا راهیسي د لرګیو ساختمانونه او‬
‫عناصر اقتصادي ګڼل شوي او اوس همدا عامل ډير اهمیت لري‪.‬‬
‫‪‬په اسانۍ سره د کار اخیستلو او د لرګي تیارولو وړتیا د دي سبب کیږي چي د نورو ساختماني توکو سره‬
‫په پرتله د اقتصادي توکو په توګه باقي پاتي شي‪.‬‬
‫‪‬د ساختمانونو او عناصرو د اماده (تهیه) کولو لپاره په اسانۍ (سهولت) سره د لرګي کارولو وړتیا قیمتي‬
‫سامان آالتو ته اړتیا نلري همداشان د لرګیو د ساختمانونو او عناصرو د نصبولو لپاره ډير قیمتی ماشینونه‬
‫نه په کاريږي‪.‬‬
‫‪‬لرګي په قطع کولو ‪ ،‬اره کولو او هوارولو سره مطلوبه بڼه بدلېږي‪ ،‬ولې زيات شمیر مواد دغه ځانګړنه‬
‫نلري‪.‬‬
‫‪‬لرګي هیڅکله زنګ نه نیسي‪.‬‬
‫‪‬لرګي کم وزنه دی ولی ښه کلک وی او د حرارت عايق ځانګړنه يې ښه ده يعني ګرم وي‪.‬‬
‫‪‬د لرګي مهم کیفیت د هغي ښکال او ښايست جوړوي‪.‬‬
‫‪‬د لرګي عناصر او ساختمانونه چي زموږ څلورو خواو ته شتون لری موږ ته داسی احساس راکوي چي‬
‫ګوندي طبیعت له موږ سره دی او هیڅکله هم دوه ونې يو شان نه پیدا کیږي‪.‬‬
 ‫د لرګي نیمګړتیا(‪)Deficiency of wood‬‬

‫‪‬لرګي د خپلو مثبتو او قیمتي ځانګړنو تر څنګ دا الندې نیمګړتیاوې هم لري‪:‬‬

‫‪‬لرګی انیزتروپي ځانګړنې لري يعنې د لرګي د نسجونو امتداد او عرض ته دي‬
‫حرارت لېږدونه او مقاومت يو له بله توپیر لري‪.‬‬
‫‪‬د لرګي هايډروسکوپیکي وړتیا د هغی د ځانګړنو د بدلون سبب ګرځي‪.‬‬
‫‪‬لرګي د ورستیدو وړ وي‪.‬‬
‫‪‬لرګي سوځي‪.‬‬
‫‪‬د لرګي د پروسس اوسني تخنیکونه په ډيره کچه دا نیمګړتیاوې له منځه وړالی‬
‫شي‪.‬‬
 ‫اصطالحګانې (‪)Definitions‬‬
‫لرګی (‪)Wood‬‬ ‫•‬
‫لرګی کلک او انساج لرونکې ماده ده او د ونې پوستکي الندينۍ برخه جوړوي په بله وينا د بې څانګې او‬ ‫•‬
‫بې پوستکي ونې ډډ(ساقه) ته لرګی وايې‪.‬‬
‫لمبر(‪)Lumber‬‬ ‫•‬
‫لمبر هغه لرګی دي چي اره او يا تراش شوی وي او له اره کیدو پرته ‪ ،‬دويم ځل اره شوی نه وي‪ ،‬د په‬ ‫•‬
‫طولي جهت له هوارونکي سټنډرډو ماشینونو څخه تیر شوی نه وي‪ ،‬عرض يې قطع شوی نه وي او‬
‫داسی نور تولیدی پړاوونه يې نه وي تیر کړي‪.‬‬
‫تمبر(‪)Timber‬‬ ‫•‬
‫تمبر په حقیقت کی هغه لمبر دي چې حداقل ‪ ۵‬اينچه (‪ )125 mm‬اندازه ولري او په مختلفو مارکیټي بڼو‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ :‬لکه ‪ ،‬ګاډرونه‪ ،‬تختو او په داسی نورو بدلون مومي او د تعمیرونو او نورو انجنیري موخو لپاره ترې‬
‫ګټه اخیستل کیږي‪.‬‬
‫د کار خونو محصوالت(‪)Millwork‬‬ ‫•‬
Structure of Tree
 CONSIDERATIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY IN
WOOD CONSTRUCTION
1. Wood: A Renewable
Resource
2. Forestry Practices
3. Mill Practices
4. Transportation
5. Energy Content
6. Building Life Cycle
 Cutting Techniques
• Sawn wood production
includes the following
steps:
• ■ sawing into desired
shape
• ■ Seasoning
• ■ Surfacing
• ■ Grading
• ■ Preservative
treatment (optional)
Seasoning of wood
Seasoning of wood is the process of
drying out the moisture content in
freshly cut or "green" wood to
make it suitable for various uses,
such as construction, furniture
making, or fuel
Wood stack and dry under the
sunlight and wind.

Artificial kilns :where temperature,

humidity, and airflow are regulated
to speed up the drying process.
Shrinkage, strength, resist disease
 Surfacing
• Lumber is surfaced to make it smooth and more dimensionally
precise. Rough (unsurfaced) lumber is often available
commercially and is used for many purposes,
• S4S four sides surfaced, S2S two side surface, S Dry pained and
surfaced when it was dry, & S GRN surface when green.
Lumber Defects
Seasing distortion
 Lumber grading:
Structural Grading & Appearance Grading Structural grading can be check by machines or
visual, Machine grading use device to check the stress rated. Appearance grading Use has their
own standard book here the references are used.
 Glue-Laminated Wood
Large structural members are often produced by joining many smaller strips of
wood together with glue to form glue-laminated wood (called glulam for short).
There are three major reasons to laminate: size, shape, and quality.
Joint in wood
 Hybrid glulam beams
Composite of solid wood & laminated wood (solid wood @top & bottom)
 Plastic Lumber
Lumber like products with a plastic content of 50 percent or more are referred to as plastic
lumber or term recycled plastic lumber (RPL) may also be applied.
Wood Panal Products
• Plywood
• Particleboard
• Fiberboard
• Insulating fiberboard sheathing
• Cellulosic fiberboard panel’s noise
 Wood Chemical Treatments
Chemical treatments are used to counteract two major weaknesses of wood:
–its combustibility and
– its susceptibility to attack by decay and insects.
• Fire-retardant treatment (FRT):
• Is accomplished by placing lumber in a vessel
and impregnating it under pressure with
certain chemical salts that greatly reduce its
combustibility. Fire-retardant-treated wood
is expensive.
• Its major uses are roof sheathing in attached
houses and framing for nonstructural
partitions and other interior components in
buildings of fire-resistant construction.
 Preservative-treated
• wood is used where decay or insect resistance is required.
• Wood that is used in or near the ground
• those exposed to moisture in outdoor structures such as
• marine docks (Parking),
• fences, and
• decks,
• or that is used in areas of high termite (insect) risk.
 Materials
• Creosote (oily)- (But the odor, toxicity, and unpaintability)
• Pentachlorophenol (oil solution)- (but cannot be painted).
• Alkaline copper quat (ACQ)
• copper boron azoles (CBA)
• Sodium borate (SBX), are the least toxic to humans.
Methods
• •can be brushed
• •sprayed onto wood,
• •pressure impregnation long lasting age will give
 Wood Fasteners
• Nails
• Nails are sharp-pointed metal pins that are driven into wood with a hammer or a
mechanical nail gun.
• Common nails and the slightly slenderer box nails have flat heads and are used
for most structural fastening in light frame construction.
Face nailing is the strongest of the three methods of nailing.
End nailing is relatively weak and is useful primarily for holding framing members in alignment
until gravity forces and applied sheathing make a stronger connection.
Toe nailing is used in situations where access for end nailing is not available. Toe nails are
surprisingly strong; load tests show them to carry about five-sixths as much load as face nails of
the same size.
 Wood Screws and Lag Screws
Screws are spiral-threaded
fasteners installed by turning
action whereby the threads
draw the screw tightly into the
material being fastened (Figure
3.40)
 Bolts
Bolts are used mainly for structural connections in heavy timber framing and, less frequently,
in Light Wood framing for fastening ledgers, beams, or other heavy applications.
Commonly used bolts range in diameter from 3/8 to 1 inch (10 to 25 mm) in almost any
desired length.
 Timber Connectors
• Various types of specialized timber
connectors provide increased load-
carrying capacity over bolts.
• The split-ring connector (Figure
3.43)
• It provides greater capacity by
spreading the load across a much
greater area of wood than can be
done with a bolt alone.
• The split permits the ring to adjust to
wood shrinkage. Split rings are
useful primarily in heavy timber
construction.
• Toothed Plates: Toothed plates (Figure 3.44) are used in factory-produced
lightweight roof and floor.
• They are inserted into the wood with hydraulic presses, pneumatic presses, or
mechanical rollers
 Sheet Metal and Metal Plate Framing Devices
Sheet metal for WLF & metal plate for heavy timber
The devices for light framing are attached with nails and the heavier devices with
bolts or lag screws. such joist hanger.