Unit 1: "Quaid on 11th August 1947"

Q1. Why was the Quaid feeling honored while addressing the First Constituent Assembly?
Ans: On 11th August 1947, the First Constituent Assembly was established in in order to frame a constitution for Pakistan. The Quaid was made its first ever president.
The newly born nation gave him the right to deliver the inaugural speech. Thus he was feeling honored while addressing the assembly.

Q2. Which were the greatest curses according to the Quaid-i-Azam?

Ans: According to the Quaid-i-Azam, Pakistan had inherited several curses i.e. black marketing, nepotism, jobbery etc.
To him, one of the greatest curses was bribery and corruption.

Q3. What was the Quaid's vision about religious freedom?

Ans: The Quaid's vision about the religious freedom was:
"No power can hold another nation in subjection. Therefore, we must learn a lesson from this. You are free, you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to
your mosques or to any other places of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed - that has nothing to do with the business of
the State. We are starting in the days when there is no discrimination, no distinction between one community and another, no discrimination between one caste or
creed and another. We are starting with this fundamental principle that we are all equal citizens of one State."

Q4. According to the Quaid-i-Azam, what lesson should we learn?

Answer) According to the Quaid-i-Azam, we should learn the lesson of equality. There should not be a supersession of one community to another.
There should not be discrimination on the basis of religion, caste, creed or community. All citizens should try to give priority to the State rather than religion or creed.

Q5. How for the key ideas of the Quaid's speech are applicable to the present scenario?
Answer) The key ideas of the Quaid's speech are: Unification of all the residents of the State.
● Caste, creed and communities should be merged into one Nation.
All residents should think for the general welfare of the state but not for their particular religions.
● The curses of bribery, corruption, jobbery, nepotism and black marketing should be rooted out.
● All of the above key ideas are applicable in the present scenario of Pakistan.
Our State needs to adopt the ideas for the general well being of our country.

Q6. How can we make Pakistan prosperous in the light of the Quaid's vision?
Ans. We can make Pakistan happy and prosperous by forgetting the past and working for the well being of the poor and needy people of the country.
We should cooperate with one another. We should not help one another on the basis of religion or caste but on the basis of equal citizens of the country.

Q7. "I shall always be guided by the principles of justice and fair play without any political language, prejudice and ill-will."
Elaborate these words?
Ans. Here the Quaid wanted to say that he would follow the principles of justice and fair play while dealing with the citizens of the country.
He promised to keep personal enmities away while dealing the people for the sake of a prosperous and peaceful Pakistan.
He would never think about any community but he would try to treat everyone equally.

Unit 2.1. "Once More to The Lake"

Q1. Why does the writer take a vacation at this particular lake?
Ans. The writer takes a vacation at this particular lake in order to forget the hard realities of life. The calmness of the natural lake provides him comfort. He loves it too
much, because it takes him to the distant past when he used to go there with his father. With the help of it he tries to escape mortality.

Q2. Which key concerns the writer has expressed in the text?
Ans: The following key concerns the writer has expressed in the text.
1. Love to the past memories or nostalgia. 2. Power of memory. 3. Transistorized life. 4. Inevitability of mortality/death.
5. Father and son relationship. 6. Past and present. 7. Greatness of nature. 8. Old technology vs. new technology.

Q3. How has the lake changed since he was a boy?

Ans: The exquisite charm of early morning has vanished. The canoe,he used to enjoy had now been converted into motor boats. In the past, few families used to visit
the lake but as time passed more people from far and wide would come there as it had become a tourist attraction.

Q4. What contrast does the writer make between the sea and the lake?
Ans. Writer says the lake is stagnant whereas sea water can easily vibrate. The lake is a constant and trustworthy body of water as it had never been a wild lake . On
the other hand, sea water can be stirred.

Q5. Why does the writer repeatedly call the lake a wild lake?
Ans. The writer repeatedly calls the lake as wild lake in order to emphasize the cottages surrounded it. He says that it is not at a place where men can not reside. Men
not only enjoy the calmness nature of the lake but also settled there cottages to live in the peaceful atmosphere of the lake which is not wild.

Q6 Why is arriving at the lake less exciting now than in the past?
Ans. It was less exciting for the poet to revisit the lake accompanied by his son. This time he was not as enthused as before due to the age difference. Next, the
artificiality and noise pollution has also spoiled the natural beauty of the lake. It was no more as peaceful as it was before.

Q7. How are the boat motors different in the present situation? Ans. In the present situation, the motorboats produce irritable and
awful sound now unlike before. New boats have noisier engines. In the former days motors were also indoors, but now they were outdoors by the campers.

Q8 The writer calls the lake a 'holy spot'. How does he further develop this idea?
Ans: The essayist describes the lake as a holy spot because it provides him solace or peace. He further develops it by explaining it more that it makes him forget the
worldly worries and takes him to his beautiful past. It reminds him of his beautiful childhood. It helps him to forget his mortality.

Q9. What kind of sensation persisted and grew in the mind of the writer?
Ans. While spending time at the lake, the essayist feels a dual existence of himself. Memories of the past haunt him. He finds himself in his son and himself as his
father. He is at the same time his father in imagination and his son's father in reality. Such a creepy sensation persisted and grew in the mind of the writer.

Q10. What is the central idea of the text?

Ans. The central idea of the text is that the writer wants to show the relationship between sight and insight, observation and speculation through reminisces of his
boyhood summer. Especially in this essay, the writer displays the power of memory and the utmost fear of mortality.
 "Unit 3.1 The Necklace"
Q1. Why did M. Loisel expect his wife to be pleased to receive the invitation?
Ans. Mathilde was the wife of Mr. loisel. She belonged to a middle class family. She didn't have a good collection of dresses and jewellery.
She always daydreamed about being rich. She was fond of attending the rich men's parties. So, when Mr. loisel gave her the invitation of such a party,
he expected his wife to be pleased to receive the invitation of a grand party, because she never had a chance to go at the party.

Q2. What was Mme. Loisel's reaction on reading the invitation?

Ans. Mme. Loisel became very sad after reading the invitation. She cried a lot and burst into tears, because she did not have a fancy dress to wear at the party.

Q3. How was the life of Mme. Loisel before the loss of the necklace?
Ans. Mme. Loisel lived a happy and contented life before the loss of the necklace. She was pretty, charming and seemed to be young and attractive.
She was not rich, but she had enough money to live a happy life. She daydreamed about being rich but remained satisfied in her life.

Q4. What efforts were made to find Mme. Forestier's necklace?

Ans. As Mme. Forestier's necklace had been lost by Mme. Loisel. She, with her The husband searched everywhere in the apartment.
Her husband also retraced their steps. They tried from 4 a.m to 7 a.m, but were failed in their attempts to find the lost necklace.

Q5. Describe in your own words how Loisel's life changed after they had paid for the new necklace?
Ans. Mr. Loisel and his wife were content with what they had. They didn't have enough saving amount. When they lost the necklace, they borrowed money and
bought a new one in order to replace and return it to its owner. After than, they lived a life of poverty to repay the borrowed amount. They both lived in a cheap
apartment. Mr. Loisel did double jobs. Mme. Loisel did household work and did not spend extra money. After ten years, they succeeded in repaying the debts.

Q6. What was Mme. Forestier reaction when seeing Mme. Loisel before she figured out who she was?
Ans. Mme. The Forestier did not recognize Mme. loisel (Mathilde). So, she was surprised when she called her nickname.
She cried out and asked her how she was changed and became old.

Q7. How did Mr. and Mme. Loisel replaced the necklace?
Ans. They borrowed money and searched for the same shaped necklace.They bought it in thirty six thousand francs and returned it to Mme.
Forestier in the place of the borrowed one. She did not notice the replacement of the jewelry.

Q8 What was Mme? Forestier's reaction when the necklace was returned?
Ans. Mme. Forestier behaved rudely when the necklace was returned. She did not open the box to confirm the jewelry.
She let Mme. Loisel to feel that she had to return the jewelry earlier.

Q9. How did Mr. Loisel contribute to the cost of the new necklace?
Ans. Mr. Loisel had eighteen thousand francs inherited from his father. He gave all the amount to Mathilde for purchasing the new necklace.
The price of the jewelry was thirty six thousand francs. He borrowed the rest amount from his friends, moneylenders and Money swindlers.
Whatever money he had he sacrificed them all for the sake of his wife's mistake.

Q10. How was Mme. Loisel's sacrifices in vain?

Ans. After purchasing the new necklace, Mme. Loisel had to live a life of poverty. She lived in a small apartment. She spent ten years in peasantry. At the end, when
she met with me. Forestier who told her that the necklace she borrowed from her was fake and of five hundred francs. In such way, her ten hard working years had
been in vain.

1. What makes you a happy person?

Ans. When I help others, I always feel happy. "To help the others' makes me a happy person.
2. Do you think money can make a person happy? Ans. No, money can not make a person happy. It rather, becomes the
cause of misery in our life.

3. Have you ever borrowed anything precious and lost?

Ans. Yes, I borrowed a watch from my friend and I lost it somewhere. I was worried about the watch, but when I told to my friend he didn't show any reaction to it.
Summary:
The story starts with the introduction of Mathilde, the heroine of the story. She was a pretty, charming and beautiful girl. She belonged to a middle class family.
She married a clerk in education. She always daydreamed of being rich. She was fond of wearing fancy dresses and jewelry.
One day, her husband received an invitation card to attend a grand party. She became worried having no new dress.
Her husband gave him his saving for purchasing a new party dress. And she also borrowed a diamond necklace from her rich friend.
She attended the party, danced joyfully and enjoyed a lot. Because of her attractiveness, she became the center of every eye.
When she returned the home, She saw that the necklace was missed. She, with her husband searched everywhere but could not find the jewelry.
At last, they bought a new one necklace in the place of the lost one. They borrowed high amount for the replacing of the jewelry.
Mathilde returned the necklace to her friend. After that, for the next ten years, they lived a life in poverty.
They sacrificed their wishes. Mr. And Mme. Loisel hired a cheap apartment. They lived there poorly.
He did the double jobs, while she kept doing all household chores. After ten years, they repaid the debts, but she became old now.
When she was going for a walking, she saw Mme.Forestier, her friend who gave her a necklace.
 After Greetings, she told me that the Necklace was fake. Mathilde was shocked. The story also ends there.
"Unit 4 TECHNOLOGY SMART & TECH-SAVVY" | Unit 4.1. "Technology"
Q1. What do you mean by technological revolution?
Ans. A technological revolution is a period in which one or more technologies is replaced by another, novel technology in a short amount of time.
It is an era of accelerated technological progress characterized by new innovations whose rapid application and diffusion typically cause an abrupt change in society.

Q2. Why did innovation information remain scarce at the time of World War-11?
Ans. Much innovation information remained scarce at the time of World War 2. The reason was that the processing of information relied on "atoms" to record or
transmit information in analog from rather than the "bits" (binary digits of '1s' for on and 'Os' for off) used to record or transmit information in digital form.

Q3. How is the technology boom for students?

Ans. Technology is a boon for the students. It has provided a huge platform for learners to explore their talents.
It has also helped the students to overcome their fear, arrogance, reluctance and shyness.
They can also learn from tele-school. All Things are possible because of new technology.

Q4. What are the benefits of E-commerce in today's world?

Ans. Today, technological revolution is giving people a wide variety of choices, enabling them to get the kinds of products and services that fit their needs.
Tele-work and tele-marketing have given people the chance to move beyond the limits.
E-commerce lets people buy a vast array of goods and services that previously might have been difficult to find at local stores.

Q5. How does technology work in environmentally risky areas?

Ans. The remote sensing technology could monitor environmental changes and disease predictions. The satellite images, aerial photographs, and on-the-ground
inspections, can be used to locate populations in dangerous or environmentally unstable places and determine how to respond after disaster strikes.
Though technology cannot prevent the onset of the pandemics; however, it can help prevent the spread, educate, warn, and empower those on the ground to be aware
of the situation, and noticeably lessen the impact.

Q6. How has technology greatly supported doctors & medical practitioners?
Ans. Technology has greatly supported doctors and medical practitioners to information and the treatment of any disease.
It has helped improved medical care by making it easier for doctors to provide evidence-based medicine.
People also get information through telemedicine to help them better understand a medical condition in order to take early care.

Q7. How does technology secure humans from calamities?

Ans. Epidemics, pandemics or other hazards have threatened the human mace time and again. The outbreaks of these calamities left enormous burdens on our lives,
economies, and societies at large. In such a scenario, technologies enable secure access to data, enterprise applications, virtual meetings and cloud conferencing.
Smart cities could be made and equipped with some sorts of devices which include sensors, processors, wearable, electronics, software, actuators, vehicles, cell phones
and computers. The remote sensing technology could monitor environmental changes and disease predictions.
The satellite images, aerial photographs, and on-the-ground inspections, can be used to locate populations in dangerous or environmentally unstable places and
determine how to respond after disaster strikes. Though technology cannot prevent the onset of the pandemics;

Q8. Some people have the opinion that youngsters are not safe in the technological era? Give reasons for your agreement
or disagreement?
Ans. I don't agree with the idea that youngsters are not safe in the technological era. No doubt there are some negative impacts of the new technology.
As the over use of the net causes the following effects.
● Lower attention span. ● Increased risk and lack of privacy. ● Risk of depression. ● Obesity. ● Falling grades. ● Bullying . ● Social interaction
issues.
It is because of the misuse and excessive use of the technology. If the youngsters are prudent users they won't find the net harmful for them.

Q9. Which technology innovation has impacted you profoundly and how?
Ans. Almost all new technological innovations have impacted me profoundly. But the most of all is Printing Press. I am a lover of reading more and more books.
And I I used to print out all the materials which I got from the net. I am weak in to read out the books on the net.
So that, firstly I take the print of the books, then I start to read and gain ample knowledge. It really changed my way of living.

Q10. How did technology contribute in keeping peoples' lives safe during the recent pandemic or disaster?
Ans. Though technology cannot prevent the onset of the pandemics; however, it can help prevent the spread, educate, warn, and
empower those on the ground to be aware of the situation, and noticeably lessen the impact.
Extra Questions
1. How has technology evolved over the period of time?
Ans. Over the period of time, how we communicate has evolved immensely. Today, many of our inventions are focused on creating faster ways of communicating with
each other, and in the process, we're creating more data than humans can comprehend. Now, a new tool, artificial intelligence, is emerging at the nexus of all this.
2. List down technologies recently discovered/invented?
Ans. 3D printing, VPN, Videoconferencing, Biometrics, 6g Cellular communication, etc.

Short Paragraphs
1. Negative impact on the studies: The injudicious use of the technology often results in persistent incomplete school assignments, tardy work, and a poor
academic performance. Moreover, when a lot of pending work gets piled up, students often resort to online websites and cut and paste options.
2. Fraudulent companies cheating people: With regard to business, while the social media has facilitated online business and promotion of skills and
talents, one may get cheated by fake virtual companies and organizations. Hence, despite innumerable benefits of online business, it may be misused by fraudulent
companies. People may suffer financial loss by paying for goods that may be of poor quality and materialize.
3. Lack of quality communication: Humans are social animals, and for strengthening social bonds, physical sharing of moments of joy and grief are
important. Increased time on the social has limited face-to-face communication and compromised relationships. People are spending more and more time on the social
media, which has caused a significant deterioration in the frequency and quality of close, one-to-one communication between both immediate and the extended family
members, who occupy an important place in the Pakistani family structure. While social networks enable interaction with a large number of people, in a short span of
time, these interactions are shallow and cannot adequately replace everyday face-to-face communication. This lack of quality communication can weaken relationships
that may, in turn, have damaging consequences.
4. Effects on Physical, mental and psychological disorder: Impact on physical health, mental and psychological disorder is another major area of
concern. When the social media is used disproportionately, the users constantly remain deskbound or limited to the comfort of the couch or a bed. This excessive use
causes obesity. It causes major health Problems. It also leaves negative impacts on the mentality and psychology of a man. A man becomes jealous of other people's
success. A selfie trend also can affect the psychology of a people.
5. Help to increase the crime ratio: It also helps those who have a criminal mind. They keep in contact while doing any crime.
"UNIT 5 CIVIC SENSE AND CIVIC ACTIVITIES" | Unit 5.1. "My Bank Account"

Q1. What is the effect upon the author of entering the bank to do business?
Ans: According to the author, he has bank phobia. When he enters into the bank he gets frightened.
The clerks frighten him; the desks frighten him, the sight of the money frightens him, everything frightens him.
The moment he passes through the door of the bank and attempts to do business there, he becomes an irresponsible fool.

Q2. Why did the author decide to open an account?

Ans: The author knew Very well about his bank phobia. But when his salary had been raised to fifty dollars a month,
so he felt that the bank was the only place for its savings. Thus the decided to open an account in a bank.

Q3. What was the manager's reaction when the author told him that he would like to see him alone?
Ans. When the author told the manager that he would like to see him alone, he became anxious and felt that he had a terrible secret to share.
The manager also supposed him to be one of Pinkerton's detectives.

Q4. Why did the manager look relieved when he knew the purpose of the author's visit?
Ans. The manager assumed the author was a detective. But when the author told him that he went there to open an account,
the manager looked relieved for knowing that the author did not come for any investigation.

Q5. What is the equivalent of fifty American dollars in Pakistani currency?

Ans. {12_06_2024) The one dollar is equal to 288 Pakistani rupees. So, the 50 dollars are equal to PKR.

Q6. What mistake did the author make when he wrote the cheque?
Ans. The author deposited 56 dollars in his new account. He wanted to withdraw 6 dollars for personal use.
But in fear, he wrote 56 dollars instead of 6 dollars. In In such a way, he withdrew all his money.

Q7. Explain the meaning of the clerk's question, "How will you have it?"
Ans. The clerk wanted to know in what way the author liked the denomination of the money; either in notes or in coins.

Q8. Why was there a roar of laughter when the author left the bank?

Ans : As the author left the bank, he heard a roar of laughter inside the bank.
There was the roar of laughter because of the foolish act done by him while withdrawing his amount.
He deposited 56 dollars in his account. After few minutes, he withdrew all his amount. It made a sense of humor among the bank Workers.

Q9. The author, Stephen Leacock, was a respected university teacher and a highly successful writer. Do you think this is a
true story?

Ans: The author, Stephen Leacock was a respected university teacher and highly successful writer. He was a good humorist.
He knew the art of creating humor. In this story he criticized the bank and its artificial environment. It was the atmosphere of the bank which made him confused.
This is a fictional story in order to amuse the readers and let them know how to deal in such type of artificial environment.

Q10. Why is it wiser to keep one's money in a bank than to hoard it in one's home?

Ans: It is Wiser to keep one's money in bank because it remains safe there.
And, if the account is saving, the money will also be increased on a monthly basis.
While at home the money can be lost through the act of robbery or stealing.

Extra Questions
1. Advantages of Using a Bank
Ans.
● 1. To save the money from robbery or stealing.
● 2. To increase it on a monthly basis.
● 3. To withdraw it during the required time

2. Write the sequence of events of the story.

Ans.

Firstly, the writer enters the bank to open an account.

Secondly, he meets the accountant and asks for the manager.
After That, he sees the manager alone and tells him that he wants to open an account.

Then, he meets again with the accountant who sends him to the clerk.
Later, he gets a form, fills it and opens and withdraws all his money.
Finally, he reopens and leaves the bank.

1. Look at the picture and quickly describe different activities.

Ans.
● A boy is using an ATM for the purpose of transacting money.
● Some customers are in two lines for the purpose of opening a bank account and withdrawing the amount by using checks
 "UNIT 6 RESPECTING SELF AND OTHERS" |"Unit 6.1. Self-Reliance".
Q1. What makes a man great according to the author?
Ans. According to the author, self reliance makes a man great. The power is within the man. One should peep into one's insight in order to know the power of one's
life.

Q2. Why is self-reliance important for one's development?

Ans. Self-Reliance is important for one's development. Learning to be self-reliant It is important to be taught at a young age so it can develop, as they grow older.
Being self-reliant is presented to be the ability to take control over your life, being motivated from within, and being able to take care of yourself.

Q3. What is the mark of genius according to the author?

Ans. According to the author, "to believe your own thought, to believe that what is true for you in your private heart is true for all men—that is a mark of genius."

Q4. What happens when a person doesn't value one's own qualities?
Ans. When a person does not value his own qualities, he will not live a satisfying or a gratifying life. Tomorrow a stranger will say masterly good sense precisely
what he has thought and felt all the time, and he shall be forced to take with shame his own opinions from another.

Q5. Why does the author emphasize on developing one's own individuality?
Ans. Emerson begins the essay by explaining the importance of being confident and expressing ideas and opinions without concern for how
they will be perceived by others. If a person refuses to be true to their own individual beliefs, then they will not live a satisfying or gratifying life.
Emerson believes that each person has a true purpose and that it is the individual's job to resolutely fulfill that purpose without fear.

Q6. How can a person be happy according to the author?

Ans. According to the author, a person can be happy when he puts his heart into his work and did his best.

Q7. "What I must do is all that concerns me, not what the people think." Do you agree to this statement? Give reasons for
your agreement or disagreement?
Ans. I agree to this statement, "What I must do is all that concerns me, not what the people think."
This rule, equally arduous in actual and in intellectual life, may serve for the whole distinction between greatness and meanness.
It is the harder, because you will always find those who think they know what is your duty better then you know it.
It is easy in the world to live after the world's opinion; it is easy in solitude to live after our own; but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with
perfect sweetness the independence of solitude.

Q8. What kind of changes does a society undergo according to the author?
Ans. Society never advances. It undergoes continual changes; it is barbarous, it is civilized, it is religious, it is rich, it is scientific; but this change is not for the better.
It acquires one thing, while losing the old thing. It makes people civilized while it keeps away the man from crude nature.

Q9. How do you relate the message of an essay to your life?

Ans. "Self-Reliance" is Ralph Waldo Emerson's treatise on individualism. In it Emerson explains that people must believe in their own intuition and
reject the opinions of others in order to transcend the bounds of the physical world. The above message teaches a lot to me. It is related to my life.
Because, whenever, I listen to others except myself, I face the problems in my life. I also loss confidence of doing what is in my heart.
I have learnt the lesson that whatever I do I will follow myself. I will not blame anyone.

Q10. Write a brief summary of the arguments presented in the text?

Ans. "Self-Reliance" is an essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson which explores the values of transcendentalism.
Emerson explains to the reader that true direct knowledge can only come from within.
Any knowledge that a person learns from another person or a book is not true knowledge.
The more people use their intuition and believe in themselves, the better society will be.

1. In 'Self-Reliance' Ralph Waldo Emerson distinguishes between internal and external causes of behavior.

Answer: In "Self-Reliance" Ralph Waldo Emerson distinguishes between internal and external causes of behavior:
● External pressures include societal norms and other people's ideas generally. ]
● Internal pressures include your inner voice.
 "UNIT 7 SELF GROOMING" | Unit 7.1 "Struggle for an Education"
Q1. Why was the boy inspired to go to Hampton?
Ans. The boy was inspired to go to Hampton in order to join the school thereafter overhearing the beautiful description of the school by the two miners.
It appeared to him more pretentious than the little colored school in their town.

Q2. What did he learn during work?

Ans. During work, he (author) learnt the importance of discipline and system. The Head teacher taught him honesty and frankness. He also learnt the importance of
cleanliness.

Q3. What happened to the money he had earned at Mrs. Ruffner's house?
Ans. The small amount he had at Mrs. Ruffner's house, had been consumed by his stepfather and the remainder of the family, with the exception of a very few dollars,
and so he had very little with which to buy clothes and pay his traveling expenses.

Q4. What did he do in Richmond in order to reach Hampton city?

Ans. When he reached Richmond he was completely out of money. He has not a single acquaintance in the place.
He started to work of unloading the goods from the vessels near the port in order to reach Hampton. He used to sleep in the street under the broad sidewalk.

Q5. Why did the boy thank the captain of the ship?
Ans. When the boy was hungry he had nothing to buy breakfast to eat. So he went to the captain for work. He settled him at the work of unloading.
He supported him a lot. When the next time, he needed the work, the captain of the = ship again gave him work. So he thanked him for his kindness.

Q6. Why did the writer not make a favorable impression on the head teacher?
Ans. When the writer presented himself before the head teacher for assignment to a class, he had been so long without proper food, a bath and change of clothing.
So that he could not make a favorable impression on the head teacher.

Q7. What did he have to go through in order to get admission at the Hampton Institute?
Ans. Washington was an African coloured man. He was working in a coal mine. He had no money with him. Whatever he earned, was taken by his step father and the
rest of the amount consumed in family affairs. When he heard from the two miners about the institute for coloured people, he was determined to go there.
He had to travel on foot or in wagon and cars when he requested the drivers there.
He reached Richmond anyhow. At that time he was hungry, tired and without money. He had to sleep empty stomach because the food sellers demanded money.
He went to the captain of a ship and requested him to help him to unload the ship so that he could earn enough money for his food.
The captain was very happy with his hard labor. He allowed him to work there continuously. He worked on the ship during the day and at night and he slept under the
side-walk. After saving enough money he reached Virginia. There at the institute the head the teacher asked him to sweep the recitation room.
Washington was looking for an opportunity so that he could make a good impression on the teacher. It was his best test he had ever passed. He cleaned the room four
times. He dusted the furniture around the wall and left no particle of dust. The head teacher inspected his work. She told him that he could do well in the institute.

Q8. Write down the central theme of the above read text in your own Sentences?
Ans. The central theme of the above text is "the power of sheer determination and courage. If we are determined enough to reach our goal, then no obstacle can
hinder our path. Hardships and struggle are a part of life. Instead of losing hope in the difficult time, one should be courageous.”
Extra Question
1. Why do you attend school, college or institution? Ans. I attend college to gain an education.
2. Why is it essential to receive an education? Ans. Receiving an education is essential because it teaches us how to behave.
3. How can you describe an illiterate? Ans. An illiterate is a person who does not know how to survive in a society.
4. Do you know why he/ she did not receive an education? Ans. Many of our relatives did not receive education due to lack of awareness.
5. What are the issues that may prevent a child from receiving an education?
Ans. The following are the issues that may prevent a child from receiving an education. 1. Financial Issues. 2. Lack of motivation. 3. Lack of awareness.
6. Guess which text you are going to read? Ans. I think I am going to read the text about the importance of education.

Q. Write a short journey of your education to reach your institution in your own words?
Ans. I belonged to a poor family. My father was a poor farmer. My mother used to sew the clothes. I used to graze buffaloes. I was interested in education.
I worked hard during my early years. I used to take the notes while I went to field with my buffaloes. I passed the matric exam after working hard.
After that I started to do work of taking mud for making the buildings. I collected some amount, and paid the fees of the university.
I sacrificed my all wishes of wearing fancy clothes, shoes and some other costumes. I spent four hard and difficult years. I passed the university life. Now I am happy.

Q. Topic 'To empower women with education is to empower the Nation' to commemorate world-woman-education
day.
"Women Empowerment Speech": Women play an important role in society and the whole family is dependent on women for its daily activities.
They play the role of mother, wife, homemaker, cook, teacher, friend, Nurse all at the same time while catering to every body’s needs.
The women who are in a job have to also fulfill the job responsibilities while managing home & family.
The life of women is very hard, but she gets little or no appreciation.
There are a lot of women who are extremely talented & multitasker but have no recognition in society.

Gender Inequality: One of the major hindrances in the growth and advancement of women is gender inequality.
This means that we treat males and females unequally even for the same task.
This is generally in the case of rural societies. A male child is always encouraged by family to go to school, while the female child is told to learn household works.

Domestic Violence: As divorce is still a taboo in Indian society many women are suffering from abusive marriages.
As they are not empowered, they fear to stand up for their right. If we want to empower women then domestic violence has to be stopped at any cost.
Economic Independence As females were given poor education or no education they are not able to get good jobs.
Thus either they have to stay at home or do lesser paid jobs. Thus the male always remains the bread earner of the family.
So the women hardly get economic independence.
“If we wish to see a nation that develops economically on the global front, then it’s It is very important to have ‘ Women empowerment ’.
The actual women empowerment will come by making the women economically independent.”
Women and Education: Quality Education is the key to women’s empowerment. Slowly with the increase in literacy level and awareness, society has started
giving importance to education. Many parents today want to educate their daughters equally as their son. Many women today are scientists, lecturers, collectors, etc.
Women and Decision Making: The women empowerment also means when the society will also accept women as decision-makers for the economic and
financial decisions of the family. We shall encourage women from all the sections of society to make their own decisions. They need not take permission from men.
Conclusion: The government and several NGOs are making efforts to empower women by creating awareness. The government is running a large no. of projects for
education and skill development of women so that can get economic independence.
"Unit 8. Places of Historical/Cultural Importance" | "Unit 8.1 A Voyage to the City of Lions"
Q1. What is the geographical location of Singapore city?
Ans. From a geographical perspective, Singapore is located at a maritime crossroads where almost every ship sailing to or from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean or South
China sea anchors here. It's a free port as well as a major center of fuels for ships.

Q2. What are barges and how are these operated?

Ans. Barges are small type of boats, having no engines, carry the cargo from the buses to the ships. In Singapore, as the Cargo was loaded into trucks, which arrived at
the river, from where it was sent to ships through barges. These barges did not have any engines. When four to five barges were loaded, a large a motorboat pulled
them to ships. From afar, they looked like camel caravans.

Q3. How is Singapore connected to Malaysia?

Ans. The island of Singapore is not far from Malaysia. It has the same relation as The Island of Monora has Karachi. As we have Kiamari, so is the Malaysian city of
Johor, which lies just a quarter of a mile away from Singapore. There is a bridge that connects Johor with Singapore. Just cross the bridge, and you can jump from one
country to another. There is a causeway as well as a railway track along the bridge.

Q4. Describe briefly the significance of Singapore port?

Ans. Singapore port is a free port as well as a major center of fuel for ships. It seemed like an earthen lamp, surrounded by moths. The most population in Singapore
lives around the port. The port is center of attention for the tourists and traders. It remains always busy due to the tourists; importing and exporting the goods.

Q5. What are the reasons for the prosperity of Singapore in spite of very little area?
Ans. Singapore is known in the world as one of the prosperous and wealthiest countries in the area. The reasons for its prosperity are given below. Singapore is a small
island, which is just like a dot on the world map. Like Japan, She imports every raw material and most of the food products. However, like In Japan, she is wise in
matters of money and wealth. Much of her income depends on the arrival of tourists, trade, and ships from overseas. Tourists and traders from all over the world come
here for business, shopping, and leisure.

Q6. How is Singapore one of the attractive areas for tourists?

Ans. Singapore is one of the attractive areas for the tourists. Its markets, delicious foods and a cozy transport system attract the tourists more. Singapore is a shoppers'
paradise where one can buy almost everything at cheaper rates than even the country of its origin. Tourists stay in big hotels but eat meals in small restaurants to enjoy
the cuisine of the East and the West. Most of Singaporean The workforce depends on the outsiders in different ways. Comfortable and spacious public buses ply on
roads to ease traffic on the roads. Even, wealthy people and high officials often travel in these buses instead of their own cars. Many of these buses are air-conditioned,
but the fare is quite low.

Q7. How does Singapore keep itself clean?

Ans. Although the rain falls almost incessantly, Singapore is very clean. One can see the cleanliness, greenery, and rows of flowers to each house. Singapore is
recognized as the 'Mr. Clean' of the world. The spirit of cleanliness is present in everyone, from children to elders. The Japanese saying that 'keep your house and the
front of the street clean so you see the whole city clean' is practiced here in letter and spirit by the people. Besides, the government is also strict in the matter of
cleanliness. Large fines are imposed on small transgressions: fifty dollars on spitting, and huge penalties or even jail terms for littering on roads. Garbage bins are placed
in every nook and corner.

Q8. Describe any four interesting aspects of Singapore?

Ans. 1. Singapore is called "The City of Lions" as the statues of lines are everywhere in the city. 2. It is called "Mr. Clean" because of its cleanliness.
3. It is a Shoppers' paradise where one can purchase the cheapest things of the world. 4. It is called the fusion of East and West.

Q9. Why is Singapore called the fusion of the East and the West?
Ans. Singapore is called the fusion of the East and the West because one finds modern buildings and lifestyles coexisting with the traditional way of life.
Tourists stay in big hotels but eat meals in small restaurants to enjoy the cuisine of the East and West.

Q10. Describe briefly the education in Singapore?

Ans. Government spends twenty-five percent of its income on education. Citizens are encouraged to get education, and there is enough provision in schools to
accommodate every child of the country. Besides providing them quality education, students are encouraged to participate in debates, speeches, and sports.
We visited one such speech competition, and we were quite impressed with the students' talent and confidence.

EXTRA QUESTION

Q. Name of Cities. 1. Singapore City. 2. Karachi. 3. Kiamari. 4. Johor (Malaysia) 5. Hong Kong City
Q. Name of Communities. 1. Muslims 2. Buddhists 3. Hindus 4. Christians. 5. Sikhs.
Q. Name of Products. 1. Fuel 2. Agricultural products 3. Minerals 4. Food products 5. Raw materials
Q. Transport Resources. 1. Motorboats. 2. Trucks 3. Barges 4. Ships 5. Buses 6. Trains 7. Cars
Q. Educational Activities. 1. Debates 2. Speeches 3. Sports.
Q. Famous Places. 1. Port Klang 3. Change Alley 4. Raffles Pulse 5. Arab Street 6. Island of Manora 7. Masjid Sultan 8. Changi Village

1. Which country would you like to visit and why?

Ans. I would like to visit New Zealand in order to see the Kiwis and the beautiful scenery of the Pacific Ocean.

2. Have you ever heard about the 'City of Lions?'

Ans. I have never ever heard about the 'City of Lions.' I read it in this chapter.

Q. Write the names of places that the writer has mentioned and what did he see there?
Ans. 1. Singapore Jetty. ○ It was a place seen by travelers. It was used to exchange goods.
2. Masjid Sultan. ○ He saw the most beautiful and biggest mosque of Singapore.
3. Change Alley. ○ The traveler sees the place where people can exchange the currency.
4. Raffles Pulse. ○ He saw the largest market, Raffles Pulse, which was full of shops.
5. Arab Street. ○ He saw Arab Street known throughout Singapore for reasonable prices.
6. Changi Village. ○ A village at the end of Island, full of natural beauty.
7. 'Statues of the Lions". ○ The visitor saw many statue of Lions everywhere in the country.

"Unit 9. Choosing Career" | "Unit 9.1 Choosing Career”

Q1. What are the differences between a job and a career?
Ans. Before embarking on a journey to choose a career, it is essential to understand the difference between a job and a career.
Though jobs and careers are considered synonymous and interchangeable, there is a subtle difference between the two.
A career is not merely a job; there is much more to it. A job is the work one does to earn money.
It may be full-time to make a living or part-time to support a student during the academic term.
It is a short-term strategy and does not necessarily require a professional degree or future planning.
On the other hand, a career is a long-term journey based on one's passions, future growth, and personal advancement.
For a career, one needs a certain level of education, a professional degree, or, at least, a definite skill set.

Q2. Why should you choose a career that interests you?

Ans. The first thing you should do while choosing a career is to make sure it interests you- something which brings you satisfaction and happiness.
You will be more successful, fulfilled, and productive if you are enthusiastic about your chosen path.
Every field offers potential growth, success, and satisfaction if you excel in it by putting your heart and soul into it.

Q3. What causes de-motivation in a career?

Ans. Many students choose a particular field based on prevailing social trends, the insistence of family, peer pressure, or lack of information about other choices, not
because of their genuine interest in that field. Ultimately, after some time, they find no motivation to continue.
In the long run, this lack of motivation leads to dissatisfaction and negative emotional experience.
Every field offers potential growth, success, and satisfaction if you excel in it by putting your heart and soul into it.

Q4. What are the examples of personal values given in the text?
Ans. Some following examples of personal values are given in the text.
1. Some like Independence. 2. Some like Recognition or Leadership.
3. Some wish to help humanity. 4. Some desire intellectual, scientific, or artistic achievements.

Q5. What is the difference between an extroverted person and an introverted person?
Ans. An extroverted person finds a social, customer-oriented workplace more appealing.
In contrast, an introverted person may be more at ease in career that requires less social interaction and more independent analytical tasks.

Q6. What are the core skills required for a charted accountant and a visual artist?
Ans. The core skills required for a charted accountant is good knowledge of accounting.
Likewise, if you are interested in the visual arts, you should be creative and artistic -attributes that can be displayed through your work.

Q7. What is an aptitude test? How does it help in choosing a career?

Ans. An aptitude test is a way for employers to assess a candidate's abilities through a variety of different testing formats.
Aptitude tests will test your ability to perform tasks and react to situations at work.
This includes problem-solving, prioritization and numerical skills, amongst other things.
It will help you to reach a suitable decision. So one should make sure that one's abilities and interests are compatible with your intended career path.

Q8. Why is it necessary to consult a veteran of the field before choosing a career?
Ans. Sometimes, we have a very idealistic and unattainable perception of our dream career.
Therefore, it is always helpful to talk to someone who has experience in the career you want to pursue.
By consulting a veteran of the field, you may gain valuable insight into the particular field's expectations, procedures, difficulties, and rewards.
For instance, if you are interested in pursuing a career in academia, then it would be appropriate to approach your teacher to guide you towards your intended path.
He or she may be able to tell you about the institutions, processes, and some helpful tips to achieve your goal.

Q9. How can a professional career counselor help you?

Ans. An aspirant of any career should attend career counseling seminars or seek the help of a professional career counselor.
He or she may not only be able to help you to choose your career but may also guide you through the admission process with suggestions
for suitable institutions, methods to obtain scholarships or inform you of the eligibility criteria of financial aid if need be.

Q10. Why is it wiser to have a backup plan?

Ans. However, sometimes, despite our genuine efforts, we are unable to achieve our goals.
It is also necessary to remain realistic about other potential opportunities and have a backup plan.
This does not mean giving up on your dreams. Instead, it simply means to have a serious retrospection, and if required, redesign your goals.

Extra Questions
1. What comes to your mind after seeing the above pictures?
Ans. Different professions come to my mind after seeing the above picture.

2. List down the occupations according to the above picture?

Ans. 1. Carpenter. 2. Teacher. 3. Air hostess. 4. Sweeper. 5. Doctor of animals. 6. Wood cutter. 7. Judge.
8. Chef. 7. Gardner. 8. Engineer. 9. Nurse. 10. Lawyer. 11. Waiter. 12. Doctor. 13. Plumber. 14. Singer.

3. Which of these professions would you like to have for your career? Ans. I would like to be a singer for my career.

b. Write down your natural skills and abilities?

Ans. Research mind. Problem solving. Project management. Communicating complex ideas.

c. Consider your personality type and career-related values?

Ans. I am a teacher. I have to maintain the personality which suits me. I will follow the following career Related Values.
Knowledge: In my job I want to learn more and expand my skills.
Ethics & values: My work must match my personal values and beliefs.
People contact: I want to work directly with a large number of people.
Creativity: Creating new ideas, objects, or programs is important for my personality.

"UNIT 10 PRACTICE POSITIVE WORKS ETHICS"| Unit 10.1 "Pearls of Wisdom (Sheikh Saadi)
Q1. What did the wealthy man ask the poor brother and what was his reply?
Ans. The wealthy man in the service of sultan while the poor brother liked to work with his own arm. Once, the wealthy brother asked his poor brother why he did not
serve the sultan in order to be delivered from the hardship of laboring. The poor man replied that he wanted to live independently rather to live the life in slavery.

Q2. Why could the slave not be pacified even though he was in the same boat with the king?
Ans. The slave had never been at sea and experienced the inconvenience of a vessel.
So, he started to tremble and could not be pacified even though he was in the same boat with the king.

Q3. What did the wise man do to make the slave realize about the security of boat?
Ans. The Wise man ordered the slave to be thrown into the water so that he swallowed some of it, whereon he was caught and pulled by his hair to the boat,
to the stern of which he clung with both his hands. In such way, the slave realized the security of the boat and sat down silently in a corner.

Q4. What kind of virtue the sage wanted to teach to his students?
Ans. A sage wanted to teach the virtue of professionalism to his students. A skillful a professional person can never die because of hunger.

Q5. How does the professional man earn respect according to the sage?
Ans. The professional man has skill through which he can earn money at any time. Property and precious materials are not permanent.
These can be stolen or vanished away. But a profession which is a skill can never be stolen. A man can earn his respect by using his talent and skills at any time.

Q6. Who is lucky and unlucky according to the maxim?

Ans: According to the maxim, 'he is lucky who has eaten and sowed but he is unlucky who have died and not enjoyed.' It means to enjoy life.
One should be generous and take the benefits from the blessings of nature. A sting and miser person misses to enjoy the blessings blessed to him. He ruined his life.

Q7. Confide not to a friend every secret thou possess. How do you know that he will not some time become thy foe? How
far do you agree and why?
Ans. I am totally agree to the maxim. In this maxim, Sheik Saadi forbids tIo tell secret to anyone. A man should not reveals his secret to his friends or any other trusting
person. Because, it is not confirm that the person whom you reveal secret, will ever remain your friend. He might be your enemy one day and he may harm you in any
way.

Q8. Identify the maxim which reflects the value of real thing never fades or shatters?
Ans. The maxim 4 reflects the value of real things never fades or shatters. If the jewel will be thrown in the mud it will not loss its preciousness.
It will remain same in every condition.

Q9. What kind of suggestion did Imam Ghazali give to the people?
Ans. Imam Ghazali gave the suggestion to the people that never feel ashamed while asking any things about whom you are unaware.

Q10. Which tale from the above texts do you like the most? And why?
Ans. I like the tale of two brothers most. It teaches us the lesson of freedom. Free life is thousand times better than life of slavery.
Poverty or richness do not matter. The matter is of slavery and liberty. A poor free man is happier than a rich slave man.

EXTRA QUESTION

1. What comes in your mind after reading following quotations given in the bubbles?
Ans. After reading following quotations it comes in my mind that something useful material I am going to read.
The text I am going to read will be full of morals for the readers

2. Write the concise central theme against each text.

Ans.
1. Text-I Freedom is the central theme of this text. A poor free man is better than a rich slave man.

2. Text-II. Self experience is the central theme of the text. One cant learn until he/she do not bear the burnt of the situation.

3. Text-III. Try to get basic needs is the central theme of the text.

4. Text-IV. Art or profession and its importance is the central theme of this text. A skillful person will never be hungry in his/her life.

5. Text-V. Interruption is a bad habit is the central theme of the text. A man should interrupt while two persons are speaking. It is a foolish act
 GRAMMER PORTION | ESSAYS 1. (Importance of Culture)
“Culture is the sum of all the forms of art, of love, and of thought, which, in the course of centuries have enabled man to be less enslaved.” ~ Andre Malraux
Culture is the invisible bond which ties people together. It refers to the pattern of human activity.
The art, literature, language, and religion of a community represent its culture. Our cultural values and beliefs manifest themselves through our lifestyle.
Our moral values represent our culture. It has great importance as it teaches us how to live a standard life. Our culture gives us an identity & helps us to build our
character.
The cultural values shared across our community or social group, give us a sense of belonging towards society. Culture is important to value individuality.
It is related to the development of our attitude. Our cultural values influence how we approach living.
According to the behaviorist definition of culture, it is the ultimate system of social control where people monitor their own standards and behavior.
Our cultural values serve as the founding principles of our life. They shape our thinking, behavior, and personality.
It is because of these values, the person enjoys a distinct position in a society. Not only individually but socially, culture has also great importance.
It is the identity of the nation, without it the society is impossible.
It is the set of transmitted and learned behavior patterns, beliefs, institutions and all other products of human work and thought that characterize the functioning of a
particular population, profession, organization or community. In such a way, the only representative of the particular community or population is the culture.
It is the basic root of any community which gives them ways of life. It provides a solution to the critical problem that is faced by the community.
It teaches us to think for the whole nation not individually, it provides the concept of family, nation or any society.
All in all, the importance of culture cannot be stressed enough, as it is something that lies within us, around us, and is an integral part of our being.
It defines the way we treat others and ourselves. It is the only way in this scientific world to keep the people close in a group.
Simply, it is the just source of making a man, individually and socially, an active and responsible member of any society.

2. ( Preservation of Heritage Sites )

Heritage is what we have inherited from the past, to value and enjoy in the present, and to preserve and pass on to future generations.
It has three types i.e. the tangible - related to the historical sites; the entangle-related to the customs and traditions; and the natural- related to the historical natural
scenery of any local area. These all tangible, intangible and natural heritage memories provide us with a common language and insight that enables us to communicate
on a deep level with each other and to express ourselves in a unique way to the outside world.
The sites play major parts for a community or nation to keep their identity alive by narrating the past civilized history of their forefathers.
The ancient sites also attract the tourists to visit for research purposes, which enhance the business of the local community.
Heritage and its sites must be preserved because it has countless benefits, one of these is that it helps us to shape our identity and it becomes part of what we are.
Our expression of this identity shows others what we value; it highlights our values and priorities. It provides clues to our past and how our society has evolved.
It helps us examine our history and traditions and enables us to develop an awareness about ourselves. It helps us understand and explain why we are the way we are.
The civilization of Moen-Jo-Daro is pride for the people of Indus land.
They proudly show their identity by connecting the civilized society of the prehistoric era to become part of what we are.
Our expression of this identity shows others what we value; it highlights our values and priorities. It provides clues to our past and how our society has evolved.
It helps us examine our history and traditions and enables us to develop an awareness about ourselves. It helps us understand and explain why we are the way we are.
The civilization of Moen-Jo-Daro is pride for the people of Indus land. They proudly show their identity by connecting the civilized society of the prehistoric era.
The preservation of the heritage sites is also important because it provides a basis for local economic development and innovation in tourism, agriculture,
entertainment, education and business generally. The sites attract the attention of tourists and researchers to pay a visit there.
The sites of Murree, Naran¸Kagaan and Makli attract overseas visitors and bring investment into local economies.
Cultural tourism and activity holidays on our natural landscapes and countryside continue to grow, outperforming all other tourism sectors.
The quality of our natural heritage is at the core of our quality agricultural produce. We rely on healthy ecosystems for nutrition & food security, clean air and fresh
water.
As much of the natural scenery would be as much the visitors can entertain themselves. Heritage is fragile, it delivers so much in terms of important human experience
and enjoyment. It enriches our lives, allows us to define ourselves but needs constant protection and development.
It is essential that the significance of our heritage is acknowledged by the government and reflected in appropriate and reformed structures and increased funding.
This will ensure that the best elements of our heritage will be passed on to our children and their children in turn.

3. ( Proper Conservation of Water )

Life without water is not possible. A man can't live alive without drinking water. We need it for many things including cleaning, cooking, using the washroom, and more.
Moreover, we need clean water to lead a healthy life. The world is facing an alarming situation because of scarcity of water.
Day by day, the freshwater is either being polluted or to be wasted improperly. Conserving water for future use is the need of the time.
Otherwise, we will hardly survive in the world as having no water for drinking. We can take many steps to conserve water on a national level as well as an individual
level.
Nationally, our governments must implement efficient strategies to conserve water. The scientific community must work on advanced agricultural reforms to save
water.
The residents should be supplied a limited quantity of water as per their need. There must be time management while supplying the drinkable water.
In such a way, the users will be cautious about the economic usage of the water.
Similarly, proper planning of cities and promotion of water conservation through advertisements must be done.
On an individual level, we can start by opting for buckets instead of showers or tubs. We must not use too much electricity.
We must start planting more trees and plants. Rainwater harvesting must be made compulsory so we can benefit from the rain as well.
Further, we can also save water by turning off the tap when we brush our teeth or wash our utensils. Use a washing machine when it is fully loaded.
Do not waste the water when you wash vegetables or fruit, instead, use it to water plants. You should not use water while taking a bath or using the bathroom.
While washing automobiles and spraying the water on the streets, we should hurriedly turn off the tab after using the needed water.
All in all, we must identify water scarcity as a real issue as it is very dangerous. Further, after identifying it, we must make sure to take steps to conserve it.
There are many things that we can do on a national level as well as an individual level.
So, we must come together now and conserve water for us and for the coming generation.
4. ( Scope of English Language )
The English Language is becoming more and more common in the world. As a result, increasingly people are dedicating time to study English as their second language.
In fact, many countries include it in their school syllabus to teach children this language from a young age. However, the true value of this language is that it helps to
remove many barriers from our life. Whether it is to find a new job or to travel the world. In other words, it helps to progress in life both on a personal professional
level.
Many countries including Pakistan teach and encourage youngsters to acquire English as a second language. Even in nations where English is not an official language,
many science and Engineering curricula are written in English. So, to keep oneself abreast of the current developments, one needs to learn English.
After commanding the language, one can learn and utilize the benefits of modern inventions. English abilities will most certainly aid you in any business endeavors you
choose to pursue. Many large corporations will only hire professional employees after determining whether or not they speak good English.
Failing to speak English in any way you can bear a huge loss. The dealers who come from abroad use the language while communicating to confirm the dealings.
So it is mandatory to explain the qualities of your products in English. One can do it after grasping the usage of the language.
The English Language opens an ocean of career opportunities to those who speak this language anywhere in the world. It is an international language.
Wherever in the world you will go, I have to speak English in every walk of life. It is the only means of communication which is accepted all over the world.
Similarly, it has turned into an inevitable requirement for various fields and professions like medicine, computing and more.
Because, for writing and reading, English is only used in every field of life.
To sum up, in the fast-evolving world, it is essential to have a common language that we can understand to make the best use of the data and information available.
As a result, the English Language has become a storehouse of various knowledge ranging from social to political fields. It is the language that meets the needs of the
time.
5. (Prosperity Lies in Peace)
Peace is the path we take for bringing growth and prosperity to society. If we do not have peace and harmony, achieving political strength, economic stability and
cultural growth will be impossible. Moreover, before we transmit the notion of peace to others, it is vital for us to possess peace within.
It is not a certain individual’s responsibility to maintain peace but everyone’s duty. Thus, it is not wrong to say that peace leads to the actual prosperity of any nation.
History has been proof of the thousands of wars which have taken place in all periods at different levels between nations.
Thus, we learned that peace played an important role in ending these wars or even preventing some of them.
In fact, if you take a look at all religious scriptures and ceremonies, you will realize that all of them teach peace.
They mostly advocate eliminating war and maintaining harmony. In other words, all of them hold out a sacred commitment to peace.
When peace and harmony are maintained, things will continue to run smoothly without any delay.
To begin with humankind, it is essential to maintain equality, security and justice to maintain the political order of any nation.
Similarly, we must also adopt a mental and spiritual ideology that embodies a helpful attitude to spread harmony.
We must also recognize diversity and integration for expressing emotion to enhance our friendship with everyone from different cultures.
To sum it up, peace is essential to control the evils which damage our society.
It is obvious that we will keep facing crises on many levels but we can manage them better with the help of peace.
Moreover, peace is vital for humankind to survive and strive for a better future.

[Compare and Contrast Essays] 1. (School Life vs. College Life)

School Life and college life have many similarities and differences. In both stages of life, education matters a lot.
Students' major focus remains to gain a great deal of knowledge. Here are some similarities and differences between school life and college life.
During school life and college life a student is bound to get education. Both institutions provide the knowledge given in the academic books.
A student's mind grows up and leads to maturity. He or she learns manners and rules on how to spend life.
All in all, both institutions work for the mental growth of a student. Although school life and village life are similar, they also have some differences.
School life is a life of restrictions and control, a life in which the student has to be accountable for his daily work with his teachers and his guardian.
But a college student, on the other hand, enjoys a much greater freedom from control and supervision. He is, to a very large extent, the master of his own destiny.
It lies with him to make it or mar it. To sum up, both school life and college life develop different mental and moral qualities.
At school, students acquire habits of discipline and regularity. They have to practice obedience and follow instructions.
But at college students are expected to develop a sense of responsibility and personal initiative. It depends upon the student how he or she controls himself or herself.

2. (Physical Games vs Online Games)

The games are a source of entertainment. It does not matter, whether physical or online, one gets enjoyment while playing any one of the games.
Physical games and online games have many similarities and differences. Both games are played for the purpose of recreation and each has many beneficial properties.
Here are some of the similarities and differences between physical and online games. Physical games and online games are played for recreation.
In both games one can easily entertain oneself and pass time happily. So, if anyone gets free time, he or she keeps himself or herself busy in these games.
In such a way, they do not spoil their time by planning to foil things against one another. One's mind and body remain safe and sound. All in all, these both games grow
the mentality of the players. The games also enhance the enthusiasm of the players while playing and make them ready to compete with the opponents.
They should be played on a daily basis. Although physical games and online games have some similarities yet these have a lot of differences too.
Physical games are aerobic which help the players physically fit because of burning the energy on a daily basis.
They remain safe from many stomach and heart connected diseases, especially obesity. While, online games are not aerobic. They don't need to burn the energy.
The players involved in the game face obesity and other stomach and heart diseases by sitting a long time in one place only. They lose their physical fitness day by day.
On the other hand, they remain mentally more active than the players of physical games To sum up, both games are best to be played in free time.
Each game is the best source of recreation and enhances the enthusiasm of competition. No doubt, they have some differences, but these both are necessary to
maintain one's mind and health. One should play both games regularly in order to maintain one's mental and physical fitness.

3. (Books vs Mobile Phones)

Books and mobile phones are sources of conveying entertainment, information and knowledge with many similarities and differences.
Both sources are used by the people at different places in different times. These both sources are beneficial for the users.
Here are some of the similarities and differences between books and mobile phones. General purpose of books and mobile phones is to provide the readers with
valuable knowledge. The readers read and try to gain a great deal of information and knowledge from these sources.
They enhance their mental capacity by acquiring useful knowledge given in the texts. Apart from knowledge and information, the books and the mobile phones are also
used in free time for the purpose of entertainment. Simply, these are the major sources for the people to gain and increase their knowledge and keep themselves busy.
After all, the knowledge and entertainment given in books and mobile phones are the same. The readers enjoy their free time.
Although, the general purpose of books and mobile phones is the same especially to convey the knowledge given there yet there are some differences as compared to
the way of receiving that knowledge. Some readers prefer mobile phones to gain knowledge whereas others prefer books.
The readers, whose visual capacity is strong, are too lazy to gain knowledge by reading books only. They never feel easy to read books because they are weak in reading.
They don't understand things clearly until they watch them. So for that purpose, they use videos to understand any topic clearly.
Whereas, other readers are interested to read the books. They never understand the things until and unless they read them from the books.
So that they succeed to gain knowledge by reading books only. They always avoid using mobile phones. To sum up, books and mobile phones are helpful for the readers
in some or other ways. Each means offers entertainment and knowledge. One should try to make themselves habitual of reading both sources in order to gain the
knowledge. One or other should not be discarded, but it should be used for the positive purpose.

Purpose of life
The men who work selflessly for others are like the trees who give shades and fruits to those whom they don't know.
A truthful person never gives ears to the gossip. He makes humanity the purpose of his life and continues to help others without noticing what the others say.
To serve humanity is the utmost purpose of life, else life is meaningless.
 Topic: Dolphins: The Compassionate Beings
Dolphins' friendliness has always excelled that of humanity. They are supposed to be more intelligent and helpful than mankind, but they lack behind due to physical
weakness. Further, their benevolent character can be witnessed through communicative gestures of distress towards their community.
Man's superiority is shown in killing those kind creatures. The more a man knows about them, the more he loves them.

Topic: Editing
Editing is a part of the re-drafting process and entails checking the tone, structure and content of your written work to ensure that it has a logical and
coherent flow and expresses ideas clearly and correctly. After you have written a complete draft of your written work, you need to review.
Editing focuses on sentence-level concerns: things like grammar, punctuation, sentence clarity, spelling, and citation.

[Business Letters]. 1. Write a letter to the National Book Foundation for provision of English
Grammar Books for your Library.

June 12, 2024.

The In charge,
The National Book Foundation,
Road Tilak Incline,
Hyderabad.
Dear Mr. Uzair,
I hereby write a letter to request you to provide some updated books for our library. We have settled on a new library in this area. Prior to it, there was no other library
around four kilometers in this area. The parents were upset in this regard. They could not send their children far from the houses. Now, they are happy and send their
children to our library on a regular basis. In this regard, we need new and updated books and we expect from you for the donation of the books.
I, therefore, request you to help us by donating some new books as the users of the library can enhance their knowledge by reading more and more books.
I have also enclosed the list of the required books. Looking forward to hearing from your early response.
Thanks
Yours sincerely,
XYZ.

2. Write a letter to the manager of the bank complaining about the unprofessional behavior of
the staff.

June 12, 2024.

The Manager,
Muslim Commercial Bank,
Karachi.
Dear Mr. Ali,
I hereby write to complain regarding the unprofessional behavior of your staff. I came here today for the purpose of opening a new account. As I entered the bank, I saw
the workers were busy in chit chat. I asked the guide for directions. He ignored me to answer because he was busy using cellphone. After some time, when I asked him
thrice or four times, he showed me the accountant office. As I went there, the accountant officer did not offer me a seat. I sat on the vacant seat. Almost after ten
minutes, he asked me the reason as he was also busy on a phone call. At the end, he gave me an account opening form. I did not experience any polite and positive
response by the staff.
I, therefore, request you to take this matter seriously and try to make your staff more professional as the customers never again feel any difficulty while opening an
account.
Thanks.
Yours Sincerely,
XYZ.

[Formal Email] 1. Write a formal email to your college Principal asking / requesting him to
grant permission for an educational visit to University of Sindh, Jamshoro.

To: abcschoolprincipal@gmail.com
cc: ahmedcordinator@yahoo.com
bcc: sanihaincharge@gmail.com
Subject: Request for permission for an educational visit to University of Sindh,
Jamshoro.

Dear Sir,
I am writing this email requesting you to grant permission to our class for an educational visit to University of Sindh, Jamshoro.
I, Ahmed Junaid, am a student of class XI, section B of your renowned College. I hereby kindly request you to organize an educational visit for the students of our class.
All my classmates are quite willing to go on an educational tour. We all wish to visit University of Sindh, Jamshoro. It is a well-known place and will be a great learning
opportunity for all of us. Since we all will join the university soon after completing our college education.
In this regard, we will be aware of the environment of the university and we will closely watch the way of delivering the educational classes by the professors.

I therefore, on behalf of my class, request you kindly grant us permission to visit the university as we may understand the education provided in the university.
I look forward to your careful consideration of this matter.

Yours Sincerely,
XYZ.
2. A news channel to produce some motivational TV programs on education.

To: abcschoolprincipal@gmail.com
cc: ahmedcordinator@yahoo.com
bcc: sanihaincharge@gmail.com
Subject: Request to produce some motivational TV programs on education.

Dear Sir,
I am writing this email requesting you to produce some motivational TV programs on education. This is the technological era. In this age social media is dominant.
Cable network is the demand of every house. People of all ages watch television in their free time. It is very sad to say that the TV channels do not produce any
motivational programs on education for the children and the young. Your channel is watched almost all over the country.
The motivational programs are the demand of the day. So the new educational motivational programs should be on air by your channel.

I, therefore, request you to produce new motivational programs on education as our children are motivated to give more interest in their education. I hope for your
positive response.
Thanks.
Yours Sincerely,
XYZ.

[Informal Email and Formal Report] “Celebration of Independence Day on 14th August at your
school. Reported by Mania. 15 August 2022.

The Independence Day Celebration was held on Monday, 15th August 2022 at Government Comprehensive College Latifabad with much grandeur.
The celebration day started at 9:30 a.m. and ended at 2.30 p.m. The day was divided into the following activities i.e.
The Recitation and Naat, the speeches, debates, tableaus, parade, national songs, National Anthem and distribution of sweets.

The function started with the recitation of the Holy Quran, then Naat. After that the Principal of our college inaugurated the ceremony in the presence of all the
teachers,
students and all other non-teaching staff. Around 2000 students and other participants attended the celebration.
The whole campus was decorated with festoons and placards. A committee was formed headed by the Principal to celebrate the program.
The day started with the recitation, then the inaugural speech of the principal. After that the Chief Guest delivered a speech.

Then the students started their celebration. Tableaus, speeches and debates were performed by the students. Each class performed brilliantly. In all segments,
the national heroes were praised and were given tributes. The celebration continued amidst the clapping and cheerful voices till 2 p.m. everybody enjoyed a lot.
At 2 p.m., all the students were settled in a row for the national anthem. Before performing the national anthem, the principal thanked all the participants and
promised to hold such programs in the future. At the end, sweets were distributed among the participants.
However, everybody enjoyed the day and the organizers were highly appreciated. The function revealed many lessons before the audience.

(Formal Email and Formal Report) A Formal Report on the Facilities Provided by the College
Administration.

For the attention of: The Principal of the College.

Reported by: Muhammad Ahmed, a first year.
Report Date: 11-06-2024.

Abstract:
The report has been written to expose the facilities provided by the college administration.
The facilities are divided into…
1. Academic (Access to library, computer lab, auditorium, etc.)
2. Health and hygiene (clean washroom, availability of water, proper food at college canteen, etc.)
3. Co-curricular (playground, sports material, gymnasium, etc.)
The facts are collected by research.
I found the above materials in the college provided by the management. Some things are remaining and needed to be completed.

Introduction The report is about the facilities provided by our administration to our college. Previously there was lack of material in the college,
now the administration has tried to provide the needed facilities. It was the need of time. Body Administration has completed the academic requirements of the
college.
A library, a computer lab and auditorium are sanctioned. Now our students and teacher can easily read the books and can easily access the global community by net.
Health facilities have also been provided. Each class room has a separate Durbin and filtered water machines are fitted. Additionally, cleanliness is promoted.
For co-curricular activities a playground for cricket and football is provided.

Conclusion:
The above facilities provided by the administration are much appreciated. Such steps must be continued. Hope for a better and positive response in the future too.

Yours truly
xyz

(Resume and Covering Letter)

Room#5, B-Block,
Examination Hall,
Karachi.
Mr. Junaid,
Director of Human Resources,
Beacon House College System,
142 Jam Street,
Karachi.
Dear Mr. Junaid,
At present, I am working as a Subject Specialist at Ahmed Dawood School. I am writing in response to an advertisement which was published
in Daily Dawn dated 07-12-2022. It is in the advertisement that the position of English Lecturer is lying vacant in your college.
I am confident that my academic background and curriculum development skills would be successfully utilized in this teaching position.

I have done my Master degree in English Literature from University of Sindh. I have experienced in teaching and have worked at different schools and
colleges for the last 13 years. I was dedicated, punctual, and regular during my working period. I feel that I am the most suitable candidate for this job because of my
ambition to make a change. I am confident that as a teacher in your school system, I can create a productive learning environment that is student centered.
I welcome the opportunity to discuss with you in person my ideas and qualifications. Please contact me at any time you should you wish to arrange a
meeting/interview.

Thank you for your consideration.

Sincerely,
UmmeAiman.
Enclosu
Introduction: Elements of Poetry
Poetry: "Expression of feelings and ideas in an imaginative style with distinctive rhythm, rhyme, and meter."

ELEMENTS OF POETRY 1. Line 2. Foot 3. Meter 4. Stanza 5. Rhyme 6. Rhyming pattern 7. Free verse.

FORMS AND GENRES OF POETRY 1. Lyric 2. Sonnet 3. Elegy 4. Ode 5. Ballad 6. Epic.

POETIC DEVICES AND FIGURES OF SPEECH 1. Simile 2. Metaphor 3. Personification 4. Hyperbole 5. Alliteration
6. Onomatopoeia 7. Oxymoron 8. Irony 9. Symbol 10. Imagery

1. What is meant by rhyme in poetry?

Ans. 'The same sound at the end of poetic lines' is meant rhyme in poetry.

2. What is meter in poetry?

Ans. Meter functions as a means of imposing a specific number of syllables in a line of poetry.

3. What are different kinds of stanza?

Ans. Stanza is the division of a poem in a certain number of lines having the same meter, rhyme, and a unifying idea or image.
Stanza is of the following kinds.
1. A couplet (two lines stanza) 2. A Tercet (three lines stanza) 3. Quatrain (four lines stanza)
4. Quaintain (five lines stanza) 5. Sestet (six lines stanza) 6. Octave (eight lines stanza)

4. What is a sonnet?
Ans. The word Sonnet means a little song. Sonnet is a 14 line lyrical poem divided into two stanzas: an octave and sestet.
The sonnet's three main types are Italian, English and Spenserian.

5. What is the function of poetic devices?

Ans. The main function of the poetic devices to enhance the meaning or mood of the poem.

PART -2 SAMPLE POEM

Q1. What type of poem is it? Explain and justify your answer?
Ans. "The Sonnet Composed Upon the Westminster Bridge" is a natural poet. It reveals the morning nature of London. Wordsworth was the poet of nature. He depicts
the natural beauty of the commercial city early in the morning, when there is everyone in deep sleep. He stands on the bridge above the river Thames. From the bridge,
he emphasizes the pure nature free from pollution of smoke from ships, mills and other buildings.

Q2. How many stanzas are there in the poem and what are they called?
Ans. There are two stanzas in the poem. They are called Octave (first eight lines) and Sestet (second six lines). Because the poem is a sonnet.

Q3. Write down the rhyming scheme of the poem?

Ans. The first eight lines rhyming scheme is: ABBA, ACCA. And the The next six lines rhyming scheme is: ABABAB.
 Poem 1 "The Character of a Happy Life."

Q1. What does the poet mean when he says that happy man does not serve another's will?
Ans: A Happy man does not serve another's will. Here the poet means that a happy man always listens to his heart.
He does not act upon the directions given to him by others. He never listens to other while deciding the cases of his life. He is the king of his life.

Q2. Explain briefly, how Sir Henry Wotton's happy man is 'having not yet has all'?
Ans. The poet wants to say that the happy man is free from all kinds of the worldly restraints. He is contended within his means. He is the master of his will. He has a
spiritual power. He has no wealth, land and property, but he has a constant conscience that keeps him happy in condition of life.

Q3. What a happy man is taught from his very birth?

Ans. 'Don't follow another's will' is taught to a happy man from his very birth.

Q4. Write the central idea of the poem 'The Character of a Happy Life'?
Ans. The poem "The Character Of A Happy Life" gives us an idea that a happy life is obtained by establishing a character with good qualities of a peaceful life.
A person who always speaks the truth, thinks and acts in a free manner and does not care about worldly temptations but remains thankful, humble and
patient within his/her life truly represents the character of a happy life.

Q5. Write the rhyming scheme of the poem?

Ans. The rhyming scheme of the poem is. abab, cdcd and so on (similar things or etc)

Q6. What are the sources of happiness other than those mentioned in the poem?
Ans. Other sources of happiness are keep your parents happy. To offer pray deeply.

Stanza’s Explanation
Stanza 1. Explanation: The poet says that a happy man is the one who is independent in his thinking and action. He is not a slave of other man. He does not act
as other wants him to. He is honest in his conduct and deal with someone ever. Honesty is the only weapon with which a happy man protect himself. He is truthful and
lives a happy and honorable life. Truthfulness is his greatest quality for which he is honored. Due to such qualities he leads a happy life free from any kinds of negativity.

Stanza 2. Explanation: The poet says that the man who is not affected by his passion is a happy man. He is not moved by a strong desire such as anger and
hatred and love. He has a balanced temper. His sound is not filled by death. A truly happy man does not aspire for the love of a prince nor does he care for the criticism
of the common man. In other words, he does not care for the worldly pleasures of our sorrows. Nothing affects his goal of life. Such qualities help him lead a happy life
forever.
Stanza 3. Explanation The poet says that a happy man is never jealous of those who have risen to eminence by sheer chance and not by their merit or hard
work. Nor does he envy those who achieve success by adopting unfair or wicked means. A happy man is free from bad habits. The world is full of deceitful people, who
praise in our face and stab us in the back. He knows that false praise always brings deep wounds that are very difficult to heal. Moreover, he does not carry for the so-
called rules formed by the autocratic government which are not in the interest of the people. A happy man observes the rules that are based on goodness and
righteousness and promote the well-being of mankind.

Stanza 4. Explanation The poet says that a happy man is free from rumours. Neither he believes in them nor is he influenced by them. He always listen to the
voice of his conscience and is guided by it. He possesses a well-balanced mind that is free from worldly anxieties and worries. He is very careful about flatters. He is not
influenced by false praise and flattery does not feel him with pride. Even cruel and unjust people cannot cause him any harm because he does not believe in them.
Such a man is, does, always a happy man.

Stanza 5.Explanation The poet says that in order to lead a happy life, a man should pray to God every day in the morning as well as in the evening. He should do
so not to seek worldly things about to obtain God’s blessings and mercy. He should not harm anybody, at any time in the whole day. Instead, he should indulge in
entertaining himself for bypassing his time in reading good books or in the company of good friend such a man can lead a happy life.

Stanza 6. Explanation: In this stanza, the poet says that in order to lead a happy life, a man should be free from the chance of slavery. He should be
independent in his thought and action. A happy man is free from all kinds of hopes and fears. He does not feel over joyed by his achievement, nor does he get
disheartened by failure. He will possess self-control, though, he does not have any property in his position. He may not be the master of wealth or land, but he is always
self-contented. Though he may be poor, he has self-respect and freedom.
Poem.2 DON'T QUIT"
Q1. What is the poet's message in the first stanza?
Ans. The poet's message in the first stanza is that a man should not worried about his condition.
Whatever tension he does have he should not take his steps back.
He should set out his plan and should continue his efforts to achieve his target till the breath of his life.

Q2. Which lines of the poem do you like the most and why?
Ans. Life is queer with its twists and turns, As everyone of us sometimes learns, I like the above lines of the poem most because they are based on the realities of life.
Our life is full of ups and downs and we learn a lot while going through them.

Q4. Find similes, metaphors and alliterations in the poem.?

Ans. Similes: "When things go wrong, as they sometimes will."
Metaphor: 'Success is failure turned inside out.' The silver tint of clouds of doubt.
Alliteration: "Life is queer with its twists and turns”

Q5. Discuss how the poem helps the reader to be optimistic in every situation?
Ans. The poem helps the reader to be optimist in every situation of life. Repeatedly, it bounds the them to continue their struggles.
Come what may happen they should not give up in their efforts. To face the challenges of life positively is the main purpose of the poem.

Q6. What effect does the poem create on the reader?

Ans. The poem creates a positive effect on the reader. It teaches that in every situation of life a man should be optimist.

Q7. What is the message of the poem?

Ans. The message of the poem is that one should be determined, persevered, optimist, and should have a will power.
He/she should not give up while time goes against him/her. He/she should wait but never should quit. At last, he/she will achieve utmost success.

Q8. Why does the poet term life 'queer with twists and turns'?
Ans. The poet terms life 'queer with twists and turns' in order to tell us that the life is full of ups and downs.
So we should not be worried while downs or ups come in our life.

Q9. What is the benefit of not quitting as suggested in the poem?

Ans. The benefit of not quitting as suggested in the poem is utmost success. If one does not quit come what may happen, one will definitely reach its destination.

1. Read about the following famous personalities who turned their failures into success?
Ans: Abraham Lincoln, Albert Einstein and J.K. Rowling.
Extra Questions
2. What comes to your mind after reading them?
Ans: After reading them it comes to my mind that come what may happen one should not quit…

Stanza’s Explanation

(1). When things go wrong ..... but don't you quit

In the first stanza of the poem, the reader should immediately take note of the poet’s use of anaphora. This occurs when the writer repeats the same word or phrase at
the beginning of multiple lines. In this case, four of the five lines of the first stanza begin with the word “when."
These lines set up a series of instances in which readers are going to have to persevere through the hardest moments in their lives.
For example, the poet says that when “the funds are low, and the deaths are high” or when “the road you’re trudging seems all uphill,”
it is important to rest “if you must, but don’t you quit.”
The main theme of the poem is revealed in the fifth line of the stanza. Readers should walk away from the poem after they finish all four stanzas with newfound
strength and determination to persevere through any hardship they might have to deal with.

(2). Life is queer .... with another blow

In the second stanza, the speaker emphasizes how complicated life is. It is not going to play out the way that one expects.
The speaker describesa “fellow” who turns away from hardship rather than persevering. This person would’ve “won” if he had “stuck it out.”
The speaker uses this very vague example as a way to inspire readers to persevere, no matter if the issue they’re dealing with seems impossible.
In combination with descriptions of perseverance, the speaker uses endurance-based images that compare working hard to get through a tough time to running at a
consistent speed, or “pace.”
The second stanza ends with the speaker saying that often, the end is closer than it seems, especially when one is “faint and faltering” (a great example of alliteration
and imagery)
 (3). Often the goal ...... to the golden crown.
The third stanza is the shortest of the three. It returns to the same images that the poet used in the previous two stanzas, asking readers to remember how important it
is to continue working hard no matter how negative the situation is.
Just like the “fellow” in the previous stanza, here, the speaker refers to a “struggler” who would’ve captured the “victors cup” if he had not given up.
The speaker also uses metaphors like “the golden crown” to refer to success in the broadest of terms.
This could be a financial success, success in a relationship, a difficult family matter, or any other issue that one has to deal with.

(4). Success is failure...... that you mustn't quit.

In the final stanza, the speaker says that “success is failure turned inside out.” Here, the speaker is trying to emphasize the fact that in failure or in struggle, success is
always there. One has to see the “silver tint of the clouds of doubt” and know that happiness and success are close by.
It’s when things seem the hardest that one “must not quit.”The poem ends with the same few words that the first stanza used in its final line.
This helps create a unified feeling and reminds readers of the central theme that they were introduced to at the beginning of the poem.

"Poem 3. OZYMANDIAS"
Q1. What did the traveler see in the desert and whom did he tell about it?
Ans. The traveler is a broken and shattered statue in the desert. He told to the poet (PB Shelley).

Q2. How can you say that the sculptor was a great artist?
Ans. It can be said that sculptor of the statue of Ozymandias was really a great artist. He figured out the humanistic characteristics on the face of the head of the king,
in a way, that anyone can easily guess What type of king was.

Q3. What was written on the pedestal of the statue of Ozymandias?

Ans. "My name is Ozymandias, the King of Kings" was written on the pedestal of the statue of Ozymandias.

Q4. What is the meaning of the phrase in the poem "the heart that fed"?
Ans. "The heart that fed” here means the heart of king Ozymandias which gave birth to those passions as were mocked, reproduced or copied by the sculptor on the
stone.

Q5. What is ironic about the fate of Ozymandias?

Ans. The condition of the statue and the inscription on the pedestal are ironical. The statue was completely shattered. Only two vast legs stood on the pedestal and
the head was lying in the sand. Whereas the inscription said 'look upon my work ye Mighty and despair' and 'King of kings'.

Q6. What is the message of the poem?

Ans. The message in the poem is that everything here in the world is temporary. No matter how powerful a person is. He or she will surely leave this world.
PB Shelley wants to give the philosophy of transience through this poem.

Q7. How does this poem relate to your life?

Ans. This poem is about the mortality of the world. Everyone has to die in the world. It is related in this sense that we will also die one day.
So we should do as much good work as we can do.

Q8. The proud Ozymandias lie forgotten in the desert. Comment?

Ans. The Ozymandias was a powerful king in the ancient history of the world. He called himself the king of Kings. He never thought that he would be vanished.
But it was his illusion. He died and is forgotten now forever. No one mentions his name these days.
All in this The world is changing. One will be superseded by another. So never be proud.

Extra Questions

1. Read the following quote and guess the theme of the poem. "Graveyard are full of the people who thought themselves
indispensable".
Ans. I think the theme of the poem would be definitely about the mortality of all things in the world. In the graveyards you will find the graves of those people too
who thought themselves as the lord of the world.

2. 'Every rise has a fall.' discuss it in the light of the poem.?

Ans. 'Every rise has a fall' is a quote that means no one is permanent here in the world. Man, either weak or powerful, has to die.
The powerful position does not persist forever. It has an ending. Come very high you may go you have to come down one day. You will be buried in the sand of land.
So one should not be proud as Ozymandias in the a poem is shown. He was a powerful king. He thought himself as the supreme king.
He also died and could not save himself. So the The world is changing. Rise and fall are the parts of these changes.

Stanza’s Explanation

Stanzas. (1-8) I met a traveler. ...... and the heart that fed;
Explanation: These lines have been taken from the poem Ozymandias written by Percy Bysshe Shelley.
In these lines, the poet tells that he met a traveler from an old and deserted land. The traveler told him that he saw two big legs standing in the desert.
The two huge legs, which were made of stone, were standing without the upper part of the body. The other part of the statue lay nearby.
The arms and the face were broken and it was in a miserable condition. It was half sunk into the sand. The sand and dust covered the body.
Yet the signs of displeasure and expressions of ruthlessness and pride could be noticed on the face of the sculpture.
The poet says that the skillful hands of the sculptor had left the accurate expression of the man into his sculptor.
The expression of aggression, power, and pride was even obvious on the lifeless body of the King.
The poet has tried to explain that immorality has a permanent impression on our body as well as on our soul.
So, it cannot be erased even if we pass away.

(9-14) And on the pedestal ...... stretch far away.

Explanation: These lines have been taken from the poem Ozymandias written by Percy Bysshe Shelley.
In these lines, the poet has described what we can call the message of the poem.
As the traveler continues to describe what he saw in the desert, he says that there were some texts written in the base of the statue.
It read as the texts tell that the name of the king was Ozymandias. He was the most powerful king. He ordered the kings to see his statue and feel belittled.
But the tragedy is that now nothing remains except a lifeless statue of the king. The huge statue itself tells about the glory of the king.
But now this huge and splendid statue has fallen victim to nature. The broken pieces of the statue are vanishing in the sand.
The sand is stretching far away and the statue of King Ozymandias is getting a thick layer of sand on it. It cannot be seen anywhere.

Poem 4. " Good Timber"

Q1. What is the significance of the title of the poem?
Ans. The title of the poem ‘Good Timber’ holds significance with respect to the message of the poem. The poet has artfully compared good timber with good people.
He believes that it is not easy for both, timber and people to become good without going through hard times. It is a bare fact that the more they suffer, the more they
become worthwhile and beneficial for the society.

Q2. What happens to the people who work hard?

Ans. The people who work hard face many difficulties in life. They work hard for a better life, but it does not come easily. One has to bear hardships in order to live a
perfect and meaningful life. So, when he starts hard working, the challenges appear one by one in every step of his life. He faces every challenge that makes his life
meaningful.

Q3. How can one achieve one's true potential in life according to the poem?
Ans. One can achieve his true potential only when he faces hardships, difficulties and tough times with courage and determination. According to the poet, a man
becomes strong when encounters and overcomes adversity in life. Hardships, unfavorable conditions and difficult situations polish our abilities and capabilities. A
person does not become strong if he gets everything easily without putting in hard work. A person should learn to achieve such qualities from a good timber.

Q4. Why does the poet suggest people to be like Good Timber?
Ans. The poet wants to reveal a useful message for his readers. He compares an ordinary tree to a good timber. An ordinary tree does not have any prominent position
in the forest because it spend it's time as it came to this world. It neither tries to change the position nor dares to bear hardships for a better position. On the other
hand, a Good timber remains ready to face hardships of life. It becomes more perfect when faced with more storms. So the poet suggests the people to be I like being a
good timer and facing the difficulties of life. In such way your the position will be strong and meaningful.

Q5. Which poetic devices are used in the poem?

Ans. There are several poetic devices used in the poem "Good Timber".
But the most prominent are given below. 1. Metaphor. 2. Personification. 3. Hyperbole. 4. Alliteration.

Q6. Write the central idea of the poem?

Ans. The central idea of the poem ‘Good Timber’ is that in order to become good and beneficial one has to face hardships and difficulties in life.
Both timber and man have to overcome adversity with courage and determination. Struggle is a key to success to live a perfect, valuable life otherwise both of them die
without achieving anything worthwhile in their life.

Q7. How does this poem relate to your life?

Ans. A man always ignores to face the difficult situation of life. When a situation comes, he/she turns his face from and starts another work. Resultantly, he/she
creates a habit of doing easy thing. So, when, a difficult problem occurs, we become helpless to face it because we have not made ourselves habitual of facing such
difficult problems. It is related to every second person of our country. In this sense poem is related to us. It tells us our draw-backs. We should be like a good timber
which teaches us to face difficult problems.
EXTRA QUESTION
1. "The stronger the wind, the stronger the tree." Read the line and guess the theme of the poem.
Ans. I think the theme of the poem would be the uses of adversity. As much difficulties you will face as much stronger you will be,
because good qualities always develop in difficulties.
2. Identify the poetic devices in the poem. Make a list of them and use them in your sentences.
Ans. Throughout ‘Good Timber Malloch makes use of several literary devices. These include but are not limited
1. Metaphors, 2. Alliteration, 3. Hyperbole. (They hold counsel with the stars).
This entire poem is one extended metaphor comparing trees to human beings. The tree mentioned in the first stanza represents someone who has never had to fight for
anything in their life. This man had more than enough “sun and sky and air and light.” Although this initially seems like a good thing, the speaker turns the text in a
different directions. Alliteration is an interesting formal device that can be seen through the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of multiple words.

3. 'Life grows when a person comes out of their comfort zone.' Elaborate this statement in the light of the poem 'The Good
Timber'?
Ans. It is a human nature that a man does not strive for a new thing, while he is already in comfort. Comfortable man has not enthuse for doing work. When someone
comes out of the comfortable life into the hard realities, he/she starts to think the way to save himself or herself from the hard realities of life. In hardships, one person
learns more and more. Because, adversity makes a man perfect.

Stanza’s Explanation
(1-6) The tree that ......... a scrubby thing.
These lines have been taken out from the poem of "Good Timber", which is written by Douglas Malloch.
In these lines, the poet uses a tree as a metaphor that represents someone who had never had to fight for anything in his life. This tree had more than enough of its
basic needs like sun, sky, air, and light. A coddled person or tree who lives an easy life does not worry about resources. They have all the food, water, air, and light they
need to survive. The poet reveals the outcome of such a life in the last two lines of the stanza. This type of tree will never become head or one of the largest and
strongest trees of the forest. This kind of tree does not have any greatness because greatness can't be achieved without struggle. This type of tree often struck down as
a useless and inferior creature.

(7-12) The man who .......... died as he began.

These lines have been taken out from the poem of "Good Timber", which is written by Douglas Malloch. In these lines, the poet talks about a person who never became
hardworking and disciplined in his life. The poet describes a man who was given opportunities to gain and grow and develop his personality and future a person who
does not struggle for a better future, significant personality and unlimited worldly resources never becomes a brave man and always lives a bad life without
development. His position socially, economically, and morally does not improve because he does feel the need to go beyond his readily available resources.

(13-18) Good Timber does not ........ good Timber grow.

These lines have been taken out from the poem "Good Timber", which is written by Douglas Malloch. In these lines, the poet describes the elements and ways through
which fine stuff and good timber grow. The development of successful life lies in facing hardships and in overcoming hurdles. The poet compares a man to a tree who
gets its strength through snowy storms and strong winds. It has to fight and face the sun and cold. It encounters throughout its days in the further sky than the scrubby
thing ever did. A tree or man who in danger himself and confronts the tragic realities of the world, at last, grows in nice stuff, fine quality, and good timber.

(19-24) Where thickest lies ........... common law of life.

These lines have been taken out from the poem of "Good Timber", which is written by Douglas Malloch. In these lines, the poet describes the environment of the
exalted man and the good timber tree. Where there is a cluster of great personalities, we can find forefathers of good timber and successful man. Due to their loftiness,
they seem to consult with stars. They tap into a deeper knowledge and talk intimately with forces that others cannot understand the tree and men share their loss and
wounds of hardships and hostility of their lives which have become common law. It reveals who they are and who they lived.
"Poem 5. LUCY GRAY"
Q1. Where did Lucy live and what kind of child she was?
Ans. Lucy lived on wild moor. She was solitary child. She does not have any friend or partner.

Q2. Where did Lucy's father send her and why?

Ans. Lucy's father sent Lucy to the town to bring her mother back.

Q3. What did Lucy mean when she said 'yonder is the moon'?
Ans. "Yonder is the moon' Lucy means to say that there is yet enough time for the night to fall.

Q4. Why did Lucy take lantern with her?

Ans. Lucy had to go to the town to bring her mother back. She took lantern with her in order to see the path in a stormy weather.
Because, the storm was also expected.

Q5. Do you think that the tragedy would have been prevented if Lucy's father himself had gone down the town?
Ans. Lucy's father was experienced and aged person. He was familiar with the tracks of the town.
So, If he, instead of Lucy, had gone down to the town, the tragedy would have been prevented.

Q6. What happened to Lucy while she was going to the town?
Ans. Lucy Gray's feet were slipped down and she wandered up and down. It was an unexpected storm before the time.
She lost her way and fell from the hills. She tried to climb the hills but could not reach the town.

Q7. What efforts did Lucy's parents make in finding her?

Ans. Lucy's parents searched her far and wide. They shouted all the night. After a long search, they succeeded to trace her feet on the bridge.
The feet led them snowy path to the hawthorn hedge of the bridge, where their daughter was slipped down and died.

Q8. What led the Lucy's parents to the bridge?

Ans. Lucy's footmarks led her parents to the bridge.

Q9. What do people still believe (maintain) about Lucy Gray and why?
Ans. Lucy had become immortal because after her death the people began to believe that she was still a living child who could be seen alone at the break of the day
only those who had the deep concern with natural beauty. She was seen by singing a solitary song in the moor, walking rough and smooth and never looked behind.

Stanza’s Explanation

1. Oft I had heard ........ the solitary child.

Reference to Context:
Reference: These lines have been taken from the poem "Lucy Gray" written by William Wordsworth.

Context: In this poem poet tells the story of a small girl who went to fetch her mother from town. But she was lost in storm of snow. Her foot prints went up to a
stream, perhaps she was drown in it. Poet believes that her soul still haunts the hill and sings a sweet song to guide the people in stormy nights.

Explanation: In these lines poet says that he had often heard about small girl named Lucy Gray. One day when he was crossing the wild plain. He happened to see
her walking all alone.

2. No mate, no comrade Lucy ........ beside a human door.

Explanation: In these lines poet says that Lucy was alone for she had no companion or friend. She lived with her parents on a vast plain she was most beautiful child
ever born on earth.

3. You yet may spy ......... will never more be seen.

Explanation: In these lines poet says that if you have seen fawn the young one of dear jumping on the green lawn or if you have seen a hare scampering on the
ground with joy, you may know what real beauty is. Fawn is still there, hare is still there but you would not be able to see the beautiful and charming face of Lucy Gray
any more.

4. "Tonight will be .......... through the snow."

Explanation: In these lines poet tells that one afternoon Lucy's father told her that he expected a snow storms that night he was worried about his wife because she
had not yet returned from the town. He there fore asked her to take lantern and guide her mother back home.
 5. "That, father, will I gladly ....... yonder is the moon."
Explanation: In these lines poet tells that she replied to her father that she would gladly under take that duty. It was still midday and the church clockhad struck
two. So she thought that there was enough time to go on that journey. As the moon was visible, so she would go after some time.

6. At this the father ......... lantern in her hand.

Explanation: In these lines poet tells that Lacy's father took his hook and began to each off some branches of tree. He was doing his work when Lucy took the
lantern in his hand and went to the town.

7. Not blither is the mountain ......... rises up like smoke.

Explanation: In these lines poet says that Lucy began to walk quickly in the manner of a mountain deer. As she walked play fully on the snow it was scattered by her
bursting feet and rose like the smoke from chimney.

8 The storm came on ............ reached the town.

Explanation: In these lines poet tells that the storm came much before the expected time. Poor Lucy roamed about and lost her way. She climbed up and down
many mountains, but she could never reach the town.

9 The wretched parents .......... serve them for a guide.

Explanation: In these lines poet tells that the parents of Lucy were much worried, when she did not return home. They went out shouting every where all that night
in search of Lucy. But their efforts bor no fruit and they could not find their daughter.

10 At daybreak on ......... furlong from their door.

Explanation:In these lines poet tells that her parents searched for her all the night. On the following day they climbed up a hill. They went on its top and looked
down the plain below. From there they saw a wooden bridge a furlong from their home. They guessed that the girl might have been lost there.

11 They wept-and, turning .......... Of Lucy's feet.

Explanation: In these lines poet tells that when they did not find their daughter, they wept bitterly and returned home. They thought that they could no longer find
their daughter and that they would meet her in paradise. As they were going back her mother found traces of her feet in snow.

12 Then down words ......... long stone-wall

Explanation: In these lines poet tells that then the parents of Lucy traced their daughter's foot prints from the slope of the hill to it's extreme end. They search for
her even by the long wall of stone and the broken hedge of hawthorn in the hope of finding her dead body.

13 And then an open ......... they came.

Explanation: In these lines poet says that then the parents of Lucy crossed an open field. Even now her foot prints could be seen in the same position they traced
the marks towards and came to the bridge.

EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. Look at the picture and express what you observe in it?
Ans. I observe an obedient child going somewhere. She has a lantern in order to see the track. Surrounding the child a storm can also be felt.
2. How can you describe an obedient child?
Ans. An obedient child never says 'no' to its parents. It sacrifices its life for the sake of parents. It heartily respects its elders.
3. How much are your parents attached to you?
Ans. My parents are totally attached to me. They never force me to do any work. They give preference to my will. They really respect me a lot.
4. Does anyone among you know a story related to a child?
Ans. Ye I know a story related to a child of our village. She was 9 years old. She was the daughter of a farmer. Near to our village, there was a well. On night, she went
out to buy things from a nearby shop. She didn't return for a long time. When her parents went for search, they saw her body floating in the well. It was a very mournful
night in our village.
5. What do you know about William Wordsworth?
Ans. I know that William Wordsworth was a romantic poet. He was born in the lake district of England. Thus he was also called the Lake poet. He started a new type of
poetry called romantic poetry. He was really a great poet.
6. How should elders guide their children to save themselves from some forcible dangers?
Ans. Elders should totally focus on the environment of their house. Firstly they should create an environment safe from abuses and odd words. They should not talk
with one another harshly and loudly in front of their children. Because, the children always try to copy their elders. They act what they learn from their parents.
Secondly, they should try to keep cooperative behavior with their children. As the children can easily share problems with their elders. In such way the parents will be
able to know the problems of their children. And in critical conditions, elders should help them in every way.

Q Give a critical appreciation of the poem based on the following aspects?

Ans)
1. Poetic Diction.

2. Theme
Ans. Two of the main themes throughout Wordsworth’s poem concern nature and the loss of a loved one. Lucy not only lives away from society on the moors, but she
also travels through the wilderness. It is suggested that she enjoys nature because people claim to hear her playfully whistling on her journey to town.

3. Structure Lucy Gray was written in 1799, appeared in the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads, published in 1800.
This is opposite to The Abbot of Canterbury, which is traditional ballad. The ballad is divided into 16 stanza, 64 lines.
Each stanza has divided into four lines (quatrain). The rhyming scheme is abab and so on.
The ballad is simple tragic story of a lonely girl.

4. Language. The language in the poem "Lucy Gray" is plain and simple. Form and language in their bare simplicity,
contribute to the bleak tone of the poem-the story of a simple tragedy in a cold bleak countryside beneath the snow.

5. Message In this poem the poet believes that Lucy Gray's soul becomes the part of nature after her death.
Her soul still haunts the hill and sings a sweet song to guide the people in stormy nights.
 "Poem 6. THE ABBOT OF CANTERBURY"
Q1. What was the dispute between the King and the Abbot?
Ans. The dispute between the two, the king and the Abbot, was about the wealthy and luxurious life style. When the king heard about the renowned life of the Abbot,
he started to envy him and his wealth. He thought, though he was the King, yet he did not live as luxuriously as the Abbot live.
So that he brought the Abbot in trial for his luxurious life.

Q2. What efforts did the Abbot make in order to save himself?
Ans. The Abbot paid visit to the scholars and doctors of Oxford and Cambridge universities.

Q3. What were the questions that the King asked?

Ans. The king asked the following three questions. 1. What was the price of king? 2. How long would he take time to travel the world? 3. What was he thinking at that
time?

Q4. What was the shepherd's answer to the first question of the King?
Ans. The shepherd's answer to the first question of the king was that the price of the king would be 29 pens. Because, the Christ was sold in 30 pens, so the king would
be sold one penny lesser that the price of the Christ.

Q5. What was the shepherd's answer to the second question of the King?
Ans. The shepherd's answer to second question of the king was that he could travel the world in a day. Because, if he would start to walk early in the morning, he
would surely return in the evening. So, there are 24 hours in a day. Thus he could travel the world as much as he could travel in 24 hours.

Q6. What was the shepherd's answer to the third question of the King?
Ans. The shepherd's answer to the third question was very funny. He told the king that he was thinking him Abbot, but he was his poor shepherd. And he begged
pardon for shepherd.

Q7. How did the king express his emotions after being answered his all questions?
Ans. The king became so happy. He laughed loudly and swore by mass. Happily, he offered the post of Abbot to the shepherd.

Q8. Why did the shepherd not accept king's offer?

Ans. The shepherd did not accept king's offer because he was an uneducated. So he requested the King not to give him any high position which did not fit to his
qualification.

Q9. How was the Abbot benefited by his shepherd's bold answers?
Ans. The Abbot's life was saved by his shepherd's bold answers. It was settled between the king and the Abbot that the Abbot would be beheaded if he could not
answer the three questions. The shepherd gave and got pardon for his master Abbot.

Q10. What is the main idea of this ballad?

Ans. The Abbot of Canterbury' is an interesting poem and the main idea behind it is that it urges the readers not to judge the people and their wisdom on the ground
of the appearance and profession. Education is not the legacy of any university or other institute. It can be gained from every where and by every one in the world. So
one should try to learn from everywhere.
EXTRA QUESTIONS
1. Discuss the poem 'The Abbot of Canterbury' as a ballad?
Ans. The poem The Abbot of Canterbury, included in our book, is a ballad. Ballads have crude language because fine writing would not be suitable for the telling of this
straightforward and amusing folk story. King John ruled England from 1199 to 1219, was a very unpleasant man and a thoroughly bad kind.
It is a ballad of unknown telling an ancient story consisting of 100 lines of regular rhythm

2. "That a fool he may learn a wise man wit." Predict the theme of the after reading the line.?
Ans. I think, the theme of the poem would be that the wisdom is not the legacy of any particular faction of the people. It is for the people who try to get it.

Stanza’s Explanation

(1_4) An ancient story ......... maintained little right.

Explanation: (These lines have been taken from the poem "The Abbot of Canterbury''.) In these lines the poet starts with these words that he then wants to tell the
story about King John. He ruled England by sheer force. He was responsible for doing much that was wrong, very little that was right.

(5-8) And I'll tell you a story ........... fair London town.
Explanation: In these lines poet says that he tells us a very funny story about Abbot of Canterbury. The king heard about his great reputation and wealth. His
officials brought him with great speed to London.
 (9-12) An hundred men ......... waited the Abbot about.
Explanation: In these lines, the poet says that the king heard that the Abbot entertained a hundred man every day and the fifty servant dressed in the velvet and
golden chains waited up on him.

(13-16) 'How now, father Abbot? ......... against my crown."

Explanation: In these lines, the poet says that the king said to Abbot that he had heard that he lived even more magnificently than himself. He suspected that in
order to win such reputation, he might be wrong treason against him.

(17-20) 'My liege', quoth the abbot ......... true-gotten gear'.

Explanation: In these lines poet says that the Bishop replied that he had always spend only what belonged to him. He had always spent only what belonged to him.
He hoped that his Majesty would not punish him for speaking his honestly earned wealth.

(21-24) 'Yes, yes, father abbot .......... smitten from thy body.
Explanation: In these lines poet says that king said to the Abbot that he had committed a fmgreat crime and he deserved to die for it. If he would not reply his three
questions he would be beheaded.
(25-28) 'And first,' quoth the king ......... penny what I am worth.
Explanation: In these lines poet says that first of all he must tell him (king) to a penny what he is worth when sits among his noble subjects there with his precious
crown on his head.

Poem 7. Selections from Sur Khahori

Q1. How is Khahori's character depicted by the poet?
Ans. Khahoris character is depicted according to their struggle. They have an ascetic character.
They try to achieve that character by adopting many self-denying activities. After a long period of struggle they succeed to achieve the spirit.

Q2. How do the Khahoris experience sleep?

Ans. If one night, we will sleep in the company of Kachoris, we will definitely achieve the spiritual power, because with them is the Lord of the world.

Q3. Where and why do Khahori's spend their days and nights?
Ans. Khahoris spend their days and night mostly on the mountainous places. They spend their day and night in order to give pain to their bodies.
They use the philosophy of gaining spiritual power by giving pain to their external mass of the body.

Q4. What does the poet want to say when he says "Where not a trace of birds is seen, fire is lit"?
Ans. The poet here wants to tell the reader about the spiritual power of Khahoris. They have spiritual access that's why they can go there where no one can go easily.
They reach there before the birds and make that place brighten.

Q5. What reward does a Khahori get after his hard work?
Ans. A Khahori gets spiritual power after his hard work.

Q6. Sur Khahori is the narration of Khahori's struggle. Elaborate.

Ans. Sur Khahori is one of 30 Surs of Shah Latif's poetry. In this Sur, Latif defines a Khahori and his struggle of satisfying his life.
Khahori always tries to remain in search of spiritual power. He wants to make his soul permanent by giving up the desires of the world.
In order to pious search, he sacrifices his worldly pleasures for the sake of his soul. He also gives pain to his body as though he can achieve the internal happiness.

Q7. Which poetic devices have been used in this poetry? Write with the examples.
Ans. The following poetical devices have been used in this poetry.
1. Metaphor. Examples. Their recognition becomes a raft in this ocean of the world. 2. Hyperbole. Example. Those who gave up both the worlds.
3. Alliteration. Example. Those on the way we're way land. 4. Irony. Example. Where not a trace of birds is seen.

Q8. How do you express your emotions on the struggle of your friend or a family member?
Ans. I always become emotional when I see the struggle of the Carvans of Arbaeen. They travel the distance of Najaf and Karbala by walk.
Their journey is spiritual. They also give pain to their body in order to gain spiritual power

Extra Question
1. Compose your own poem on the theme of Search of Reality, using elements of poetry based on three stanzas? write the
central idea of the lines of Sur Khahori?
Ans. The central idea of the lines of Sur Khahori is that a man should not give up his efforts while walking on the path of truthful people.
They should select the difficult path. As much as they bear hardships, they will reach hastily to their destination.
After toughness and difficulty, one can achieve a very high and strong destination, which can't be shattered in future in any case.

Stanza’s Explanation

(1-3) Mother! I saw those, ......... raft in this ocean of the world.
Explanation. These lines are from Sur Khahori of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai. In these lines, the poet, through a girl, tells the approach of Khahoris.
She tells her mother that she saw the people who are close to the creator. She desires to remain a night in the company of these people. They are like a raft in the
ocean, which can save one's life. She also wants to save her life and is sure that the wanderer are the people who can save her by guiding the true path.

(4-6) Khahoris prepared .......... They sought their goal.

Explanation: In these lines, the poet tells more about the struggle of Kachoris. Khahoris start their search of spiritual power from early in the morning. They travel
to the mountains and give pain to their bodies. They are in view to be spiritually more and more strong. For achieving such strength they try to have a difficult life. They
prefer thorny path to the smooth one.

(7-9) Their faces are dry ......... talk secrets of that far off land.
Explanation: In these lines the poet tells that Khahoris do not care about their outward personalities. They never wash their their faces properly, they never put a
good slipper in their feet. They travelled that place where all people can't go. They build inner personality, in which theycreate secret language that helps them to
communicate with their God.
 (10-11) Where not a trace ........... ascetics can kindle it.
Explanation: In these lines, the poet tells that Khahoris try to go and spread knowledge there where even a bird can't go. They never fear to the hardships of life.
They try to make the world bright every where.

(12-14) Those who went to jungle ........... ignorance saved.

Explanation: In these lines, the poet says that a Khahoris go to jungle. If one want to get spiritual awareness, one should move towards there. They prefer to go
there in order to root out ignorance from the jungle. They have quitted the both world for the sake spiritual power. They are the sole to mitigate ignorance.

(15-17) True seekers still ......... built their nests close to them.
Explanation: These last lines are for the true seekers other than Khahoris. The poet says that if they want to search the truth, they should come close to their
houses.
From their houses they can search the spiritual realm.

SECTION-C (PLAY) “A VISIT TO SMALL PLANET”

Q1. What is ironic about Spelding's broadcast at the beginning of the play?
Ans. Ironic about Spelding's broadcasting at the beginning of the play is that his own daughter has heard the broadcast but she has not understood even a single word
of his father's broadcast. Example of the sentence said by Spelding reveals the clear use of irony.
"It is not very flattering when one's own daughter won't listen to what one says while millions of people.”

Q2. Why is Spelding unhappy about the relationship between Ellen and John?
Ans. Roger Spelding is unhappy about the relationship between Ellen and John because he does not like his daughter's fiance.
John Randolph is not a hard worker ambitious. He is not an adventurer. Spelding does not like a person having no ambition.
He is an adventurous man. He expects his son in law as an adventurous too.

Q3. Why did Kreton want to visit earth?

Ans: Kreton visited the earth to see the civil war in the 19th century. Mistakenly He came one century later.
To visit the Earth and her inhabitants was his hobby. Therefore, he took a lot of interest in Earth. He visited the Earth as a tourist,
Then he decided to take charge of the world.

Q4. How is Kreton able to communicate with the people on earth?

Ans. Kreton is able to communicate with the people on Earth because he has power to read the minds of people. He reads the language inside the minds of people.

Q5. Describe the reaction of different characters to Kreton's visit?

Answer)
1. Roger Spelding believes it as a meteor.
2. Mrs. Spelding likes its personality but does not like its way of landing on her Rose Garden. He worries about her beautiful garden.
3. Ellen is fearful and excited to know about Kreton and his spaceship. She enjoys being with the aliens.
4. John also wants to be with the new strange thing. He wants to examine Kreton and its spaceship just for having fun.
He is really excited to know more and more about the alien.
5. General Powers expects Kreton as a spy or a hostile enemy of men. He takes him as an invader.
6. Aide becomes confused and excited after looking at the strange creature.

Q6. Why is General Powers paranoid about Kreton's visit?

Ans. General powers was paranoid about kreton's visit because he suspected kreton as an spy of outer planet who came here on the Earth
to explore the secrets in order to invade and destroy the planet. He further suspected him to leak the secrets to other aliens to plan the destruction of the Earth.

Q7. What restrictions are imposed on Spelling's family?

Ans. The Spelding's house is kept under Martial Law. No one can leave the house. They are also forbidden to use the phone.
For their movement they need to the permission of Powers.

Q8. What extraordinary powers does Kreton possess, and how does he exhibit these powers?
Answer)
Kreton is a wonderful creature. He proves his extraordinary powers in various ways. He has the following powers he shows on many occasions.
* He has the power to take over the charge of the world. He tells it many times to Powers.
* He has the power to read the minds of the people. He reads the minds of almost all the characters.
* He has the power to create a shield around him and his spaceship. When his ship is ordered to be moved he makes a circle line round the spaceship and it
can't be moved by anyone.
* He has the power to know all the languages of the world. Because he can read the mind of every person.

Q9. Why does Spelding want Kreton to stay?

Ans. Spelding wants Kreton to stay with him in his house because he shows hospitality to him. He thinks the visitor is tired after a long travel.
Secondly, he also intends to interview this strange creature in his television broadcast.

Q10. Why did Kreton's friends consider him pervasive?

Ans: Kreton's friend considered him pervasive (perverse) because he was interested in earth primitive society.
But it was his taste that he loved the people and he wanted to be native.

Q11. How does Kreton reveal that he does not have any favorable view of earthlings?
Ans. At the end of the play Kreton reveals that the people of his planet are not interested in visiting earth, but he is interested because
he wants to take charge of earth and rule all of you.
Q12. How does Kreton foil General Power's attempts to confine him?
Ans. Kreton with his technological powers foils General Power's to arrest him. He makes General Power and Aide stun and challenges them to arrest him.

Q13. Who is Aide? What is his role in the play?

Ans. Aide is the captain in the army. He works under the custody of General Powers. He plays a minor role in the story.
His role is just to follow the instructions of General Powers who instructs him to investigate the spaceship, arrest the Kreton, maintain the Martial Law, etc.

Q14. How did Aide describe Kreton's spaceship?

Ans. He described that Kreton's Spaceship was elliptical, with a fourteen feet diameter. And It was made of an unknown metal which shined and inside there was not
anything.

Q15. Describe the main comic incidents of the play?

Ans. There are many comic scenes in the play 'A Visit to a Small Planet'. Actually, the play is comic in nature. Kreton and his Spaceship, are also comic creatures.
The most comical incident is the landing of Kreton. How he lands, how he looks like, his costumes, his whiskers and his way of talking are all comic in nature.
Another comic incident is General Powers' visit to Spelling's house and his meeting with Kreton. He starts the dialogue by calling Kreton as a joker.
The story ends with a comic scene. Kreton's way of making stunned to the all worldly characters.
After then, his yawning and noticing Mrs. Spelding's Rose Garden is also the comic ending of the play.

Q16. How is the media depicted in the play?

Ans. In the play, freedom of media is criticized. It is depicted as unfair. The higher authority can control and use it as they want...
The play starts with the broadcasting of Roger Spelding. In his whole broadcasting, he says those things which are instructed to him by General Powers.
He does not feel freedom to say what he wants to say. As his wife says that they always like his broadcasting. He also uses the world Starve.
It means if he does not follow the instructions during broadcasting, they will die of hunger.

Q17. The play is a satire on American society. Discuss?

Ans. "A Visit to a Small Planet" can certainly be read and enjoyed as a satirical play. Satire creates its effects by mocking human behaviors and assumptions in an effort
to raise a reader or viewer's awareness of what the satirist sees as their foolishness. In the play, American society is targeted.
The family system is not following any particular rules. Each three members of Spelding's family have different ideas opposite to each other.
No one is ready to follow another. Only outward behaviors are respected. The media is also satirized. The media works not freely, but it just works to follow the
instructions of the persons who are in power. Army in particular and bureaucracy in general is targeted. The officer behavior towards the inferior is not good.
The Americans are also not ready to accept the importance of newness. In his satirical play, Gore Vidal tries to reveal a fresh life, full of technology, the American needs.

Q18. How does the playwright expose the inferiority of the present race to that of the future?
Ans. Kreton represents the future race. He exposes the weakness of the present race by calling it in its primitive stage. The residents of present age have not yet made
the mind to change themselves as per need of the time. The coming race would be more powerful and aware how to control mind and emotions. As the people of the
current age are impatient, stubborn and having no power to control their own ideas. They are lag behind in development from the upcoming advanced age.

Q19. Describe the arrival of the flying saucer in your own words?
Ans. The flying saucer slowly alights at the Rose Garden in the house of Mr. and Mrs. Spelding. The house is in Maryland, USA. It lands slowly and strangely.
The pilot (Kreton) comes out patiently. He is in strange costumes.

Q20. How much more advanced is the civilization of Kreton than of the Earth?
Ans. The civilization of Kreton is much more advanced than that of the Earth. They have power to control their thoughts and emotions.
They can use flying cars to travel. They are immortal. On the other hand, the Earth people are at the beginning of their civilization.
They are mortal and do not have any control over their emotions and thoughts.

Q21. Why can the people of earth not compete with people of Kreton?
Ans. The people of Earth cannot compete with those of Kreton. They have not yet achieve the tricks and powers to handle the situation masterly because they are in
their initial stage. They have to learn more and more for perfection. While the people of Kreton are well trained and much more advanced as compare to the Earth.
They know the proper use of their minds. They know how to control and handle the people of other civilizations.

Q22. What type of life do you foresee in the year 5000?

Ans. I foresee a wonderful life in the year 5000. The People will be perfect. Because of technological developments they will be able to travel in flying cars.
They will have enough power to read and hear the human mind. They will make themselves immortal.

Q23. What are the literary elements used in "Visit to a Small Planet," and how they enhance the story?
Ans. The following literary devices are used in the play Satire "Satire" is any work of art that uses ridicule, humor, and wit in order to criticize and provoke change in
human nature or social institutions. The play examines (and pokes fun at) contemporary ideas about war, the fear of "foreign" invasion. Vidal satires military,
bureaucracy and social media. Family system is also satirized. Black Humor "Black humor" refers to comedy created by means not usually regarded as proper subjects
for laughter.
For example, although Visit to a Small Planet is a comedy. The plot concerns an impending nuclear war and the destruction of the entire world for one person's
amusement. Irony The play starts the ironical broadcasting. The ironical views of Spelding about the existence of spaceships.
The irony of his daughter and mother when they confirm their attention towards the broadcasting they don't understand any single word.
The play itself is an irony because the aliens are not yet confirmed as the creation.

Q24. Who is your favorite character in this play and why?

Ans. Ellen, the daughter of Mr. Spelding is my favorite character. She is energetic, caring and true lover. She becomes excited when she sees Kreton.
She calls many times to John (her fiance) as he can not be harmed by the strange creature. She cares a lot for her future husband because she loves him by heart.
She teaches a lesson that everybody should be caring and loving.

Summary
The Play 'A Visit to a Small Planet' is written by Gore Vidal, an American playwright. It is a reflective comedy.
It contains the elements of adventure, suspense & Comments about the modern civilization. Kreton, a mystery a character from another planet is the central character.
The play starts with the broadcasting of Spelding in his own home in Silver Glen, Maryland (America).
Roger Spelding, with his wife, a daughter and two technicians, denies the presence of spaceship.
After broadcasting, they start to discuss the household problems. As, Ellen, his daughter, ironically praises the broadcasting of his father.
He criticizes John with whom Ellen is going to be married. Suddenly, the characters face conflicts, while they see a strange creature landing on the Rose Garden of their
house. John points out the spaceship first. They have different ideas about it. Some call it a meteor while others deny it.
The story goes towards the climax, when Kreton, an alien, comes out from the spaceship. Spelding calls out General Powers, an army man, who confirms to come soon.
After a short discussion with Kreton, they notice the arrival of General Powers with his troops. From here, the climax of the story starts.
General Powers imposes Martial Law in the house of Spelding. No one is allowed to move from the house. The general warns Kreton to surrender otherwise, he will be
destroyed. From here the events lead to the ending of the story. Kreton, tells kindly the reason for his coming to the Earth.
He confirms that he is neither a spy nor an observer. At last, when General Powers orders Aide to grab him, he shows his super powers.
He makes an invisible wall around the spaceship, after it no one I can touch it. He also stuns General Powers, Aide and all other Soldiers.
At last, He goes to sleep. The play ends here. (Curtain)
Extra Question
1. Compare and contrast between 'life on earth and on Kreton's planet'.
Answer: The people of the two planets have no comparison as the people belonging to Kreton's planet are much more advanced than those of the Earth.
They can operate cars without any instruments: they can travel huge distances in a day and can speak all languages. The people of the Earth cannot compete with them
as they are far more learned and have progressed a lot. They are free from hatred and are not in the favor of violence. We can determine from the character of Kreton
that they feel pride in the service of mankind and are highly sophisticated people. Furthermore, they possess extraordinary powers which are complete myths for
humans.They can listen to the minds of other people and we see in the play that Kreton creates an invisible wall around the spaceship. He proclaims that the human
civilization is just beginning and upholds the primitive traits. The statement is quite appropriate as we are far backward in comparison to the people of Kreton's planet.
Summary of All poems

[ Summary ] 1. The character of a Happy Life

The poem 'The Character of a Happy Life' is written by Sir Henry Wotton. He was an English poet. His works are small but he has a great poetic sense.
In this poem the poet describes the qualities of a happy life. That man is really happy who thinks and acts in a free manner. He always speaks truth and follows honesty
through thick and thin. He is the master of his passion. His passions are completely under his control and he is never afraid of death.
He has no cares and does not worry about what people say about him in private. He always acts according to the call of his conscience.
A happy man is not jealous of any body. He always follows the rules of a good life and hates flattery. He always prays to God for guidance and spends his time
in reading a good book or in the company of good friend. He neither wishes to get a high office nor has his fear of his down fall. He leads a very simple and carefree life.
Though he has no worldly wealth, yet he has all good qualities of a thorough gentleman.

[ Summary ] 2. Don't Quit.

The poem "Don't Quit" is written by Edgar Albert Guest. He was born in England bit migrated to USA. He is called people's poet.
His poems often had an inspirational and optimistic view of everyday life. The poem "Don't Quit" is truly an exceptionally inspiring poem.
The message of the poem is all about perseverance, tenacity, determination and will-power not to give up. When the things go wrong against you and you are in debts
and you don't have money to repay. Come what may happen you should not give up. Life is very strange. Ups and downs are the part of life.
We should not be upset if success takes long time. After failures comes an long lasting success. Sometimes, man quits his efforts to achieve the goal.
He or she doesn't know the goal is nearer. A man should understand the success is in failure. A man should change his direction but should never quit his struggle.

[ Summary ] 3. Ozymandias
The poem Ozymandias is written by Percy Bysshe Shelley. He was a younger romantic poet. The poem reveals his emotions and sense of positivity.
It was the rule of romantic poets that they praise the ancient remains and their beauty. This poem is also about the beautiful structure of the statue made by a sculptor.
The poem starts with a traveler who tells a tale.
The poet recalls having met a traveler “from an antique land,” who told him a story about the ruins of a statue in the desert of his native country. Two vast legs of stone
stand without a body, and near them a massive, crumbling stone head lies “half sunk” in the sand.
The traveler told the speaker that the frown and “sneer of cold command” on the statue’s face indicate that the sculptor understood well the emotions (or "passions")
of the statue’s subject.
The memory of those emotions survives "stamped" on the lifeless statue, even though both the sculptor and his subject are both now dead.
On the pedestal of the statue appears the words, “My name is Ozymandias, king of kings, Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!”
But around the decaying ruin of the statue, nothing remains, only the “lone and level sands,” which stretch out around it.

[ Summary ] 4. Good Timber

The poem 'Good Timber' is written by Douglas Malloch (1877-1938). He was an American poet. He is known as the "Lumbermen's Poet."
Malloch lived in Michigan where he grew up amongst logging camps and lumber yards. He wrote his first published poem when he was still a boy,
it was published in the Detroit News. The message of this poem is that people, like trees, grow and reach their true potential by overcoming adversity.
It is only through struggles, like a tree fighting through forest growth to reach the sun, that we grow and discover our true potential.
He compares good men to good timbers in this famous metaphorical poem.

[ Summary ] 5. Lucy Gray

The poem "Lucy Gray" is written by William Wordsworth. He was a romantic poet. He was poet of nature.
This poem is about an innocent girl who died while obeying her father. Lucy Gray was a beautiful little girl. She had no friends to play with and lived in wild moor with
her parents. One day her mother went to the town for shopping. In the evening her father told her to go to the town to bring her mother back.
He also told her to take a lantern with her o light her mother's way through snow storm. Lucy Gray at once obeyed his order and set out for town.
When she was on the way the storm had come before it was expected. Lucy could not see her way due to snow. She wandered here and there and at last died in the
snow.
Her parents searched her all night but all in vain. At last they found foot prints in the middle of a wooden bridge. Perhaps she slipped through it and died.
Some people think that she is still alive and has become a part a nature. She sings a solitary song that whistles in the wind.

[ Summary ] 6. The Abbot of Canterbury

The poem "The Abbot of Canterbury' is a ballad. It is about the jealousy and wisdom.
The message of the poem is that wisdom is not heritage of any institution, it is comes naturally.
The Abbot of Canterbury was a rich bishop. He was leading a pompous life. He kept a better house as the King himself.
He kept a large train of servants who waited upon him with velvet coats and gold chains. At that time the King John ruled over England.
He was jealous of the Abbot of Canterbury and thought that he got his wealth by unfair mean. He therefore wanted to punish him, so he called the Abbot and he
charged him with treason. The Abbot pleaded not guilty and said that he was spending his own money. At this King put him three questions and declared that the Abbot
would have to lose his life, if he failed to answer the questions King gave him three weeks to answers these The Abbot was upset.
He went to Oxford and Cambridge and to all the wise men of the land. But no one could tell him how to answer the questions.
At last the Abbot's shepherd who resembled him went before the King.
The King put following three question before him:
1. What was his (King's) worth with his crown of gold?
2. How soon might he ride the whole world about?
3. What was he thinking?
To first question the shepherd replied that Jesus Christ was sold among the Jews for thirty pence, so his worth was only twenty nine pence.
To the second question the shepherd replied that if he rode with the sun he would travel round the world in 24 hours.
To the third question, he replied that he was thinking him Abbot of Canterbury but he was his poor shepherd and came to beg pardon for the Abbot and himself. King
John was very happy at this jest and granted a pension of four nobles per week for tbe shepherd and pardoned the Abbot of Canterbury.

[ Summary ] 7. Selection From Sur Khahori.

The selected poems from Sur Khahori are taken from Shah Latif's book Shah Jo Risalo. The Sindhi poems are translated by Amina Khamisani.
The central idea of the lines of Sur Khahori is that a man should not give up his efforts while walking on the path of truthful people.
They should select the difficult path. As much as they bear hardships, they will reach hastily to their destination.
After toughness and difficulty, one can achieve a very high and strong destination, which can't be shattered in future in any case.Sur Khahori is one of 30 Surs of Shah
Latif's poetry. In this Sur, Latif defines a Khahori and his struggle of satisfying his life. Khahori always tries to remain in search of spiritual power.
He wants to make his soul permanent by giving up the desires of the world. In order to pious search, he sacrifices his worldly pleasures for the sake of his soul.
He also gives pain to his body as though he can achieve the internal happiness.

Summaries of All Chapters

"Quaid on 11th August, 1947"
Introduction: The text is about the Quaid-e-Azam and his message to the nation.
The title name of Unit 1 is 'Democratic Citizenship'. It is about the vision of Pakistan by Quaid-e-Azam. The Quaid, after becoming the president of the first constituent
assembly, delivered a historic speech on 11th August, 1947. The Quaid's vision of Pakistan and Hazrat Muhammad's teachings are reminded in the speech.

Summary: The Quaid started the speech by quoting the two main functions of the Constituent Assembly. The first function was to frame the new constitution
for newly born state and the second was of functioning as a full and complete sovereign body as the Federal Legislature of Pakistan.
Then, he informed the nation about the following main duties&responsibilities of the residents of a newborn miraculous country for the Muslim community
 The government is emphasized to maintain the law and order so that the life and religious beliefs should be protected.
 Bribery, corruption, black-marketing, nepotism and jobbery are called curses and the citizens are emphasized to curb the curses strictly.
 All the citizens are suggested to forget the past enemies on basis of community, color, caste or creed.
 The secular concept in the country is promoted. The people are forbidden to support the one community in the country. The freedom of religion is given to all.
Lastly, the Quaid asked the citizens to cooperate and support one another. He guided the nation to follow the principle of Justice and complete impartiality.
He hoped Pakistan would be one of the greatest Nations of the world.

Moral: To be a true citizen, one must follow the principles of Unity, faith and discipline. Additionally, he or she should avoid being a religious person.
Respect for all religions should be the motto of every man's life.

"Once More to the Lake"

Introduction:
The text "Once More to the Lake" is part of Unit 2 "Preservation of Nature". "Once More to the Lake", by an American writer E.B.
White, is a narrative essay or memoir which describes the essayist's experiences of his visit and revisit to the lake in Maine in East America.
He had visited the lake several times during his childhood with his family and during his old age with his son.
Whatever he gained experience during his visit and revisit he shared all here in the essay.
Through this essay he tries to be escapist but could not escape from the harsh realities of life.

Summary:
The essayist begins this essay by describing how the lake in Maine enchanted him and became the world's best place, during his first visit to it with his family in 1904.
When he was a child, he, with his family, often went to visit the lake during the summer vacations.
After becoming father, he plans to revisit the lake in order to gain now the experience of a father's feelings. He makes himself fully prepared to stay a couple of days in a
camp near the lake. On the way, he gets excited and wonders how this holy spot, lake, hills, streams and so on would look after so many years.

He sets up a camp near a farmhouse. Memories of the past haunt him. He finds himself in his son and himself as his father.
The fishing, nature gazing, walking through the grass, chasing the insects, swimming etc. all remind him of his own cheerful childhood and youth.
He is different now, devoid of the same energy and hopes. Instead of viewing the lake as it is, he uses his childhood eyes to perceive the lake.
This condition creates an interesting departure from reality into what he wants to see based on his childhood experiences. He is delighted to find that the campsite is
more or less the same as he remembers. There are same damp moss, dragonflies, waves of water, same green color boat, same freshwater leaves and debris, etc.
However, he criticizes the technology which pollutes the peaceful atmosphere of the lake.
Previously as compared to the revisit, the motorboats' voice was not irritating and noisy. The wagon road is also tarred or pitched fully.
The movies has also made the workers showy who started to use make and speak mannerly opposed to the natural tone.
At last, he, with his son, goes to the farmhouse where they are served dinner by waitress girls. They looked still fifteen like before. One afternoon, there was a
thunderstorm. Other camp-goers rush out of their camp for swimming. His son also wants to go swimming with others.

Moral: White looks at his son changing the garment for swimming. At the same time, he feels pain in his groin.
It means that he is aware of his mortality and he can't escape...

"The Necklace"
Introduction: The story "The Necklace" is the part of Unit 3 "Managing Change".
It is about the middle class girl who wants to be showy and wealthy in her life. The story is by Guy de Maupassant.
Summary: The story starts with the introduction of Mathilde, the heroine of the story.She was a pretty, charming&beautiful girl. She belonged to a middle class
family.
She married to a clerk in education. She always daydreamed of being rich. She was fond of wearing fancy dresses and jewelry.
One day, her husband received an invitation card to attend a grand party. She became worried about having no new dress. Her husband gave her his savings for
purchasing a new party dress. And she also borrowed a diamond necklace from her rich friend. She attended the party, danced joyfully and enjoyed a lot.
Because of her attractiveness, she became the center of every eye. When she returned home, she saw the necklace was missing.
She, with her husband searched everywhere but could not find the jewelry. At last, they bought a new necklace in the place of the lost one.
They borrowed a high amount for the replacement of the jewelry. Mathilde returned the necklace to her friend.
After that, for the next ten years, they lived a life in poverty. They sacrificed their wishes. Mr. And Mme. Loisel hired a cheap apartment.
They lived there poorly. He did the double jobs, while She kept doing all household chores. After ten years, they repaid the debts, but she became old now.
When she was going for a walk, she saw Me. Forestier, her friend who gave her a necklace. After greeting, she told me that the Necklace was fake.
Mathilde was shocked. The story also ends there.
Moral: "Greed is Curse."

"My Bank Account"

Introduction: The Text "My Bank Account" is part of Unit 5 "Civic Sense and Civic Activities".
The author of this piece of work is Stephen Leacock. He is highly educated person but he has a bank phobia.

Summary: The writer, Stephen Leacock, starts to tell one of the odd incidents of his life. He tells that his salary is raised to fifty dollars a month so he chooses the
bank as the best option for saving the increased amount. He has a bank phobia so as he enters in the bank everything (from loving things to nonliving things in the bank)
frightens him. It makes him confused and nervous. He starts to behave like an irresponsible fool. He directly meets to the manger and makes him confused by insisting
him for a private meeting. The manger thinks him a detective of Pinkerton. The manger is relaxed when he knows his purpose to open a new account in order to save
fifty dollars.
He leads him to the accountant and asks him to open his account. The accountant before opening his account asks him for the submission of the amount.
He submits 56 dollars. As his account is opened he wants to withdraw six dollars but mistakenly he writes fifty six dollars instead of six. The clerk is surprised to see such
a check and ejaculates if he is drawing it all out again. He realizes his mistake but is so miserable that he makes a silly decision to withdraw the whole amount.
He replied in affirmative. His account is closed again and he walks out of the bank hearing a big roar of laughter from behind the door.
Moral: Try more to be the more civilized as the Civic Sense and Civic Activities should be revealed from your behavior.
"Technological Revolution"
Introduction: Technological Revolution is the text in Unit 4 "Technology Smart and Tech-Savvy".
It is about the benefits of digital technology. The extract is adopted from "Digital Quality of Life".
Understanding the Personal and Social Benefits of the Information Technology Revolution Robert D. Atkinson and Daniel D. Castro.

Summary: The passage starts with the introduction of the technology and its important on one's life and economy.
The writer calls the era the Technological era which came after the technological revolution.
It is a period in which one or more technologies is replaced by another, novel technology in a short amount of time.
Due to less development in technology, the life before world-war 1 was It's very hard to live. Now it has changed after this digital era.
It has introduced several technological innovations whose rapid application and diffusion typically cause an abrupt change in society.
Some famous innovations and their work are given below.
1. Television. It is the most revolutionized technology which affects almost all sectors of life. It, with the help satellites are used to control disasters.
It keeps people cautious before any hazard of disaster.
2. Robotic Toys. In the toys new technology is fitted as the adults, youngest students, preschoolers and toddlers can be entertained
by playing with, according to their desires.
3. Tele-school. Through the help of the technology, new tele-schools are introduced which help the students and parents to gain the required knowledge
from the famous teachers of the world.
4. Tele-medicine. It is used in medical fields for the purpose of information of the new medicines. The doctors use the technology to treat the patients.
5. Telepresence. Telepresence is used to work in any extreme Condition.
6. E-commerce. E-commerce lets people buy a vast array of goods and services that previously might have been difficult to find at local stores.
Telemarketing &Tele work are the new technologies which are used for the business purposes. The technologies have revolutionized the concept of business.
7. Cellphones and Computers. Cellphones and Computers are used for multipurpose but in these days they help a lot to control the spreading
of epidemic and pandemic diseases.

Moral: All in all, life has changed from hard to easy because of digital technology.

"Self-Reliance"
Introduction: The essay Self-Reliance is the part of Unit 6 "Respecting Self and Others. Self-Reliance" is an 1841 essay written by American transcendentalist
philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson. It contains the most thorough statement of one of Emerson's recurrent themes: the need for each individual to avoid conformity
and false consistency, and follow his own instincts and ideas. It is the source of one of Emerson's most famous quotations:

Summary:
"Self-Reliance" is an essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson which explores the values of transcendentalism.
Emerson explains to the reader that true direct knowledge can only come from within.
Any knowledge that a person learns from another person or a book is not true knowledge.
The more people use their intuition and believe in themselves, the better society will be. The power is within the man.
One should peep into one's insight in order to know the power of one's life. Emerson calls self-belief as genius. Genius person believes himself while doing any work.
He forces the readers to value their own thoughts otherwise another person will copy their thoughts and they will be ashamed of noticing them.
According to the writer society never advances. It undergoes continual changes; it is barbarous, it is civilized, it is religious, it is rich, it is scientific, but this change is not
for the better. It acquires one thing, while lost the old thing. It makes people civilized while it keeps the man from crude nature.
A man should be confident and expressing ideas and opinions without concern for how they will be perceived by others.
If a person refuses to be true to their own individual beliefs, then they will not live a satisfying or gratifying life.
Emerson believes that each person has a true purpose and that it is the individual's job to resolutely fulfill that purpose without fear.
According to the author, a person can be happy when he puts his heart into his work and does his best.
To sum up Self-Reliance" is Ralph Waldo Emerson's treatise on individualism.
In it Emerson explains that people must believe in their own intuition and reject the opinions of others in in order to transcend the bounds of the physical world.

Moral: "Know thyself" or "Trust Thyself".

"Struggle for an Education (By Booker T. Washington)"

Introduction: The text "Struggle for an Education" is part of Unit 7 "Self-Grooming". In the story ‘My struggle for an Education’ Booker T.
Washington gives a moving account of the difficulties He was faced with finding a place in a school.
At the age of sixteen he had to face lots of troubles and hardships in order to get admission in a school.
Racial discrimination was prevalent and blacks were not given the right to education.
Washington makes a tremendous effort to prove to the administration of the school that the color of his skin in no way determines his lack of capabilities.

Summary: In the story Booker T. Washington presents an account of a significant event of his life. He used to work in a coal mine where he happened to know about
a very good school in Virginia. This school was far better than the one in his own town. The name of this school was the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in
Virginia.
Hearing that these people appreciate it so much he at once made up his mind to go to that school although he knew nothing about its location.
In the autumn of 1872 with a reluctant permission from his mother he started for Hampton with very little money and a small bag with few clothes.
As his mother was very ill, the parting became very sad. He walked and begged for rides and in a number of days reached a large city of Richmond about eighty-two
miles away from Hampton. He was completely out of money, hungry, exhausted but not discouraged. Having no place to go he crept under a raised platform on the
pavement.
Next day he got-up refreshed but hungry and started to look for some work as he was very hungry. He saw a cargo ship unloading pig-iron.
The kind-hearted captain of the ship gave him work and he finally earned his breakfast for the day. Due to his good work the captain asked him to continue work.
He still slept under the sidewalk and finally managed to save money to reach Hampton. The sight of the school building seemed to him a reward for the hardship he
faced.
But here he could not make a favorable impression on his teacher as he had been without proper food, rest, bath and change of clothing.
The teacher did not refuse admittance nor did she decide in favor. She kept giving admission to other students which troubled him all the more.
He desperately wanted a chance to prove his worth and he got it when the teacher finally asked him to clean the recitation room. He swept and dusted the room
several times as he knew that his future depended upon it. The teacher came and inspected the room minutely and could not find a bit of dirt.
She finally admitted him to the school. He was extremely happy and all through his life considered the cleaning of that room the best examination he ever passed.

"A Voyage to the City of Lions"

Introduction: The text 'A Voyage to the City of Lions' is the part of Unit 8 "Places of Historical/Cultural Importance."
The voyage is a travelog of Altaf Sheikh translated by Professor Manoj Kumar. In the lesson Singapore and its famous places are described.

Summary: Altaf Sheikh is the best writer of Travelogue. He is a Marine Engineer. He depicts whatever he sees during the time period of the voyage.
In this voyage, he sees several famous places in Singapore. He starts the voyage by depicting the geographical description of Singapore.
From a geographical perspective, Singapore is located at a maritime crossroads where almost every ship sailing to or from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean or South China
Sea anchors here. It is a free port as well as a major center of fuels for ships. Barges are used at the port for carrying the cargo from buses to the ships.
The island of Singapore is connected to Malaysia. It is connected to Malaysia as the port of Monora to Karachi. As Kiamari is to Karachi same the city of Johor to
Malaysia.
The majority of the population live near the port of Singapore.
It is the busiest port. The voyage tells that Singapore is the wealthiest because of tourism and business.
The following important points are mentioned by the writer.
1. Singapore is called "The City of Lions" as the statues of lines are everywhere in the city. 2. It is called "Mr. Clean" because of its cleanliness.
3. It is a Shoppers' paradise where one can purchase the cheapest things of the world.
4. It is called the fusion of East and West because of the taste of foods. The foods having western and eastern tastes have been served there.

The following important places are described in the voyage.

1. Singapore Jetty. It is a place seen by the traveler.It is used to exchange goods. 2. Masjid Sultan. He sees the most beautiful and biggest mosque of Singapore.
3. Change Alley. The traveler sees the place where people can exchange the currency.
4. Raffles Pulse. The largest market in Singapore is Raffles Pulse which. It is the place have all types of shops.
5. Arab Street. Arab Street is known throughout Singapore for reasonable prices.
6. Changi Village. A village at the end of Island, full of natural beauty. 7. 'Statues of the Lions". The visitor saw many statues of Lions everywhere in the country.

Moral: A man should visit for the purpose of enjoying the natural beauty.

"Choosing Career"
Introduction: The text 'Choosing Career' is about one's life.

Summary: The text is about choosing a career for one's life. The perfect career as per demand of one's personality.
Many people don't have the ability to differentiate between a career and a job. So for their understanding the difference between a job and a career is given.
Jobs and careers are considered synonymous and interchangeable, there is a subtle difference between the two. A career is not merely a job, it requires a certain level
of education, professional degree and a definite skill while a job is for the time being and it needs just a professional degree. Emotions, passions, qualifications and
experience are required for a career. One must work for a career not for a job.For choosing a good career one has to set some important rules for his life.
While choosing a career one should give priority to one's interests rather to follow the rootless instructions of parents, close relatives and other friends that become the
cause of de-motivation. Every field offers potential growth, success, and satisfaction if you excel in it by putting your heart and soul.
One's personality and his/her personal values are encouraged. Some like Independence, some like Recognition or leadership, some wishes to help humanity, some
desire intellectual, scientific, or artistic achievements. They all should keep in view the values while choosing a character.
The next step in choosing a career is that one should be ware about one's weaknesses and strengths.
He/she should take benefits from his strengths and try to improve his/her weaknesses. He/she should choose a career in which he/she is strong.
It is up to you, if you are extroverted (sociable), choose a social oriented career else your introverted quality leads you less interested in social activities.
According to the writer career counselor, degree from University, aptitude test and backup plans are also mandatory for choosing a life changing career.
All in all, one must be cautious while choosing a career.

Moral: "A life without a career is meaningless."

"Pearls of Wisdom"
Introduction: The text 'Pearls of Wisdom' is part of Unit 10 "Practicing Positive Work Ethics." In the text Some famous sayings and maxims of Sheikh Saadi are
given. Sheikh Saadi was a great Persian philosopher. His sayings teach valuable lessons to the readers.

Summary: The extract is divided into V moral stories in subtitles of TEXT and 6 Maxims. Each text has a moral for the readers.
The texts and their morals are given below.
Text I
 The moral of the text is freedom. A poor free man is better than a rich slave man. In this text The story of two brothers is told.
One is a servant of sultan while other earns his own bread. The second one is happier due to his free life.
Text II
Self-experience is the central theme of the text. One cannot learn until he/she does not bear the brunt of the situation.
In the story the man in the boat is felt the fear of water.
Text III
Trying to get basic needs is the central theme of this text. It does not matter whether you have pearls or gold but it matters if your belly is empty.
Text IV
Art or profession and its importance is the central theme of this text. A skillful person will never be hungry in his/her life.
Text V
In this text interruption is forbidden. A man should not interrupt while two persons are speaking. It is a foolish act.

The next part of the text is divided into 6 Maxims. Each maxim has a moral.

In the first maxim the moral of generosity is promoted. A person should earn and eat not to accumulate.
The second maxim is that one should not be ashamed of asking question whose answers he/she does not know.
In the third maxim the moral for a weak person is given. He/she should not encounter a person who is more powerful than him.
The fourth maxim is about the education and capacity. They both are interconnected and should not be separated.
In the fifth maxim The importance of little things are emphasized.
The sixth and last maxim is about the person who never hurts either his friend or enemy.

Moral: We must practice positive work ethics in our life