CLASS – 12

181
WORKSHEET- ALTERNATING CURRENT

A. RMS AND AVERAGE VALUES OF ALTERNATING CURRENT EMF & POWER

(1 Mark Questions)

1. The instantaneous current and voltage of an ac circuit are given by: i = 10 sin 314t A and
v = 50 sin 314t V. What is the power dissipation in the circuit?
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2. If the rms current in a 50 Hz ac circuit is 5 A, the value of the current 1/300 seconds after
its value becomes zero is
(a) 5 2 A (b) 5 3 / 2 A (c) 5/6 A (d) 5/ 2 A

3. Can the instantaneous power output of an ac source ever be negative? Can the average
power output be negative?
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(2 Marks Questions)

4. The electric mains in a house are marked 220V, 50Hz. Write down the equation for
instantaneous voltage. [Ans. 311 sin 314t volt]
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5. Calculate the rms value of the alternating current shown in figure.

[Ans. 2A]

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
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6. Define peak value and root mean value of an alternating current. Derive an expression for
the root mean square value of alternating current.
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7. (a) The peak voltage of an ac supply is 300 V. What is the rms voltage?
(b) The rms value of current in an ac circuit is 10 A. What is the peak current?
[Ans. 212.1 V, 141.14A]

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8. Explain the significance of phasor diagram.

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(3 Marks Questions)

9. Derive the average power in ac circuit and explain the term power factor.

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Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
B. RESISTIVE CIRCUIT
183
(1 Mark Questions)

1. What is the maximum value of power factor? When does it occur?

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(2 Marks Questions)

2. An alternating voltage given by V = 140 sin314t is connected across a pure resistor of

50. Find (i) the frequency of the source (ii) the rms current through the resistor.

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3. The peak value of an alternating voltage applied to a 50 resistance is 10V. Find the rms
current, if the voltage frequency is 100Hz, write the equation for the instantaneous
current. [Ans. 141.4 mA, 200 sin 200 t mA]
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4. A 100 Ω resistor is connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz ac supply.

(a) What is the rms value of current in the circuit?
(b) What is the net power consumed over a full cycle?
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(3 Marks Questions)

5. (a) For a given ac, i = im sin t, show that the average power dissipated in a resistor R
over a complete cycle is ½ i2mR. (b) A light bulb is rated at 100W for a 220V ac supply.
Calculate the resistance of the bulb.
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Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
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(5 Marks Questions)

6. A resistance of 40 is connected to an ac source of 220V, 50Hz. Find (i) the rms current
(ii) the maximum instantaneous current in the resistor and (iii) the time taken by the
current to change from its maximum value to the rms value. [Ans. 5.5A, 7.8A, 2.5 ms]

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C. CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT

(1 Mark Questions)

1. What is the impedance of a capacitor of capacitance C in an ac circuit using source of

frequency  Hz?
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2. Define capacitive reactance. Write its SI units.

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3. What is the minimum value of power factor? When does it occur?

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Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
4. How much average power, over a complete cycle, does an a.c. source supply to a
capacitor? 185

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(2 Marks Questions)

5. An ac source of emf V = V0 sin t is connected to a capacitor of capacitance C, Deduce

the expression for the current (I) flowing in it. Plot the graph of (i) V vs t, and (ii) I vs
t.
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6. What is the inductive reactance of a coil if current through it is 800mA and the voltage
across it is 40V? [Ans. 50]

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7. A 60 µF capacitor is connected to a 110 V, 60 Hz ac supply. Determine the rms value of

the current in the circuit. [Ans. 2.49A]
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D. INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT

(1 Mark Questions)

1. When an ac source is connected across an inductor, show on graph, the nature of

variation of the voltage and the current over one complete cycle.
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2. Define Inductive Reactance.

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
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3. Draw the variation of Inductive Reactance with frequency of EMF source.

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(2 Marks Questions)

4. Prove that an ideal inductor does not dissipate power to an ac circuit.

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5. A 44 mH inductor is connected to 220 V, 50 Hz ac supply. Determine the rms value of

the current in the circuit. [Ans. 15.9 A]
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(5 Marks Questions)

6. Show that an ideal inductor does not dissipate power in an ac circuit.

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7. Show that in an ac circuit containing a pure inductor, the voltage is ahead of current by
/2 in phase.

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
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E. SERIES LCR CIRCUIT AND RESONANCE

(1 Mark Questions)

1. The selectivity of a series LCR a.c. current is large, when

(a) L is large and R is large (b) L is small and R is small
(c) L is large and R is small (d) LR

2. The power factor of a series LCR circuit at resonance will be

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) ½ (d) 1/√2

3. Answer the following questions. [1 mark each]

(a) In any ac circuit, is the applied instantaneous voltage equal to the algebraic sum of the
instantaneous voltages across the series elements of the circuit? Is the same true for rms
voltage?
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(b) A capacitor is used in the primary circuit of an induction coil.

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(c) An applied voltage signal consists of a superposition of a dc voltage and an ac voltage

of high frequency. The circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor in series. Show that
the dc signal will appear across C and the ac signal across L.
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(d) A choke coil in series with a lamp is connected to a dc line. The lamp is seen to shine

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 brightly. Insertion of an iron core in the choke causes no change in the lamp’s brightness.
Predict the corresponding observations if the connection is to an ac line. 188
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(e) Why is choke coil needed in the use of fluorescent tubes with ac mains? Why can we
not use an ordinary resistor instead of the choke coil?
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(2 Marks Questions)

4. Explain the term ‘sharpness of resonance’ in ac circuit.

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5. A capacitor, ‘C’, a variable resistor ‘R’ and a bulb ‘B’ are connected in series to the ac
mains in circuits as shown. The bulb glows with some brightness.

How will the glow of the bulb change if (i) a dielectric slab is introduced between the
plates of the capacitor, keeping resistance R to be the same; (ii) the resistance R is
increased keeping the same capacitance?
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6. The figure shows a series LCR circuit connected to a variable frequency 200V source
with L = 50mH, C = 80 F and R = 40. Determine

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 (i) the source frequency which derives the circuit in resonance; (ii) the quality factor (Q)
of the circuit. 189
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7. A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac source (200V, 50Hz). The voltages across the
resistor, capacitor and inductor are respectively 200V, 250V and 250V.
(i) The algebraic sum of the voltages across the three elements is greater than the voltage
of the source. How is this paradox resolved? (ii) Given the value of the resistance of R is
40, calculate the current in the circuit.
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8. In a series LCR circuit, VL = VC ≠ VR. What is the value of power factor for this circuit?

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9. Voltage across L and C in series are 180° out of phase. Comment.

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10. The hot wire ammeter in Fig (a) shows some deflection but not in fig (b). Why?

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Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
11. Obtain the resonant frequency ωr of a series LCR circuit with L = 2.0H, C = 32 µF and R
= 10 Ω. What is the Q-value of this circuit? [Ans. 25] 190
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12. A charged 30 µF capacitor is connected to a 27 mH inductor. What is the angular

frequency of free oscillations of the circuit? [Ans. 1.1×103 rad s-1]
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13. Suppose the initial charge on the capacitor in Question 38 is 6 C. What is the total
energy stored in the circuit initially? What is the total energy at a later time? [Ans. 0.6J]
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(3 Marks Questions)

14. (i) When an AC source is connected to an ideal inductor show that the average power
supplied by the source over a complete cycle is zero.
(ii) A lamp is connected in series with an inductor and an AC source. What happen in the
brightness of the lamp when the key is plugged in and an iron rod is inserted inside the
inductor? Explain.

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Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
15. A resistor R and an inductor L are connected in series to a source V = V 0sin t. Find the
(a) peak value of the voltage drops across R and across L. (b) phase difference between 191
the applied voltage and current. Which of them is ahead?
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16. The figure shows a series LCR circuit with L = 10.0H, C = 40 F, R = 60 connected to
a variable frequency 240V source, calculate (i) the angular frequency of the source which
derives the circuit at resonance. (ii) the current at the resonating frequency, (iii) the rms
potential drop across the inductor at resonance.

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17. A voltage V = V0sint is applied to a series LCR circuit. Derive the expression for the
average power dissipated over a cycle. Under what condition is (i) no power dissipated
even though the current flows through the circuit (ii) maximum power dissipated in the
circuit?
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18. A bulb of resistance 10 connected to an inductor of inductance L, is in series with an ac

source marked 100V, 50Hz. If the phase angle between the voltage and current is /4
radian, calculate the value of L. [Ans. 0.0318H]

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
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19. A circuit of a resistance of 10 and a capacitance of 0.1 F. If an alternating emf of
100V, 50Hz is applied, find the current in the circuit. [Ans. 3.14 mA]
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20. A resistor of 50 ohm, an inductor of (20/) H and a capacitor of (5/)F are connected in
series to a voltage source 230V, 50Hz. Find the impedance of the circuit.

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21. Figure (a), (b) and (c) show three a.c. circuits in which equal currents are flowing. If the
frequency of emf be increased, how will the current be affected in these circuits? Give
reasons for your answer.

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Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
22. In the circuit shown in fig, R represents an electric bulb. If the frequency of the supply is
doubled, how should the values of C and L be changed so that the glow in the bulb 193
remains unchanged?

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23. An inductor ‘L’ of reactance XL is connected in series with a bulb ‘B’ to an a.c. source as
shown in figure.

Briefly explain how does the brightness of the bulb change, when (i) number of turns of
the inductor is reduced and (ii) a capacitor of reactance XC = XL is included in series in
the same circuit.
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24. A series LCR circuit with R = 20 Ω, L = 1.5 H and C = 35 µF is connected to a variable-

frequency 200 V ac supply. When the frequency of the supply equals the natural
frequency of the circuit, what is the average power transferred to the circuit in one
complete cycle? [Ans. 2000W]
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Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
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25. A radio can tune over the frequency range of a portion of MW broadcast band: (800 kHz
to 1200 kHz). If its LC circuit has an effective inductance of 200 µH, what must be the
range of its variable capacitor? [Ans. 198 pF,88pF]
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26. A coil of inductance 0.50 H and resistance 100 Ω is connected to a 240 V. 50 Hz ac

supply.
(a) What is the maximum current in the coil?
(b) What is the time lag between the voltage maximum and the current maximum?
[Ans. 1.82A, 3.2 ms]
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27. Obtain the answers (a) and (b) in Q. 56, if the circuit is connected to a high frequency
supply (240 V, 10 kHz). Hence, explain the statement that at very high frequency, an
inductor in a circuit nearly amounts to an open circuit. How does an inductor behave in a
dc circuit after the steady state? [Ans. 1.08×10-2 A]
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28. A 100 μF capacitor in series with a 40 Q resistance is connected to a 110 V, 60 Hz supply.

(a) What is the maximum current in the circuit?
(b) What is the time lag between the current maximum and the voltage maximum?
[Ans. 3.24A, 1.55 ms]
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Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
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29. Obtain the answer to (a) and (b) in Q.58 if the circuit is connected to a 110 V, 12 kHz
supply? Hence, explain the statement that a capacitor is a conductor at very high
frequencies. Compare this behaviour with that of a capacitor in a dc circuit after the steady
state. [Ans. 3.89A, 2.75A]
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(5 Marks Questions)

30. The variation of inductive resistance (XL) of an inductor with the frequency (f) of the ac
source of 100V and variable frequency is shown in the fig.

(i) Calculate the self inductance of the inductor.

(ii) When this inductor is used in series with a capacitor of unknown value and a resistor
of 10 at 300s-1, maximum power dissipation occurs in the circuit. Calculate the
capacitance of the capacitor.
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Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
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31. (a) What do you understand by ‘sharpness of resonance’ for a series LCR resonant
circuit? How it is related with the quality factor ‘Q’ of the circuit? Using the graphs given
in the diagram, explain the factors which affect it. For which graph is the resistance (R)
minimum?

(b) A 2F capacitor, 100 resistor and 8H inductor are connected in series with an ac
source. Find the frequency of the ac source for which the current drawn in the circuit is
maximum. If the peak value of emf of the source is 200V, calculate the (i) maximum
current and, (ii) inductive and capacitive resistance of the circuit at resonance.
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32. Explain (i) Resistance (ii) Reactance and (iii) Impedance (iv) Admittance.
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Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
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33. A resistance of 2ohms, a coil of inductance 0.01H are connected in series with a
capacitor, and put across a 200volt, 50Hz supply. Calculate: (i) the capacitance of the
capacitor so that the circuit resonates. (ii) the current and voltage across the capacitor at
resonance (take  = 3) [Ans.11×10-4F, 303.03V]
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34. An inductor 200mH, capacitor 500 F, resistor 10 are connected in series with a 100V,
variable frequency a.c. source. Calculate the (i) frequency at which the power factor of
the circuit is unity. (ii) current amplitude at this frequency, (iii) Q factor.
[Ans. (i)50/ Hz, (ii) 141.14 A, (iii) 2]
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Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
35. (i) Draw the graphs showing variation of inductive reactance and capacitive reactance
with frequency of applied ac source (ii) Can the voltage drop across the inductor or the 198
capacitor in a series LCR circuit be greater than the applied voltage of the a.c. source?
Justify your answer.
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36. Derive an expression for the impedance of an ac circuit with an inductor L and a resistor
R in series. Also obtain the expression for average power in the circuit.
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37. A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac source having voltage V = V msin t. Derive
the expression for the instantaneous current I and its phase relationship to the applied
voltage. Obtain the condition for resonance to occur. Define ‘power factor’. State the
conditions under which it is (i) maximum and (ii) minimum.
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Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
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38. Figure below shows a series LCR circuit connected to a variable frequency 230 V source.
L = 5.0 H, C = 80µF, R = 40 Ω.

(a) Determine the source frequency which drives the circuit in resonance.
(b) Obtain the impedance of the circuit and the amplitude of current at the resonating
frequency.
(c) Determine the RMS potential drops across the three elements of the circuit. Show that
the potential drop across the LC combination is zero at the resonating frequency.
[Ans. (a)50 rad s-1,(b) 40, 8.1A, (c) 230V]
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39. An LC circuit contains a 20 mH inductor and a 50 μF capacitor with initial charge of 10

mC. The resistance of the circuit in negligible. Let the instant the circuit is closed be t = 0.
(a) What is the total energy stored initially? Is it conserved during LC oscillations?
(b) What is the natural frequency of the circuit?
(c) At what time is the energy stored
 completely electrical (i.e., stored in the capacitor)?
 completely magnetic (i.e., stored in the inductor)?
(d) At what times is the total energy shared equally between the inductor and capacitor?
(e) If a resistor is inserted in the circuit, how much energy is eventually dissipated as heat?

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 [Ans. (a)1J, (b) 159Hz, (c)(i) t=n/2T (ii)6.3ms, (d) t=(4n+3) T/8, (e) 1J]
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40. A circuit containing a 80 mH inductor and a 60 μF capacitor in series is connected to a 230

V, 50 Hz supply. The resistance of the circuit is negligible.
(a) Obtain the current amplitude and rms values.
(b) Obtain the rms values of potential drops across each element.
(c) What is the average power transferred to the inductor?
(d) What is the average power transferred to the capacitor.
(e) What is the total average power absorbed by the circuit? [‘Average ’implies’ averaged
over one cycle’]. [Ans. (a) 8.24A,11.7A (b) 207V,437V, (c) 0 (d) 0 (e) 0]
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41. Suppose the circuit in previous question has a resistance of 15 Ω. Obtain the average
power transferred to each element of the circuit and the total power absorbed.
[Ans. 789.5W]
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Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
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F. TRANSFORMER

(1 Mark Questions)

1. Laminated iron sheets are used to minimize ______ currents in the core of a transformer.

2. What is the function of a step up transformer?

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3. The output of a step-down transformer is measured to be 24 V when connected to a 12

watt light bulb. The value of the peak current is
(a) 1/ 2 A. (b) 2 A. (c) 2 A. (d) 2 2 A

(2 Marks Questions)

4. State the underlying principle of a transformer. How is the large scale transmission of
electric energy over long distances done with the use of transformers?
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5. A transformer has 300 primary turns and 2400 secondary turns. If the primary supply
voltage is 230V, what is the secondary voltage? [Ans. 1.84kV]
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Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 202
6. What are the various energy losses in a transformer? How can they be reduced?

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(3 Marks Questions)

7. Give two disadvantages of transmitting a.c. over long distances at low voltage and high
current.
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8. At a hydroelectric power plant, the water pressure head is at a height of 300m and the
water flow available is 100 m3s-1. If the turbine generator efficiency is 60%, estimate the
electric power available from the plane (g = 9.8 ms -2) [Ans. 176 mW]
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9. A power transmission line feeds input power at 2300 V to a step down transformer with
its primary windings having 4000 turns. What should be the number of turns in the
secondary in order to get output power at 230 V? [Ans. 400 turns]
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Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
10. At a hydroelectric power plant, the water pressure head is at a height of 300 m and the
water flow available is 100 m3s-1. If the turbine generator efficiency is 60%, estimate the 203
electric power available from the plant (g = 9.8 ms -2). [Ans. 176 MW]
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(5 Marks Questions)

11. With the help of a labeled diagram, explain the working of a step up transformer. Give
reasons to explain the following: (i) the core of the transformers is laminated (ii) thick
copper wire is used in windings.

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12. (a) Draw a labeled diagram of a step up transformer. Obtain the ratio of secondary to
primary voltage in terms of number of turns and currents in the two coils. (b) A power
transmission line feeds input power at 2200V to a step down transformer with its primary
windings having 3000 turns. Find the number of turns in the secondary to get the power
output to 220V.
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Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 ______________________________________________________________________________
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G. CHALLENGING PROBLEMS

1. Keeping the source frequency equal to the resonating frequency of the series LCR circuit,
if the three elements, L, C and R are arranged in parallel, show that the total current in the
parallel LCR circuit is minimum at this frequency. Obtain the current rms value in each
branch of the circuit for the elements of frequency. Source has emf 230 V and L = 5.0 H,
C = 80 μF, ff = 40 Ω. [Ans. 0.92 A]

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2. Obtain the resonant frequency and Q-factor of a series LCR circuit with L = 3.0 H, C= 27
μF, and R = 7.4 fl. It is desired to improve the sharpness of the resonance of the circuit by
reducing its ‘full width at half maximum’ by a factor of 2. Suggest a suitable way.
[Ans. 111 rad s-1, 45]
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Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
3. A series LCR circuit with L = 0.12 H, C = 480 μF, R = 23 Ω is connected to a 230 V
variable frequency supply. 205
(a) What is the source frequency for which current amplitude is maximum? Obtain this
maximum value.
(b) What is the source frequency for which average power absorbed by the circuit is
maximum? Obtain the value of this maximum power.
(c) For which frequencies of the source is the power transferred to the circuit half the
power at resonant frequency? What is the current amplitude at these frequencies?
(d) What is the Q-factor of the given circuit?
[Ans. (a) 663Hz, 1.41A (b) 2300W, (c)15Hz, 648Hz & 678Hz (d) 21.7]
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4. A small town with a demand of 800 kW of 1 electric power at 220 V is situated 15 km

away from an electric plant generating power at 440V. The resistance of the two wire line
carrying power is 0.5 Q per km. The town gets 1 power from the line through a 4000-220
V step- down transformer at a sub station in the town.
(a) Estimate the line power loss in the form of heat.
(b) How much power must the plant supply, assuming there is negligible power loss due
to leakage?
(c) Characterize the step up transformer at the plant.
[Ans. 600kW, 1400 kW, 440-7000V]
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Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
5. Repeat the same exercise as in the previous question with the replacement of the earlier 206
transformer by a 40,000-220 V step down transformer. (Neglect, as before, leakage losses
through this may not be a good assumption any longer because of the very high voltage
transmission involved). Hence, explain why high voltage transmission is preferred?
[Ans. 6 kW, 806 kW, 300V]
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Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 SPACE FOR ROUGH WORK
207

Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)
 SPACE FOR NOTES
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Er. Ujwal Kumar (Physics Mentor for NEET/ JEE-Mains, Adv/ KVPY/OLYMPIAD/CBSE)