Abd & Khamees, Cogent Engineering (2017), 4: 1411865

https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2017.1411865

CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING | RESEARCH ARTICLE

As built case studies for BIM as conflicts detection
and documentation tool
Abbas M. Abd1* and Alaa S. Khamees2

Received: 22 September 2017 Abstract: As built documentation provide critical information that is needed during
Accepted: 27 November 2017
and afterward the construction. This process serve as a foundation upon which all
First Published: 06 December 2017
changes, modifications or otherwise, made during the construction so that it can
*Corresponding author: Abbas M. Abd,
Architectural Engineering Department, quickly obtain information about any design change. After construction, it serve
University of Diyala, Baqubah, Iraq as ready information source about what was actually built. Conflicts of the design
E-mail: abbas.mahde@gmail.com
documents with as built is crucial aspect of construction projects in order to prevent
Reviewing editor:
Jun Liu, Dalian University of Technology,
excessive cost of delays and work correction during operation and maintenance
China or renovation phases. Traditional documentation method sometime fails to serve
Additional information is available at in managing the development, rehabilitation and renovation of existing buildings.
the end of the article
The lack of appropriate documents, change orders and as built-drawing for existing
buildings are very common. These obstacles can be solved by the collaboration of
all stakeholders at different phases of the project life cycle to insert, extract, update
or amend related information. Since Building Information Modelling (BIM) has the
potential to create a single model that offers visualization, clash detection, con-
struction phases, and materials and testing together, this research will utilize the
ability of BIM through case studies to address the conflicts detection through the
project life-cycle. The results illustrates the main conflicts that had detected be-
tween the existing buildings and the available construction documents. The results
of the two case studies prove that BIM model was very correlated to as built in term

ABOUT THE AUTHORS PUBLIC INTEREST STATEMENT

The experimental work of this research was • The conflicts of design documents with as-
implemented in Iraq, as a country suffer from built data was investigated as crucial aspect of
a security problems includes but not limited to construction projects.
civilian war. In last decade many heritage and • Building Information Modelling (BIM) has the
old building were destroyed in this country, with potential to create a single model that offers
no possibility to rebuild them due to the missing visualization, clash detection, construction
documents for these buildings. In Diyala province, phases, and materials and testing together.
the central library and festivals hall considered • This research was utilized the ability of BIM
as largest and most important buildings. This through case studies to address the conflicts
work aim to investigate the possibility of using detection through the project life-cycle.
of BIM to re-document and 3D-visualizing of • The results of the two case studies prove that
these buildings, besides the providing of as-built BIM model was highly correlated to as-built
modelling and quantities take off. This work is a in term of quantities take off and in the final
part of a promising project to sustain and protect shop drawing.
the heritage wealth in Iraq. • These indications refer to high accuracy of BIM
as a powerful tool for the re-documentation of
existing building and their conflicts detection. .
• BIM can be used efficiently in heritage wealth
and old buildings protection by providing the 3D
visualization and documentation for these sites.

© 2017 The Author(s). This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution
(CC-BY) 4.0 license.

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of quantities take off (coefficient was 95.8 and 99.8%) and in the final shop draw-
ing. Also, the root mean square error was very little for BIM model (RMSE was 7.17
and 6.65) compared with traditional process for the quantities estimation compared
with traditional process (RMSE was 43.75 and 47.33). These indications refer to high
accuracy of BIM as a powerful tool for the re-documentation of existing building and
their conflicts detection.

Subjects: Computer Graphics & Visualization; Engineering & Technology; Engineering

­Management; Civil, Environmental and Geotechnical Engineering; Design

Keywords: building information modelling; clash detection; project lifecycle; BIM

­visualization

1. Introduction
Many challenges occur in managing of the existing buildings through their lifecycle, often due to a
lack of related technical information. The rework is a major factor that contributes in unnecessary
excessive time and cost. It was found that the direct costs of the rework ranging from 3 to 23% of
the contract value (Love, Irani, & Edwards, 2004). Improving the productivity in the construction in-
dustry at task, project, and industry levels would have an extensive benefit that will cover further
than the industrial sector (Nepal & Staub-French, 2016).

Empirical evidence revels that the use of automation and integration technologies improves con-
struction productivity (Abd & Abd, 2012; Eastman, Eastman, Teicholz, & Sacks, 2008). Every increase
in productivity increases cost with the duration. Construction methods with its main factors; time,
cost and productivity will give the project manager or the site engineer a chance for taking the ac-
curate decision in suitable time. In other words, successful project with successful construction
management (Abd, Abd, Zain, & Ismail, 2008; Babic & Rebolj, 2016).

One of the problems in the architectural engineering and construction (AEC) sector are that there
are so many different professionals working on different parts of the project (structure, services,
design, distribution … etc.) following a fragmented method of management. Each of these parts
must be based on a common “idea” and follow the same criteria of others, they are key part of infor-
mation that, all together, allow the possibility to create the project. If information is not accurate
and exactly enough, the next stages will be affected by it (Abd & Abd, 2014; Tauriainen, Puttonen, &
Saari, 2015). Therefore the lack of appropriate documents, change orders and as a built-drawing for
existing buildings is very common.

The fundamental hypothesis of BIM is collaboration by different stakeholders at different phases

of the life cycle of a facility to insert, extract, update or amend information in the BIM to support and
express the roles of that stakeholder (Smith, 2009). Within the construction industry it was found
that the traditional process has been described as one of data waste, meanwhile; the ability to guide
BIM users in the real world can still be largely improved (Chong, Lee, & Wang, 2017; Wu, Xu, Mao, &
Li, 2017). This research aims to detect conflicts between schemes and reality to configure a docu-
ment based on the reality by using BIM because current documentation methods do not lend them-
selves toward managing the continuous changes to buildings, two case studies were used that
represented the central library and the multi-purpose hall in the University of Diyala.

The reason for choosing these projects was many documents not available for these buildings
(missing documents). These projects were assigned to more than one contractor due to security in-
cidents in Diyala Governorate at construction period (2002–2015). Also the project design has a lot
of details (slabs, beams, columns, concrete wall, finishing floor, staircases and truss, etc.). This re-
search was utilized Autodesk Revit software (version 2015) as BIM tool.

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The experimental work was implemented in Iraq, which suffer from a security problems includes
but not limited to civilian war. In last decade many heritage and old building were destroyed in this
country, with no possibility to rebuild them due to the missing documents for these buildings. In
Diyala province, the central library and festivals hall considered as largest and most important build-
ings. This work aim to investigate the use of BIM to document and 3D-visualizing these buildings,
besides the providing of as-built modelling and quantities take off. This work is a part of a promising
project to sustain and protect the heritage wealth in Iraq.

2. Sustainability and building performance using BIM

Building Information Modelling (BIM) was witnesses an enormous attention in academic and indus-
trial environment. Beside the technical benefits of developed process, BIM also integrates an innova-
tive platform to improve construction productivity and sustainability along the project life cycle. The
three essential elements; social, economic, and environmental, contribute to the sustainability and
become a metrics to measure the sustainability level on projects (Elmualim & Gilder, 2014; Khan,
Dewan, & Chowdhury, 2016). BIM can improve social sustainability in two main areas. First, BIM
provides a better facility design for a society’s comfort of living. BIM enables owners to review the
design and give feedback through the visualization of a three-dimensional (3D) building information
model before the facility is constructed. Second, BIM transforms conventional practice, which is of-
ten highly fragmented, to a better collaborative effort that strengthens the working relationship
among project participants. In a BIM platform, team members have to share their own viewpoints of
information with other members to form a reliable basis of decision-making to construct a facility.
In terms of economic sustainability, a BIM-based cost-estimating system was created to automate
the bill of quantities production. Many researchers provided a detailed review of green BIM to mag-
nify the environmental sustainability throughout the building life cycle (Plebankiewicz, Zima, &
Skibniewski, 2015; Wong & Zhou, 2015).

Habibi (2017) proposed a framework to explore the performance of existing building in Ferrara
(Italy). The core step in this framework was to establish and determine consumed energy and envi-
ronmental performance for the case studies. A simulation of building performance adopted to as-
sess these parameters. Architectural data (e.g. location data, building geometry, and materials) had
been used as a BIM framework to promote collaborative design progress, optimization, and contri-
bution to advanced simulation in building performance and energy efficiency. The important conclu-
sion presented that the future vision of BIM tools should focus beyond visualization and
coordination.

The results of Park, Chen, and Cho (2017) work indicated that the addition of map knowledge from
a BIM model showed the capability of correcting improbable movements in construction industry.
Moreover, the knowledge-based decision-making process demonstrated its capability to make posi-
tive interaction by reducing the positioning errors by significant rate.

The promising development of BIM utilization in the construction industry introduces alot of
­ pportunities for professionals to data exchange and use. Practical BIMs can especially create great
o
potentials for downstream information users (Zadeh, Wang, Cavka, Staub-French, & Pottinger,
2017).

3. Experimental works

3.1. Case study 1

This project is one of the main buildings in Diyala University campus and its function is a multipur-
pose hall. It has a total area of 2,500 m2 while the construction area of 2,380 m2. The project was
assigned to local company with estimated cost of (700,000,000 Iraqi Dinars, note that 1.0 $

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US = 1160 ID). The work was started on 10 November 2002. The construction work was stopped at
2003 (Gulf war III). The project was re-announced for bidding and assigned to another local com-
pany with estimated cost of (1,600,000,000 ID). The work was restarted on 3 March 2005 and the
project was stopped in 2006 due to security events in Diyala Governorate, the project was assigned
for the third time to a new local company with estimated cost of (1,894,193,000 ID) in 2012. The
other information about this building can be summarized as follows:

• The type of contract was a unit price contract.

• The building includes (25) rooms and other facilities for different purposes.
• The building height reaches to (17.4 m) and consists of three floors.
• Ground floor: Contains different ground levels (0.9, 1.2, 1.8, 2.1, 2.35, and 3.1 m) and high up to
level (5.5 m).
• First floor: begins from level (5.5) and ends of level (9.2).
• Second floor: begins from level (9.2) and ends of level (12.9).
• The main hall starts from the ground floor at level 1.2 and ends at level 17.4,
• All slabs were of concrete except the slab of the main hall, which is of steel truss.

3.1.1. The conflicts of as-built with project documents

The ground floor has different levels and there were no strips from level to level as shown in
Figure 1(a), when this floor represented by BIM according to the schemes, it is found that there is a
difference between two levels (1 m) lack of the stairs as shown in Figure 1(b) while the building has
stairs on the level 0.9–1.8 as shown in Figure 1(c); therefore, these stairs were introduced using the
BIM model as shown Figure 1(d).

The architecture and structural schemes were not provided for a big part (slab and beams) in the
first floor as shown in Figure 2(a). When this part represented in BIM model, it appeared as shown in
Figure 2(b), also it was found that this part of the slab and beams in the real building were imple-
mented by repeating the details of the slab and the beams of the ground floor as shown in Figure
2(c); therefore this part was modelled accordingly in the BIM model as shown in Figure 2(d).

When representing the second floor, conflicts founds between the walls, slab and the beams ac-
cording the schemes as explained in Figure 3(a) and (b) of the second floor, also it was found in the
real building; the wall was implemented according to the beam and the slab as shown in Figure 3(c);
therefore, the wall was modelled accordingly in the BIM model as shown in Figure 3(d).

3.1.2. BIM accuracy

Considering the main articles in the construction activities for the case study-I; it was found that the
accuracy of the quantities take off using BIM technique had an error rate of 6.646% for the main
fourteen activities. Meanwhile the traditional estimation method was of error rate of 43.749% for
the same activities. Table 1 show the BIM, traditional estimation, and the actual quantities as built
and their comparison.

Figure 4 draw the correlation between the BIM measures and each of traditional estimation and
as built measures. It was clear that there is a high correlation between BIM and as build measures
than traditional estimation (95.8 vs. 91.1% respectively). This is a second proof that reflects the high
accuracy of BIM measures compared with traditional estimation. Figure 4 illustrates the formula for
each fit line for the two methods.

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Figure 1. Introducing the stairs

for the ground floor.

Figure 2. The conflicts on

the first floor between (the
architecture and structural
schemes) of the multi-purpose.

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Figure 3. Conflicts between wall

and beam of the multi-purpose
on the second floor.

3.2. Case study 2

This project is one of the main buildings in Diyala University campus and its function is a central li-
brary. It has a total area of 3,000 m2 while the construction area of 2,800 m2. The project was as-
signed to the local company. The work was started in 2002. The construction work was stopped at
2003 (Gulf war III),the project was assigned again to the Secretariat Implementation, the work was
restarted in 2005 and the project was stopped in 2006 due to security events in Diyala Governorate.
The project was assigned for the third time to a new local company with estimated cost of
(3,274,732,000 ID) in 2012. The other information about the building can be summarized as
follows:

• The type of contract was a unit price contract.

• The building includes (36) rooms and other facilities for different purposes.
• The building height reaches to (28.4 m) and consists of five floors.
• Ground floor: begins from level (0.9) and ends of level (5.9).
• First floor: begins from level (5.9) and ends of level (10.5).
• Second floor: begins from level (10.5) and ends of level (15).
• Third floor: begins from level (15) and ends of level (19.1).
• Fourth floor: begins from level (19.1) and ends of level (23.3).
• All slabs were of concrete.

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Table 1. Comparison of BIM, traditional estimation, and as built quantities for case study-I
Item BIM Estimation vs. BIM As Built vs. BIM
Quantity Quantity Error (%) Sqr-error Quantity Error (%) Sqr-error
1 Foundation (m ) 3
710.760 776.500 9.249 85.549 740.500 4.184 17.508
2 Columns (m3) 250.140 253.500 1.343 1.804 253.500 1.343 1.804
3 Beams (m )3
258.590 294.000 13.693 187.512 250.000 −3.322 11.035
4 Domes (m3) 28.470 70.000 145.873 21,278.888 29.500 3.618 13.089
5 Concrete slabs (m3) 356.040 345.000 −3.101 9.615 295.000 −17.144 293.922
6 Steel slab (m2) 882.213 950.000 7.684 59.040 891.000 0.996 0.992
7 Stair and strips (m3) 240.000 237.490 −1.046 1.094 248.490 3.538 12.514
8 Under D.P.C 24 cm (m3) 306.130 322.000 5.184 26.875 311.000 1.591 2.531
9 Brick above D.P.C 24 cm (m3) 1,119.890 1,223.000 9.207 84.772 1,137.000 1.528 2.334
10 Brick above D.P.C 12 cm (m2) 56.298 90.000 59.864 3,583.649 60.500 7.464 55.709
11 Floor (Murmur) (m2) 3,203.596 3,800.000 18.617 346.582 3,250.000 1.448 2.098
12 Floor of roof (m2) 910.754 1,050.000 15.289 233.756 904.000 −0.742 0.550
13 Concrete of D.P.C (m) 426.388 470.830 10.423 108.637 444.830 4.325 18.707
14 Package stone (m2) 3,822.883 2,750.000 −28.065 787.631 4,141.880 8.344 69.629
Mean square error (%) 1,913.96 44.17
Root mean square error (%) 43.749 6.646

Figure 4. Correlation of BIM

measures with traditional
estimation and as built
measures.

3.2.1. The conflicts of as-built with project documents

There was lack of documents of the first floor (beams, slabs). Furthermore, when interviewing with
one of the engineers that implemented the building, found that the height of the beams in the miss-
ing documents was 70 cm, but they were implemented at 90 cm due to columns that were previ-
ously implemented less than the height of the slab (90 cm instead of the 70 cm), these beams were
introduced using BIM as shown in Figure 5(a) and slab as shown in Figure 5(b).

In the architectural schemes it was found that the front wall is arch ends with straight wall, but in
the structural schemes, the beam and slab are arch as shown in Figure 6(a), when representing them
by BIM the conflict was clear between the wall with the beams and slab as shown in Figure 6(b). In
the as built, the front wall was implemented each shape of arch to the end without straight wall as
shown in Figure 6(c) therefore, the wall was modelled accordingly in the BIM model as shown in
Figure 6(d).

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Figure 5. The beams and slabs

of the first floor of the central
library using BIM.

Figure 6. The conflict between

the wall with beam and slab of
the case study II.

In Architecture scheme the slab that surrounds the dome, which is in the form of a circle at level
14.6 as shown in Figure 7(a), but the other slabs at level 15. When the slab represented using BIM,
the conflicts found between the walls and beams with slabs as shown in Figure 7(b), also it was
found that this slab in the real building was a change in the design of the slab in level 14.6 was not
in the form of a circle as shown in the Figure 7(c) because the slab conflict with beams (the
Architectural and the Structural schemes); therefore, the slab was modeled accordingly in the BIM
model as shown in Figure 7(d).

3.2.2. BIM accuracy

For the main seventeen articles in the construction activities for the case study-II; it was found that
the accuracy of the quantities take off using BIM technique have an error rate of 7.17% for the main
activities. Meanwhile the traditional estimation method was of error rate of 47.33% for the same
activities. Table 2 show the BIM, traditional estimation, and the actual quantities as build and their
comparison. Again this is a clear evidence for the good precision of BIM accuracy.

Figure 8 elaborates the correlation coefficients of BIM measures with each of traditional estima-
tion and as built measures. The high correlation between BIM and as built measures was very clear

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Figure 7. The difference of the

design slab between the reality
and schemes of the case study
II.

Table 2. Comparison of BIM, traditional estimation, and as build quantities for case study-II
No. Item BIM Estimation vs. BIM As Built vs. BIM
Quantity Quantity Error (%) Sqr-error Quantity Error (%) Sqr-error
1 Foundation (m ) 3
1,482.612 1,424.000 3.95 15.63 1,572.980 6.10 37.15
2 Columns (m3) 235.399 248.852 −5.71 32.66 248.852 5.71 32.66
3 Beams (m3) 531.220 420.000 20.94 438.35 535.000 0.71 0.51
4 Domes (m ) 3
146.283 100.000 31.64 1,001.05 146.500 0.15 0.02
5 Slabs (m3) 877.267 914.720 −4.27 18.23 878.720 0.17 0.03
6 Stair (m )
3
13.619 23.330 −71.30 5,084.37 14.830 8.89 79.07
7 Under D.P.C 24 cm (m3) 278.334 327.320 −17.60 309.75 319.320 14.73 216.84
8 Brick above D.P.C 24 cm (m3) 1,300.109 1,321.900 −1.68 2.81 1,315.900 1.21 1.48
9 Brick above D.P.C 12 cm (m2) 154.121 250.000 −62.21 3,870.11 161.000 4.46 19.92
10 Concrete wall (m3) 82.126 80.830 1.58 2.49 87.830 6.95 48.24
11 Floor of the hall (m )
2
2,039.800 2,750.000 −34.82 1,212.23 2,070.000 1.48 2.19
12 Floor of the inner corridors (m2) 1,737.600 1,800.000 −3.59 12.90 1,800.000 3.59 12.90
13 Floor of the external corridors (m2) 894.262 1,150.000 −28.60 817.83 940.000 5.11 26.16
14 Floor of roof (m2) 1,339.919 1,600.000 −19.41 376.76 1,270.000 −5.22 27.23
15 Concrete of D.P.C (m) 461.431 1,166.670 −152.84 23,359.26 524.670 13.70 187.83
16 Concrete under the tile (m )
2
2,725.663 3,729.500 −36.83 1,356.38 3,077.000 12.89 166.15
17 Package stone (m2) 5,765.665 5,000.000 13.28 176.35 6,000.000 4.06 16.52
Mean square error (%) 2,240.42 51.46
Root mean square error (%) 47.33 7.17

compared to traditional estimation (99.77 vs. 92.34% respectively). This is another proof that re-
flects the high accuracy of BIM measures compared with traditional estimation. Figure 8 illustrates
the formula for each fit line for the two methods.

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Figure 8. Correlation of BIM

measures with traditional
estimation and as built
measures.

Comparing with the results of previous researchers, this work also presented the development and
validation of a retrofit strategy on detailed building elements through BIM-based building visualiza-
tion analysis as discussed by Habibi (2017). Meanwhile, in terms of sustainability aspect, BIM stand-
ards and guidelines should include elements of relational contracting in the project delivery system,
especially for public involvement and other downstream project stakeholders in order to be used in
refurbishment and demolition aspects (Chong et al., 2017). The knowledge gained in this study is
that the inclusion of BIM as error tracing tool proved to have a large impact on accuracy of project
documents, thus, it considered a vital component in reducing drift in building information manage-
ment, and this was exactly concluded by Park et al. (2017).

4. Conclusion
This research explores through case studies the ability of BIM as a tool for improvement of knowl-
edge management in the constructed projects. The results prove the capability of detecting many
conflicts occurs between the as built and the design construction documents. Through the use of
this too; it was possible to avoid or minimize change orders to the minimum for the construction
project and to provide quantities take off, 2D, 3D, simulation and multi cross-sectional details for the
project. Most of the conflicts were found in the concrete work and finishing items for the case stud-
ies. BIM have been proved to be powerful tool for existing building re-documentation and conflict
detection, also to reduce the change orders for new or continued projects. The results illustrates the
main conflicts that had detected between the existing buildings and the available construction doc-
uments. The results of the two case studies prove that BIM model was of high correlation coefficient
with as built in term of quantities take off (correlation coefficient was 95.8 and 99.8%) and in the
final shop drawing compared with the traditional estimation method (correlation coefficient was
91.2 and 92.3%). Also, the root mean square error was very little for BIM model (RMSE was 7.17 and
6.65) compared with traditional process for the quantities estimation compared with traditional
process (RMSE was 43.75 and 47.33). These results reflect the high accuracy of BIM and its ability to
be used as a powerful tool for the re-documentation of existing building and their conflicts detec-
tion. Also, BIM can be used efficiently in heritage wealth protection by providing the 3D visualization
and documentation for these sites.

Funding Alaa S. Khamees2

The authors received no direct funding for this research. E-mail: alaa224466sameer@gmail.com
ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8567-8587
Author details 1
Architectural Engineering Department, University of Diyala,
Abbas M. Abd1 Baqubah, Iraq.
E-mail: abbas.mahde@gmail.com 2
Civil Engineering Department, University of Diyala, Baqubah,
ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2096-8839 Iraq.

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Citation information Khan, E. A., Dewan, M. N. A., & Chowdhury, M. M. H. (2016).

Cite this article as: As built case studies for BIM as conflicts Reflective or formative measurement model of
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Khamees, Cogent Engineering (2017), 4: 1411865. Corporate Ownership and Control, 13(2), 83–92.
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