Lecture 22

Lecture No.
22
EE-440: Electrical Machines
Chapter 6. Induction Motors

Induction Motors
The distinguishing feature of an induction motor is that
no dc field current is required to run the machine.
Although it is possible to use an induction machine as
either a motor or a generator, it has many disadvantages
as a generator and so is only used as a generator in
special applications. For this reason, induction machines
are usually referred to as induction motors.
Induction Motors
• An Induction motor is the most widely used AC motor in industrial
and domestic applications. Now you might think, why is it so?
• It is because of the low cost, simple and rugged construction of the
motor. Moreover, it has good operating characteristics with an
efficiency as high as 97%. An induction motor does not have any
commutator, like the one we saw in a DC motor. Hence it provides
a good speed regulation without any sparking.
• So, with that many advantages, it becomes essential to meet the
mechanical power demand using an induction motor.
Induction Motors
Construction
An Induction motor consists of a frame, stator core, rotor, shafts, and bearings.
Frame Stator core
Induction Motors
Construction
There are basically 2 types of rotor construction:
• Squirrel Cage - no windings and no slip rings: A cage induction motor rotor
consists of a series of conducting bars laid into slots carved in the face of the
rotor and shorted at either end by large shorting rings.
• Wound rotor - It has 3 phase windings, usually Y connected, and the
winding ends are connected via slip rings. The rotor windings are shorted
through brushes riding on the slip rings.
Wound rotor are known to be more expensive due to its maintenance cost to
upkeep the slip rings, carbon brushes and also rotor windings.
Induction Motors
Squirrel Cage Rotor Wound Rotor
Basic Induction Motor Concepts
The Development of Induced Torque in an Induction Motor:
When current flows in the stator, it will produce a magnetic field in
stator as such that Bs (stator magnetic field) will rotate at a speed:
Where fe is the system frequency in hertz and P is the number of poles

in the machine. This rotating magnetic field Bs passes over the rotor
bars and induces a voltage in them. The voltage induced in the rotor is
given by:
Hence there will be rotor current flow which would be lagging due to
the fact that the rotor has an inductive element. And this rotor current
will produce a magnetic field at the rotor, Br .
Basic Induction Motor Concepts
Hence the interaction between both magnetic field would give torque:
The torque induced would generate acceleration to the rotor, hence

the rotor will spin.
However, there is a finite upper limit to the motor’s speed.
Conclusion : An induction
motor can thus speed up
to near synchronous
speed but it can never
reach synchronous
speed.
The Concept of Rotor Slip
The induced voltage at the rotor bar is dependent upon the relative
speed between the stator magnetic field and the rotor. This can be
easily termed as slip speed:
Where nslip = slip speed of the machine

nsync = speed of the magnetic field.
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor.
Apart from that we can describe this relative motion by using the
concept of slip:
The Concept of Rotor Slip
Slip may also be described in terms of angular velocity, ω.
Using the ratio of slip, we may also determine the rotor speed:
The Electrical Frequency on the Rotor
An induction motor is similar to a rotating transformer where the
primary is similar to the stator and the secondary would be a rotor. But
unlike a transformer, the secondary frequency may not be the same as
in the primary.
If the rotor is locked (cannot move), the rotor would have the same
frequency as the stator (refer to transformer concept). Another way to
look at it is to see that when the rotor is locked, rotor speed drops to
zero, hence by default, slip is 1. But as the rotor starts to rotate, the
rotor frequency would reduce, and when the rotor turns at
synchronous speed, the frequency on the rotor will be zero.
Why?
Since
And rotor frequency may be expressed as:
Hence combing both equations would give:

And since
Which shows that the relative difference between synchronous speed

and the rotor speed will determine the rotor frequency.
Advantages/ Disadvantages
One of their biggest advantages is their high efficiency – which can go

as high as 97%.
The main disadvantage of an induction motor is that the speed of the

motor varies with the applied load.
Example
A 208V, 10hp, 4 pole, 60Hz, Y-connected induction motor has a
full-load slip of 5%.
(a) What is the synchronous speed of this motor?
(b) What is the rotor speed of this motor at the rated load?
(c) What is the rotor frequency of this motor at the rated load?
(d) What is the shaft torque of this motor at the rated load?
Solution
END

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Lecture No.

Chapter 6. Induction Motors

Where fe is the system frequency in hertz and P is the number of poles

The torque induced would generate acceleration to the rotor, hence

Where nslip = slip speed of the machine

And rotor frequency may be expressed as:

Hence combing both equations would give:

Which shows that the relative difference between synchronous speed

One of their biggest advantages is their high efficiency – which can go

The main disadvantage of an induction motor is that the speed of the

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