1 s2.0 S0378778824006534 Main

Energy & Buildings 319 (2024) 114537
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Energy & Buildings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enb
Invited Review Article
A comprehensive review of residential building energy efficiency measures

in India
Saket Kumar Kirme * , Vijay S. Kapse
Department of Architecture and Planning, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010, India
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: In the context of the imperative for minimizing energy consumption in the building industry, this research
Energy efficiency systematically reviews international codes, standards, regulations, and energy efficiency endeavors to ascertain
Building envelope effectual strategies for implementing energy-efficient programs in building regulations in India. Analyzing
Building regulations
different countries around the globe, including India, the research explores regulation types, code structures, and
Codes and standards
the effectiveness of regulations in altering energy consumption instances. Specific attention is given to Indian
initiatives such as the NBC, ECBC, modified LEED homes, and GRIHA for residential buildings, Eco Niwas
Samhita. The investigation identifies key parameters crucial for enhancing energy efficiency, encompassing
building envelope, climatic and site conditions, and building materials. Recommendations include integrating
these practices, in addition to passive design concepts, into existing building codes and regulations, contributing
to the establishment of energy-efficient residential buildings. The study’s outcomes have broad applicability,
offering valuable insights for global locations grappling with absent or ineffective energy regulations.
1. Introduction tonnes of CO2 emissions, placing it number three worldwide, trailing

below China and the United States [3]. At the moment, per capita
Residential buildings globally account for approximately 10 % for electricity usage in India is less compared to a number of other countries
the overall supplied energy, exhibiting a per-year escalation of 1.5 %, as [3]. However, due to fast urbanization and monetary expansion ten-
delineated in the comprehensive document by International Energy dencies, it will likely accelerate in the decades to come [4]. A breakdown
Agency (IEA) [1]. The electrical energy usage within this domain con- of the average amount of energy consumed by different activities in
stitutes a substantial 28 % of the aggregate energy utilization in devel- India reveals that 45 % is attributed to cooling, 28 % to illumination, and
oping nations, a phenomenon displaying a persistent upward trajectory. 12 % for heating [5,6]. Additionally, a significant portion is used by
In the specific case of India, the building sector is predominantly resi- domestic equipment such as refrigerators, washing machines, and other
dential, encompassing 79.9 % of the nation’s building inventory [2], is household appliances. India’s ultimate conservation of energy potential
accountable for the usage of 21.98 % of the total energy supply, quan- is estimated to be approximately 23 % [7]. Furthermore, the overall
tified at 170,034 GW-hours (GWh) [3]. This places residential building saving potential in the housing industry is calculated as being 32 %, with
sector among the second-most energy consumer of India, following the rural and urban households in India possessing saving potentials of
industrial usage [3]. The residential sector’s per capita power usage is 40–50 % and 15–20 %, respectively [8].
0.63 MWh, which accounts for an aggregate of 1710.3 million metric India’s housing industry stands among the foremost users of energy,
Abbreviations: IEA, International Energy Agency; GoI, Government of India; BIS, Bureau of Indian Standards; BEEC, Building Energy Efficiency Codes; NCPC,
National Capital Planning Commission; DOE, Department of Energy; ICC, International Code Council; IRC, International Residential Code; IECC, International Energy
Conservation Code; REC, Residential Energy Consumption; EPBD, Energy Performance Building Directive; NBC, National Building Code; ECBC, Energy Conservation
Building Code; BEE, Bureau of Energy Efficiency; LEED, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design; SVAGRIHA, Small Versatile Affordable Green Rating for
Integrated Habitat Assessment; ENS, Eco Niwas Samhita; TCP, Town and Country Planning; TERI, The Energy and Resources Institute; WWR, Window-to-Wall Ratio;
MNRE, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy; VLT, Visible Light Transmittance; DSM, Demand-Side Management; FYP, Five-Year Plan; NAPCC, National Action
Plan on Climate Change; NMEEE, National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency; SEEP, Super-Efficient Equipment Programme; GRIHA, Green Rating for Inte-
grated Habitat Assessment; IGBC, Indian Green Building Code; NISE, National Institute of Solar Energy.
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: saket.arkirme@gmail.com (S. Kumar Kirme).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114537
Received 7 February 2024; Received in revised form 24 June 2024; Accepted 7 July 2024
Available online 15 July 2024
0378-7788/© 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.
S. Kumar Kirme and V.S. Kapse Energy & Buildings 319 (2024) 114537
characterized by a rapidly escalating demand for energy and substantial the 1990 s, while many other nations worldwide followed the concept
untapped potential for energy conservation. The burgeoning energy afterwards [11]. The significant initiatives like the Energy Efficiency
requirements of the nation are poised to create a substantial Directive in Europe emerged in the 1990 s, the concept of energy effi-
demand–supply imbalance within the housing industry, necessitating ciency in building design and construction had earlier roots. Before the
the implementation of effective energy efficiency measures to mitigate 1990 s, there were emerging efforts such as passive design strategies,
this gap. Integrating energy efficiency into development regulations which involve architectural techniques that leverage natural elements
holds promise as a potent tool to yield substantial energy savings. such as sunlight, wind, and thermal mass to regulate indoor tempera-
Regulatory frameworks governing building development are tures and lighting, reducing the need for mechanical heating, cooling,
currently guided by a diversity of codes, standards, and regulations, and lighting systems. Additionally, advancements in construction ma-
each exhibiting notable distinctions [8]. A pivotal strategy involves the terials, such as enhanced thermal insulation properties, durability, and
formulation of robust energy regulations through the assimilation of sustainability, were also underway [12]. The introduction of the Energy
incorporating energy-efficient practices into building norms, based on Efficiency Directive in Europe has been instrumental in driving the
existing codes, standards, and guidelines in various nations. The main development of energy efficiency within the building sector. At all in-
objective to develop these regulations is to achieve energy efficiency stances, energy regulations are the result of guidelines outlined in pre-
while minimizing usage of energy in the building sector, thereby vailing norms established prior to their implementation [10,11].
yielding a considerable decrease in total demand for energy for the Additionally, the introduction of rating systems for green buildings has
nation. played an indispensable part in promoting energy-efficient buildings
In the Indian subcontinent, building construction rules are recom- through well-defined guidelines. These rating systems often serve as the
mended by a particular ministry or agency and then approved by the - foundation for the formulation of energy codes.
Government of India (GoI). Conversely, standards are established by the The execution of building standards and energy regulations is char-
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), drawing upon different studies. acterized by diverse global approaches. Historically, the National Cap-
Guidelines, on the other hand, may be propagated by either private or ital Planning Commission (NCPC) and the Department of Energy (DOE)
governmental entities. Regulations, a distinct category, are put into ef- controlled building standards and energy regulations independently in
fect by the town planning department, housing boards, and local self- the United States. In contrast, recent developments have seen the energy
governments of respective states, subsequently gaining approval from codes in the USA align with the standards of the International Code
the state legislature. Council (ICC) for residences. Notably, the International Residential Code
Considering the diversity of international regulatory frameworks and (IRC) is an extensive, residential-specific edition of the International
the pivotal role that these policies play in shaping energy consumption Energy Conservation Code (IECC), amalgamating building codes within
patterns in various nations, the objective of the current research seeks to its framework. In contrast, Australia and Canada have independent
discern the most efficient as well as implementable regulations. The building and energy codes. Meanwhile, in China and Indonesia, a ho-
study aims to identify energy efficiency measures based on parameters listic approach is used, in which building standards and energy regula-
and indicators derived from worldwide experiences. These findings are tions are drafted and governed concurrently to produce integrated
intended to be seamlessly incorporated into the current regulations energy guidelines. This integrated strategy, proposed by the Interna-
derived from different guidelines and programs in India, facilitating tional Energy Agency (IEA) [11], is advocated for adoption by different
their effective implementation. countries as a best practice.
The introduction provides a comprehensive overview of the energy Building regulations typically consist of three integral elements:
landscape in the residential sector, both globally and specifically in regulation enactment, guidelines enactment, and enforcement. When
India, highlighting the substantial amount of energy usage. It un- these three elements are collectively managed by government agencies,
derscores the pressing need for effective energy efficiency measures they are referred to as public regulations. Though, the experiences of
within the housing industry to take into account the escalating need for nations such as the UK, USA, Australia, etc., in adopting these regula-
energy as well as the potential over substantial energy conservation. tions have revealed their inefficacy, high cost, and the tendency for the
Given the diverse regulatory frameworks governing building develop- responsible institutions to be burdened with permission-related tasks
ment across nations, there exists a critical need to discern the most while construction assessment is infrequently conducted. As a result,
efficient and implementable regulations. This necessitates a thorough public regulations are not widely practiced [13]. In response, alternative
examination of international experiences and best practices to identify regulatory frameworks such as Private regulation, prescribed, substi-
energy efficiency measures that can be seamlessly integrated into tute, and conditional co-regulation are gaining prominence and, in some
existing regulations in India. By synthesizing insights from worldwide cases, replacing traditional public regulations [13]. Under prescribed
experiences, this literature review aims to inform the formulation of regulation, private organizations assume the role of site enforcement. In
robust energy regulations tailored to the unique needs and contexts of conditional co-regulation, the collaborative preparation of guidelines
the Indian housing industry, ultimately fostering sustainable and enactment involves both private and public departments, with site
energy-efficient residential development. enforcement exclusively handled by private organizations. Alternative
regulations entrust both guidelines enactment and site enforcement to
2. Global building regulations: A comprehensive exploration private organizations, while the formulation of the regulation structure
with a focus on energy savings is the responsibility of public departments. In the case of private regu-
lations, all responsibilities, including the regulation structure, lie with
Building regulations are compulsory norms that control constructing private organizations.
development and erection. Their primary purpose is to protect the Table 1 [14–35] presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of
welfare and security of tenants, particularly those with impairments, as multiple energy regulatory guidelines across several nations. The
well as to enhance the efficiency of energy [9]. These regulations serve objective is to gain insights into the form of the regulations, the
as instrumental tools for overseeing evolution and are specified in the enforcement requirements, the energy efficiency indicators, and how
individual area’s master plan. Recognizing the crucial role of energy each regulation contributes to energy efficiency. A model example of a
conservation in the urban setting, many countries enforce Building En- complete energy regulation is found in Germany, where the regulations
ergy Efficiency Codes (BEEC) concurrently with building regulations. include mandatory pre- and post-occupancy audits, penalties for non-
These codes encompass a spectrum of mandated and voluntary initia- compliance, and incentives for exceeding standards, and regular regu-
tives aimed at minimizing building’s energy use [10]. The mandate for latory assessment and revision schedules. This comprehensive approach
energy-effective buildings originated in Europe and North America in ensures effective implementation and enforcement of energy efficiency
2
standards. Nations that were early adopters such as the Canada, USA, nations. Similar trends are observed in Japan, where energy regulations
Germany, South Korea, UK, China, France, and Japan have demon- have been in place since 1979, but after introduction of enhanced and
strated successful and effective implementations. However, despite more stringent standards in 2011, the consumption growth rate has
Spain’s early adoption of energy efficiency measures, inefficient regu- decreased in 2012. However, despite these regulatory efforts, recent
lations are apparent, with the absence of pre- and post-occupancy audits years have seen a significant increase in energy consumption in these
and a lack of regulatory assessment and revision schedules. These countries, attributed in part to economic expansion. This underscores
shortcomings impact effective implementation and enforcement of the the need for further enhancement of regulations to address the growing
energy efficiency standards, potentially compromising Spain’s sustain- energy consumption and promote sustainable practices within the resi-
able development goals in the built environment [21]. Nations who dential sector.
were late in adopting, including Australia, Russia, Italy, New Zealand, It’s evident that within Australia, the stringent implementation of
South Africa, and Mexico, have demonstrated effective execution. In comprehensive regulations in 2003 led to the stabilization of growing
contrast, India and Brazil face challenges, with the residential energy energy consumption after 2003, with subsequent growth occurring at a
regulation either being discretionary or proving ineffective. In India, reduced rate. The energy consumption trend in Italy fluctuates without a
regulations lack key components such as audits, penalties, incentives, clear trend from 1990 to 2021. There’s an upward trend until 2005,
and regulatory assessment schedules. Similarly, Brazil’s regulations coinciding with the introduction of energy regulations, leading to
suffer from missing elements like audits, penalties, incentives, and reg- inconsistent patterns thereafter. For instance, there is a notable decrease
ulatory assessment schedules, as well as specific energy efficiency in energy consumption around 2007–2009, followed by a subsequent
measures. In the USA, the adoption of the 2012 IRC is notable, encom- increase in the following years. This suggests that regulatory in-
passing in forty nine states. Through India, specific energy regulations terventions have played a pivotal role in reshaping energy consumption
for residential buildings are only present in the states of Himachal patterns and fostering greater efficiency in the country’s building sector.
Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. Amidst the varied approaches to building Identical trends have been found in Mexico after 2001, in South Africa
standards and energy regulations globally, countries also employ diverse after 2008, and in New Zealand after 1992. In a similar way, after 2008
metrics to assess building energy efficiency. In European nations like the consumption rate in Korea has been dropped by 2014. However, it’s
Germany and France, the indicators of energy efficiency, including the noteworthy that after 2014, these countries have exhibited an upward
coefficient of non-renewable primary energy (EP) are mandated by trend in energy consumption, indicating the need for continued regu-
(Energy Performance Building Directive) EPBD, ensuring a compulsory latory efforts. In Spain, since there is the dearth of regulatory evaluation
set of criteria across member states. These mandatory indicators facili- and modification set up in the nation, the rate has constantly risen at a
tate a common and consistent benchmarks for energy performance, consistent rate, despite having established rules since the 1980 s. The
ensuring that all European nations adhere to the same stringent stan- rate, however, lowered in 2007 with the implementation of EPBD
dards for building energy efficiency. In the United States, Energy Use standards, which included an authoritative evaluation and modification
Intensity (EUI) is commonly used, while Canada focus on renewable timeline. Meanwhile, the rate in Brazil is on the upswing because no
energy integration and emissions reduction. India prioritizes the Energy obligatory energy standards have been implemented so far.
Performance Index (EPI), while countries like Brazil, Mexico, and South India has experienced a consistent rise in energy consumption over
Africa adopt diverse metrics tailored to their specific needs, including the years, closely mirroring the country’s overall growth rate. This up-
renewable energy utilization and indoor environmental quality. ward trend underscores the urgent need for robust regulatory frame-
works to address energy efficiency challenges and promote sustainable
2.1. Significance of regulations in modifying the trajectory about energy development in India’s residential sector.
consumption
2.2. An outline of India’s residential building regulations
To evaluate the significance of the scrutinized regulations for the
Residential Energy Consumption (REC), the research examines the final To leverage the expertise gained from various nations in the effective
energy consumption of residential sector in tera joule (1 TJ=277777.78 enactment of energy regulations, this section conducts a comprehensive
KWh) across various countries, utilizing data from the IEA database review of preexisting regulations at the national and state levels. Addi-
[36]. The dataset covers the period from 1990 to 2021 and is visualized tionally, relevant research studies focused on residential buildings in
in Fig. 1 & Fig. 2. India are examined. This thorough investigation aims to extract valuable
Observing the trend, the United States experienced a notable shift in insights and best practices from global experiences, facilitating the
energy consumption trends following the enforcement of ICC guidelines. formulation and enhancement of effective energy codes for residential
Specifically, since 1997, there has been a discernible decrease in energy buildings in the Indian context.
consumption, suggesting that the adoption and implementation of these
codes have contributed to more efficient energy usage in residential 2.2.1. Regulations made at the national level
buildings across the country. This highlights the effectiveness of regu- The SP: 7–2005 National Building Code (NBC) [37] serves as a
latory measures in influencing energy consumption behaviors and foundational model for the building industry in India, offering measures
driving sustainable practices within the built environment. While in for codes of construction. Preceding 1970, building industry control
China, residential energy codes were imposed in the early 1980 s, over development was primarily governed by municipal-level regula-
resulting in a constant rate until 2001. Following that, there was a surge tions, which were deemed outdated. This led to the establishment of the
from 2001 to 2020 due to significant economic expansion, followed by a first unified NBC in 1970, consolidating pertinent Indian standards [38].
reduction attributed to more stringent regulations under the China’s The primary goal had been to streamline the nation’s building regula-
updated Energy Conservation Law. In India, the REC has been increasing tions and instill a performance-oriented approach.
at a consistent pace, parallel to the overall growth rate of the country. Subsequent revisions in NBC were undertaken by the BIS in 1983 and
France, UK, Germany, and Canada have demonstrated consistent 2005 [39 37]. NBC-2005 is structured into 11 parts, subdivided into 26
growth rates in energy consumption, attributed to the application of sections, covering general building requirements, administrative regu-
energy codes starting in 1970, 1976, 1977, and 1978, respectively. lations, conditions related to materials, fire safety, development control
Notably, the subsequent implementation of the EPBD regulations in rules, construction (involves safeguarding), structural design and
2002 in France, UK, and Germany, along with the introduction of the differing building services. It caters to the diverse building industry,
National Energy Code for Buildings in Canada, has contributed signifi- predominantly informal, providing essential information to the work-
cantly reduction in the consumption rate after 2002 within these force. It laid out a set of minimal requirements intended to safeguard
3
Table 1
Comparative analysis of national energy efficiency codes from around the world [14–35].
Country Energy regulation name Regulation Regulation structure Enforcement criteria
type #
Scope Prescription Stringency Construction Post construction Design Penalty Penalty
compliance compliance compliance refusal
India State/city regulations in few states Pu SiF, MuF Ps, Pf Mx A A P A A

US 2012 InternationalResidential Code Scr SiF, MuF Ps Mx P P P P P
(IRC)
South Building Design Criteria for Energy P SiF, MuF Ps, Pf Mt A A P A P
Korea Savingg (BDCES) 2008
UK Building Code on Conservation of Fuel and Scr SiF, MuF Pf, Md Mt P P P P P
Power 2013- Part L
Canada National Energy Code of Canada for Scr SiF, MuF Ps, Tr, Pf Mx A A P A P
Buildings 2011
China National Building Energy Standards Pcr SiF, MuF Ps, Pf Mt P A P P P
Russia Presidential Decree 2012, State Ps SiF, MuF Ps, Pf, Md Mt P P P P P
Programme on Energy Savings 2010
Mexico 2009 New Mexico Energy Conservation Scr SiF, Ps, Pf Mt P P P P P
Code
Spain 2009 CET, Technical Building Code 2007 Pcr SiF, MuF Ps, Pf Mt P P P P P
South South African National Standards SANS Pcr SiF, MuF Ps, Pf, Md Mt P P P A P
Africa 0204: in Buildings 2011
Brazil Brazilian Energy Labelling Schemes for P SiF, MuF Ps, Pf Vo A P P A A
Residential Buildings (RTQ-R) 2010
Italy EU Italy EPBD 2002/91/EC in 2005 Pcr SiF, MuF Ps, Pf Mt P A P P A
New New Zealand Building Code (NZBC)- Ccr SiF, MuF Ps, Pf Mt P P P P A
Zealand Clause H1
France RT2012 Ccr SiF, MuF Pf Mt P P P P P
Australia BCA 2010-6 Star NatHers Rating for Ccr SiF, MuF Ps, Pf Mt P P P P P
Buildings
Germany EnEV 2014 Pcr SiF, MuF Pf Mt A A P P P
Japan Energy Conservation Policy for Housing P SiF, MuF Ps, Pf Mx P A A A A
Scr- Substitute co-regulation, Pu- Public, Ccr- Conditional co-regulation, Pcr- Prescribed co-regulation; SiF- Single Family, MuF- Multifamily; Ps- Prescriptive, Pf-
Performance, Tr- Trade-off, Md- Model; Mx- Mixed regulation, Mt- Mandatory, Vo- Voluntary; P- Present, A- Absent; Stringency#- Mixed/Mandatory/Voluntary
regulations.
public safety regarding the stability of structures, fire hazards, and development of land comes under the governance of the state legisla-
health-related aspects of buildings; as long as these fundamental re- ture. The legislative framework for land development is established
quirements are satisfied, the building’s creativity is free to choose the through the enactment of the state Town and Country Planning (TCP)
materials and construction techniques. Act by the state government. The particular clauses of this act are more
NBC 2016 [40] serves as a regulatory framework for the building thoroughly expounded in associated rules, serving as the foundation for
construction industry, adhered with building developing institutions, the formulation of development plans at the city, town, or local level. At
private developers, government organizations, and municipalities. It the national level, codes such as NBC and ECBC are considered bench-
functions as the prototype rules which all institutions involved in marks by state governments, who may opt to adhere to them in their
building developments have to embrace. While NBC offers fundamental entirety or modify them as per local requirements.
guidelines, its coverage of energy efficiency aspects is indirect. To focus
exclusively on energy-efficiency concerns in the building industry, the 2.2.3. Studies associated with Indian building regulations
Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) [41,42] has been approved Numerous researchers have explored the interaction among energy-
in 2006 and updated in 2017 by the Indian Bureau of Energy Efficiency efficient buildings and associated codes in the context of India. A
(BEE). ECBC provides quantitative and performance-based energy effi- research conducted by The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) rec-
ciency recommendations primarily for commercial and multi-family ommended enhancements to prior building regulations. The focus of the
residential buildings. It is important to note that ECBC isn’t applicable research was on incorporating energy efficiency measures in residential
to smaller residential buildings, a substantial component of the resi- buildings in Bangalore. The proposed improvements encompassed as-
dential building industry within the nation [43,44]. As previously noted, pects such as appropriate orientation, building envelope parameters
green rating systems such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental (including WWR, shading devices, insulation on the roof, and wall
Design (LEED) for homes, and Small Versatile Affordable Green Rating thermal efficiency), lighting in the interior, and the incorporation of
for Integrated Habitat Assessment (SVAGRIHA) have been developed solar-powered water heating systems. Furthermore, the research sug-
and established in India to address sustainability issues in the building gested a reconfiguration of building regulations, advocating for a
industry. Notably, SVAGRIHA serves as a simplified rating tool tailored structure that includes both mandatory and voluntary guidelines. This
for small-scale projects with a built-up area of less than 2500 m2, shift aimed at transitioning from prescriptive regulations to
including individual residences, offices, and commercial complexes. The performance-based standards. The recommendations also emphasized
ECBC introduced Eco Niwas Samhita (ENS) 2018 [45] and 2021 [46] the importance of capacity building for stakeholders, the provision of
which sets standards for residential building envelopes, regulating heat benefits that encourage energy efficiency, as well as the dissemination of
gains and losses while ensuring natural ventilation and daylighting. information through online resources and computing devices [48].
Huang and Deringer [49] have highlighted obstacles affecting the
2.2.2. Regulations made at the state level successful application of the ECBC and NBC in India. The challenges
In the Indian context, the regulation of land, classified as a state identified encompass the absence of clear and actionable guidelines,
subject [47], falls within the purview of the state government. The deficiencies in local infrastructure, inadequate supervision and
4
Enforcement criteria Regulatory Energy efficiency measures

assessment and
Audit before Audit after Capacity Incentives Wall and Windows U- Heating Construction Lighting Air sealing Design Other
revision schedule
occupancy occupancy building ceiling value and and methodology efficiency and guidelines installations
insulation SHGC cooling ventilation
A A A A A A P P A A A P A
P A P P P P P P P P P A A
A P A P P P P P P P P P P
A A P P P P P P P P P P P
A A P P P P P P P P P P A
A A P P A P P P P P P P P
A A P P P P P P P P P P A
A A P P P P P P A P A A A
A A P P A P P P P P P P P
P A P P A P P P P P P P P
A A P A A A A A A A A A A
A P P P P P P P A P P P P
A A A P P P P P A P A P A
A P P P P P P P P P P P A
P P P P P P A P A A P P P
P P P P P P P P P P P P P
A A P P A P P P P A P P P
monitoring, insufficient incentives, a shortage of appropriate materials etc. as its graphical interfaces, to assess energy consumption of a
and equipment, and a lack of prominent knowledge. building is more prevalent in nations where they have been developed
The LEED [50] is a rating system originating in the United States, and extensively utilized, creating a disparity in many developing na-
designed based on various energy efficiency principles drawn from tions. This challenge is further compounded when there is a lack of
established U.S. energy standards like ASHRAE and ICC. For instance, professional training available from regulatory authorities. The
the assessments of energy performance through simulation relies on mandated specifications, involving technical aspects including U-values
weather data, typically accessible for majority of locales in the USA and for building envelope including walls, roofs, floors, windows, and doors
other developed nations but may pose challenges in developing nations and wood accreditation, may not be adequately regulated in several
where access to such data is limited. Additionally, the availability of countries. Consequently, the implementation of U.S. rating systems such
simulation programs such as EnergyPlus with DesignBuilder, eQuest, as LEED encounters challenges in nations like India, where U.S.
Fig. 1. Energy consumption in residential sector across different countries worldwide from 1990 to 2021.
5
Fig. 2. Energy consumption in residential sector across different countries worldwide from 1990 to 2021.
standards have not often employed. The differences in infrastructure, [63].

training, and regulatory practices create obstacles to the seamless The crucial energy efficiency parameters, distilled to diverse
adoption of foreign standards and systems. empirical studies, are cataloged in Table 2. It becomes evident that a
Moreover, it can also be challenging to implement any resilient comprehensive consideration of embodied, operational, and demolition
rating system because to the diverse characteristics of climatic condi- energy is imperative. The energy consumption is intricately linked to
tions, the varying regulatory execution capabilities of state govern- factors such as building height (expressed in the number of floors), the
ments, and a dearth of appropriate guidelines for voluntary adherence building’s lifespan, envelope characteristics, and prevailing climate
with ECBC in India [51,52]. variables. Additionally, the quantity of glazing panes, assessment of
In their research, Kumar and Pushplata [53,54] examined into the alternative designs, and residents’ participation towards regulations
development rules of hill towns in the valleys of the Himalayas with a also impact energy usage. Residents’ participation encompasses
focus on sustainability and environmental preservation. The study rec- behavioral practices, decision-making, awareness and education, and
ommended the formulation of effectiveness and geographically specific adhering to regulations. Strategies to minimize the usage of electricity
regulations. An additional investigation by Kumar [55] advocated for encompass on-site solar power generation, enhanced heating and
the establishment of building regulations for hilly areas, considering the ventilation systems, and prudent control over the operation regarding
benefits of vernacular architecture, such as smaller buildings, the use of lighting fixtures.
regional supplies, earthquake proof, site planning using cut and fill,
stabilization of slopes, and enhanced architectural value. The recom- 3. Energy conservation programs for Indian buildings
mendations extended to standard guidelines at the settlement level,
clustering level, and building level. Despite this, it’s noteworthy that the Numerous studies has been undertaken for assessing the prospects
investigation failed to examine the recently implemented building and affordability of energy efficiency and demand-side management
regulation programs for energy efficiency outlined in the modified (DSM) in India [64]. Even so, the initial significant attempt to enhance
Himachal Pradesh Town Planning Standards [56,57], although these energy efficiency in the industrial and building sectors took place amid
measures were notifiable in advance. the 8th Five-Year Plan (FYP) (1992–1997) [65]. In 1999, India took a
Ramesh et al. [58] investigated the effectiveness of building enve- notable step by launching a web-based platform to provide educational
lope components, such as insulating materials, WWR, and onsite ener- resources on energy efficiency to individuals [66]. Additionally, awards
gy production on the energy efficiency of residential buildings over a 75- for energy efficiency have been launched, recognizing producers of
year lifecycle. The result highlights significant energy savings through rated electronic devices, along with recently, extending for residential
thermal insulation and double-pane windows, with potential for buildings [67].
achieving net-zero energy with on-site power generation. This analysis
emphasizes the critical role of building envelope components in
3.1. Approaches for building energy efficiency
achieving substantial energy savings and potentially attaining net-zero
energy in residential buildings. Tulsyan et al. [59] explored the effects
The Ministry of Power in India assumes a pivotal role in the holistic
of ECBC measures, emphasizing that enhancements to the building en-
advancement of electricity, encompassing production, distribution, and
velope can result in up to 15 % energy savings. Reddy and Jagdish [60]
transmission, with a specific focus on demand-side management and
listed prominent along with a substitute building materials, calculating
energy efficiency in both the industrial and building sectors [68]. The
the embodied energy associated with various slab’s forms. Debnath et al
initiation of the Energy Conservation Act in 2001 amid the 9th FYP
[61] examined the overall embodied energy of several home construc-
marked a pivotal step, leading to the establishment of the BEE in 2002
tion components. The findings suggest a decreasing trend in the overall
under the Ministry of Power’s jurisdiction. While BEE initially defined
embodied energy of home construction components per unit of floor
energy-intensive sectors and commercial buildings as specified cus-
area across different building types and floor areas. Pinky and Pala-
tomers, residential buildings weren’t initially included in energy effi-
miappan [62] conducted a lifecycle energy analysis on a selected
ciency measures [41]. The 10th FYP (2002–07) further underscored the
building, examining embodied, operational, and demolition energy. The
significance of benchmarking hydrocarbon usage for the mitigation of
further details on buildings with energy efficiency in India is put
global warming [69]. In 2003, the Ministry of Power revisited the
together in the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) report
Electricity Act that governs electricity production, distribution, and
6
Table 2
Determination of building energy-saving metrics in accordance with Indian research findings.
Parameters [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63]
Energy use Operational L L N N L L

Embodied L N L L L L
Demolition N N N N N L
Building height L N N L N N
Building life expectancy N N N N L N
Thermal properties Glazing-U Value, SHGC, VLT, shading coefficient L L N N N N
Roof L N N N L N
Quantity of glazing panes: one or two L L N N N L
Assessment of alternative designs N N N N N L
HVAC − Effectiveness Factor, Energy Saver N L N N N N
Water heating systems powered by the direct sunlight N N N N N L
The circumstances of the weather L L N N N L
Illumination by artificial means N L N N N N
Residents’ participations N L N N N L
On-premises solar energy production L N N N N L
L-listed, N- not listed.
transmission. The revision aimed to enhance the quality and reliability which calculates building energy needs and suggests both active and
of electricity supply to consumers. This comprehensive approach passive energy efficiency strategies such as installing energy-efficient
involved the setting up of the Central Electricity Authority as an advi- HVAC systems (active) and improving insulation to reduce heat trans-
sory body and the establishment of regulatory mechanisms, including fer (passive). These initiatives led to a decrease in energy demand and
state-level Regulatory Commissions, in collaboration with state elec- reduced investments in electricity generation by the government.
tricity boards, to address demand-side management [70]. In year 2006, In 2017, ECBC [42] gets updated again and established bare minimal
the Planning Commission of India introduced the Integrated Energy criteria for energy-efficient design and construction, specifically tar-
Policy, aiming to coordinate the efforts of ministries involved in the geting large commercial buildings. These criteria encompass funda-
energy segment. The policy’s objectives were to strengthen accessibility mental requirements for energy efficiency, ensuring that buildings meet
to energy for the impoverished and ensure energy security, supporting basic standards which include building envelope insulation, efficient
the country’s annual economic growth rate of 8–9 % until 2031. As part HVAC systems, lighting controls, and the use of renewable energy
of this initiative, the policy recommended the restructuring of the BEE to sources. Addressing these crucial aspects, ECBC 2017 is tailored to In-
enhance its focus on energy efficiency-related operations [71]. BEE dia’s diverse climatic zones. Through the integration of features specific
actively encouraged the installation of energy-efficient devices through to the nation’s many climate zones, ECBC 2017 seeks to maximize en-
the National Energy Labeling Program 2006, commonly referred to as ergy efficiency while maintaining environmental sustainability and
the Standard and Labeling Program [72]. BEE additionally established occupant comfort. This revised rule highlights India’s dedication to
the ECBC in 2006 [41] and revised in 2007 [42]. Currently, BEE’s promote green building standards across the country and shows a pro-
research and development program emphasizes the fabrication of active approach to energy reduction.
energy-efficient windows, affordable insulation materials like poly- Eco Niwas Samhita (ENS) 2018 (Part-1) [45] and 2021 (Part-2) [46],
styrene, polyurethane foam, mineral wool, & calcium silicate, and constituting the ECBC for the Residential Sector, was introduced. This
simulation for energy modeling using EnergyPlus, thermal analysis initiative focuses on establishing minimum standards for building en-
using Fluent software & daylight analysis using Autodesk® & Ecotect® velope performance, encompassing compliance requirements such as
software [41]. the openable window to floor area ratio of 8.33 12.5 %, visible light
During the 11th FYP (2007–2012), several programs have been transmittance of 0.11–––0.27, and maximum thermal transmittance for
launched aimed at lowering the energy consumption of India [73]. In the roof up to 1.2 W/m2K, which are standardized across all climatic
2008, the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) was zones. It aims at regulating heat gains in cooling-dominated weather
formulated with the objective of sustainability in the building industry, conditions and minimize heat loss in heating-dominated weather con-
emphasizing concerns for the environment and carbon emissions ditions, all the while promising sufficient airflow and natural light in
reduction [74]. Within NAPCC, the National Mission for Enhanced En- residential buildings. Following that, in 2019 BEE launched the Energy
ergy Efficiency (NMEEE) plays a crucial role in the building industry Efficiency Label for Residential Buildings [78], aims to provide trans-
[75]. NMEEE aims to encourage the installation of energy-efficient de- parency in assessing energy performance, influencing future home pri-
vices, implement DSM, and develop fiscal instruments for encouraging ces. This label is mandatory for new residential buildings and those
energy efficiency. The specific goals include tax exemptions for energy- undergoing thermal upgrades. This labeling program establishes an
efficient dimensions, upgrading the current structures for energy effec- accepted standard for evaluating houses based on energy-efficient
tiveness, and promoting effective street illumination and pumping sets. criteria, fostering a consumer-driven market shift for energy effective-
Under NMEEE, the Super-Efficient Equipment Programme (SEEP) was ness in the housing sector. This labelling programmed is positioned to
also introduced by BEE, focusing on empowered manufacturing and sale induce a paradigm shift towards energy-efficient dwelling choices,
of highly efficient electronics devices in India. thereby promoting broader adoption of sustainable building practices
In 2009, BEE initiated the Energy-Efficient Lamp Saving Scheme, across the housing industry.
providing households with high-quality, subsidized compact fluorescent
lamps to lower the lighting demand [76]. The star rating system for
buildings was implemented in 2009 to evaluate the performance of 3.2. Measures to employ renewable energy in buildings
commercial buildings on a scale of 1–5 stars. The stars indicate the en-
ergy efficiency and overall environmental performance of buildings, The MNRE serves as the central agency of the Indian government
with 5 stars indicating the highest energy efficiency and sustainability, with the mission of promoting innovative and renewable energy sour-
and 1 star indicating the lowest. In 2010, TERI adopted an energy ces. It actively encourages the application of energy from renewable
assessment computation instrument named “IT toolkit India” [77], sources in structures through various initiatives, including:
Passive solar building program- MNRE offer financing for educational
7
programs, training, and demonstrations in order to encourage energy- thermal efficiency, ventilation, and illumination in non-industrial
efficient construction approaches that incorporate solar architecture structures. It is structured into four parts, covering basic climatic ele-
concepts [79]. The program aims to utilize India’s immense solar energy ments, heat insulation, ventilation requirements, and design methods
resources by encouraging the incorporation of passive solar design for daylighting and lighting. While it provides a general calculation
principles into building construction. With a focus on elements like the methodology and fundamentals, it lacks dedicated energy efficiency
best possible building orientation, careful material selection, suitable requirements for residential and other structures, suggesting a need for
door and window sizes and designs, and the use of shading devices, the their inclusion and elaboration in the NBC for widespread adoption
program seeks to enhance both the thermal comfort and the energy ef- throughout the nation.
ficiency of buildings in a variety of climate zones. The goal of the Passive
Solar Building Program is to promote sustainable building design and 4.2. Energy Conservation building code 2017
construction techniques through a holistic approach. This aid India
make the transition to a built environment that is more energy-efficient The ECBC [42], a non– obligatory norm initiated by the BEE,
and environmentally friendly. particularly targets commercial structures that has a consumption of
Green building initiative- MNRE has initiated the promotion of green 500 kW or air-conditioned area surpassing 1000 m2. The adoption of this
buildings in India through the Green Rating for Integrated Habitat code is at the discretion of state governments based on their specific
Assessment (GRIHA) rating system [80] during the 12th FYP needs. As of now, ECBC is implemented in 22 states and 1 union terri-
(2013–2018). Benefits will be offered over the development of green tory. States like Rajasthan, Odisha, and others have adopted ECBC
buildings, and monetary support is offered over the integration of solar- without modifications, others have modified the code to align with the
powered heating systems, solar luminaries, solar-powered stoves, and local weather circumstances. States like Himachal Pradesh, Assam, and
roof-mounted PV power generation infrastructure. MNRE also provides others have begun the course of enacting the following the necessary
benefits to finance companies assisting the setting up of solar energy modifications. The core objective of ECBC is to establish the minimal
systems, thus making it possible for more people nationwide to have standards for energy efficiency in building and design, catering to
access to clean and renewable energy technology. By means of these diverse climatic conditions in India. Table 3 outlines various building
coordinated initiatives, MNRE aims to promote the extensive integration envelope parameters covered under ECBC.
of sustainable building methodologies and accelerate the transition to-
wards an improved environmentally conscious along with energy-
efficient built environment in India. 4.3. Star rating system
Solar city program- The Solar city program by MNRE represents a
concerted effort to promote sustainable urban development by har- In India, the Indian Green Building Code (IGBC) introduced a green
nessing the potential of renewable energy sources. The MNRE offered building rating system, adapting the LEED system from the US to align
support for the establishment of 100 Solar Cities, targeting to obtain an with Indian specifications [50]. It is the initial specialized rating system
approximate 10 % drop in the anticipated demand for traditional energy for residential buildings, emphasizing traditional supplies, techniques,
sources. In the Solar City program, cities with populations ranging from along with technological advancements. It combines prescribed in
0.50 lakh to 50 lakh can implement various renewable energy projects addition to performance-driven approaches and sets necessary compo-
such as solar, wind, bio-mass, small hydro, and waste to energy, along nents for eligibility. This rating system consist 75 and 100 points. The
with potential energy efficiency measures tailored to their specific needs points denote the level of energy efficiency achieved by a home. For
and resource availability. The objective is to enhance the supplies from single-family homes, a maximum of 75 points is awarded, while for
renewable energy sources within the urban area by enacting measures multi-dwelling homes, the maximum is 100 points. These points are
related to energy efficiency. By enhancing the application of renewable earned based on the implementation of various energy efficiency
energy resources, including solar, wind, biomass, small-scale hydro-
electricity, and waste-to-energy technologies, MNRE seeks to mitigate Table 3
the environmental impact of urbanization while simultaneously Energy-saving practices under the ECBC.
addressing energy security concerns. Local governments are encouraged S. Parameters Guidelines
to adopt renewable energy technologies, including wind, solar, biomass, No.
small-scale hydroelectricity, and waste into renewable energy, based on 1 Orientation orientation of the site and its climate
the specific needs and readily accessible resources in each city [79]. 2 Building envelope According to the given requirements
Through the Solar City program, MNRE endeavors to advocate a move in (i) Fenestration
(ii) Air leakage Maximum: 5.01/sqm2 for external glazed doors;
the direction of cleaner and better sustainable energy systems within
2.0/sqm2 for others
India’s rapidly growing urban centers, ultimately contributing to the (iii) Building Joints, assemblies, other openings, utility lines
nation’s broader goals of environmental protection and sustainable envelope sealing penetrations, and site-built windows
development. U-value (assembly) max = 0.261 W/m2K, R-value
(insulation) min = 3.5 m2K/W
(iv) Mandatory Min. solar reflectivity = 0.70,
4. India’s energy-efficiency policies requirements-
Min. emittance = 0.75 (for slopes less than 20◦ )
A thorough examination of the literature has been conducted to (a) Roof Maximum assembly U value: 0.44 W/m2K,
investigate the significance of existing national-level codes, standards, minimum insulation R-value: 2.1 m2K/W
The maximum U value is 3.3 W/m2K, the
and guidelines in shaping the implementation of energy-efficient resi-
maximum SHGC is 0.25 (WWR<40 %), the
dential buildings. minimum VLT (Visible Light Transmittance) is
0.27
4.1. Standards: SP41: Handbook of functional requirements of buildings (b) Cool roof (WWR<30 %), 0.2 (WWR30-40 %), 0.16
(WWR40–50 %), 0.13 (WWR50 –60 %)
Maximum SHG:0.4 (0–2 % skylight ratio(SRR)):
A detailed handbook [81] addressing various clauses of the 0.25 (2.1–5 % SRR), Maximum U-value:11.24 W/
NBC 1983 [39] like heating and cooling, daylighting, shading tools, and m2K
ventilation rates, has been developed by the Central Building Research (c) Wall
Institute (CBRI), Roorkee. Accepted as an Indian Standard code [81], (d) Fenestration
(e) Skylight
this handbook offers comprehensive knowledge about meteorology,
8
Table 4
Energy-saving strategies adapted LEED homes, IGBC.
S. Parameters/Indicators Provisions
No.
Individual residences Multi-dwelling residences

1 Local building regulations Mandatory Mandatory
2 (A) Rain water harvesting Mandatory Mandatory
i. System for collecting rainwater from roofs and unpaved areas
a. less than 50 % 2-pts 2-pts
b. less than 75 % 4-pts 4-pts
ii. Water-saving fixtures that reduce water use
a. greater than 25 % 2-pts 2-pts
b. greater than 35 % 4-pts 4-pts
(B) Water-efficient landscaping: Mandatory Mandatory
i. Min.15 % area 1-pt 1-pt
ii. Species that can withstand drought in the area (%): 2-pts 2-pts
a. less than 20 % Not applicable 2-pts
b. less than 40 % Not applicable 1-pt
iii. Lawn area reduction
a. greater than 20 %
b. greater than 40 %
(C) Reusing treating waste water
a. less than 50 % 1-pt 1-pt
3 (A) Heat island effect: non-roofed space with soft landscaping or shade
a. less than 50 % 2-pts 1-pt
(B) Heat island impact on the roof: utilize high-reflectivity & emittance
products or flora
a. less than 50 %
b. less than 75 % 2-pts 1-pt
4-pts 2-pts
4 Orientation Simulations
5 (A) SHGC 2-pts 2-pts
i. WWR greater than 20 %:0.38
ii. WWR: 20–30 %: 0.32
iii. WWR: less than 30 %:0.27
(B) Glazing U- Value 1-pt 1-pt
i. WWR: greater than 30 %:3.3
ii. WWR: less than 30 %:2.8
(C) Assembled wall U-value:1.8 1-pt 2-pts
(D) Assembled roof U-value:0.5 1-pt 2-pts
6 Lighting
i. Diminution of lighting density of power
ii. Lighting control Not mandatory 1-pt
7 (A) Star-rated air conditioning installations
i. Unitary: Central system efficiency or at least 3 stars:
(B) Space heating system
a. Utilizing a non-electric heater having a minimal COP value of 2.5, a Mandatory Mandatory
unitary heat pump
b. Min. thermal efficiency: 70 %
Mandatory Mandatory
8 Solar water heater
i. Availability of hot water sufficient to fulfil needs Less than 50 %: 2-pts Less than 25 %: 2-pts
Less than 95 %: 4-pts Less than 50 %: 4-pts
9 Energy-saving techniques and CFC-free equipment in Use of any four BEE4-star- Use of any two of the BEE 4-star items
rated items
appliances as well as additional machinery
10 (A) Efficiency in energy utilization and improvement:
i. Percentage energy cost savings 1–1pt for 3–30 % savings 1–1pt for 2–20 % savings
(B) Make use of renewable energy (on-site generated): Mandatory Not mandatory
i. Min.5 % generation Less than 5 %: 2-pts Less than 2.5 %: 2-pts
ii. Production (%) of total energy consumption Less than 10 %: 4-pts Less than 5 %: 4-pts
Less than 15 %: 6-pts Less than 7.5 %: 6-pts
11 Distributed power generation Not applicable hybrid distributed power production units with 15 % of total
load coming from non-fossil sources (2 pts)
12 Energy metering Not applicable Set up energy meter to feed any of the 3:
• exterior lighting
• govt. water supply
• grey water
• domestic purposed water
• water cooling
13 (A) Reuse of salvaged materials
(continued on next page)
9
Table 4 (continued )
S. Parameters/Indicators Provisions
No.
i. Cost Reused % 2.5 %: 1-pt 1 %: 2-pts

ii. Recycled material 5 %: 2-pts 2 %: 4-pts
(B) Locally available materials Mandatory
i. 50 % of the materials must be produced in 400 km Mandatory
ii. % of local materials
(C) Highly sustainable construction materials and certified wood:
i. Min.50 % locally available materials Mandatory Mandatory
ii. less than 50 % 2-pts 2-pts
iii. less than 75 % 4-pts 4-pt
14 Day lighting:
i. Mandatory: (%) of the area with desired glazing quality Bedroom and
additional spaces: 1, Study area: 2, Kitchen: 1
a. Min 50 % Mandatory Mandatory
ii. Simulation: % area at 12p.m. on September 21 with 108 lx
c. Min. 50 % Mandatory Mandatory
d. less than 75 % 4-pts 4-pts
15 (A) Ventilation with fresh air
i. Minimum usable space: 10 % for living areas, 8 % for kitchens, and 4 Mandatory Mandatory
% for bathrooms
ii. Improvement using living areas accounts for 13 %, kitchens for 10 %, 2-pts 2-pts
and bathrooms for 5 %
(B) Ventilating in AC dwellings. Commencing with:
i. 5-cfm for each individual
ii. 6.5-cfm for each individual Mandatory Mandatory
(C) Cross ventilation 2-pts 2-pts
i. Nothing until two meters from the opening
ii. Minimum airflow from minimum two directions: Mandatory Mandatory
a. less than 50 %
b. less than 75 %
2-pts 2-pts
4-pts 4-pts
16 Low − VOC materials, paints & adhesives
i.100 % of the space is painted/ coated with low/ no-VOC materials. 1-pt 1-pt
ii. within the parameters that are defined for paints and adhesives
1-pt 1-pt
Pt- points.
measures outlined in Table 4. Each measure contributes a certain 1376.095 billion units, while CO2 emissions totaled 2952.87 million
number of points towards the total score, with higher-scoring measures metric tons [83]. This anticipated benefits include substantial energy
typically indicating more substantial energy savings or efficiency savings, up to 40 % compared to conventional houses, with an estimated
improvements. yearly decrease of 90 billion units by 2030. Additionally, the labeling
GRIHA, a native rating system established by TERI in 2005, was mechanism is expected to drop downward the prices of energy for po-
accepted as the national rating system by the MNRE, GoI, in 2007 [80]. tential homeowners and contribute to a potential CO2 emission reduc-
Specifically designed for residential buildings, it is known as SVA- tion of 320 MT annually by 2030.
GRIHA. GRIHA advocates the ECBC for energy efficiency benchmarking
as well as assess additional modifications, assigning points for en-
hancements in addition to the ECBC preliminary proposals. It assigns 4.4. Guidelines
energy efficiency points to residential buildings based on a scale of 50
[82], considering 5 climatic classifications outlined in NBC [37], i.e. hot- The “Handbook of Energy-Conscious Buildings” is a collaborative
dry, warm-humid, temperate, cold, and composite. The scale of 50 refers project between the IIT Bombay, and the Solar Energy Centre of the
to the total number of energy efficiency points that can be awarded to MNRE, now known as the National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE). This
residential buildings under the GRIHA rating system. It represents the handbook serves as a valuable resource on energy-conscious building
range within which buildings are assessed for their energy performance, practices, offering guidance regarding the adoption of sustainable rather
with higher scores indicating greater energy efficiency. The energy ef- than highly energy-intensive resources, passive approaches, daylighting
ficiency parameters for SVAGRIHA in a composite climate are detailed attributes, the incorporation of energy-efficient measures in construc-
in Table 5. tion approach, ecological preservation, wastewater treatment and reuse,
In 2019, the Ministry of Power and Renewable Energy introduced the rainwater harvesting, alongside the application of energy-efficient
Energy Efficiency Label for Residential Buildings [78], a BEE-developed home equipment. [84,85]. Particular specifications tailored for resi-
program aiming to inform consumers about energy efficiency standards. dential buildings in various geographic regions are provided, with pa-
This labeling initiative serves as a tool for assessing home energy per- rameters appropriate for hot-dry climates outlined in Table 6.
formance, influencing future home prices and promoting a market shift
for energy conservation in residential construction that has been 5. Results and discussions
prompted by consumers. In 2018, energy generation amounted to
The comparative analysis of energy regulations across diverse
10
Table 5 Table 5 (continued )

Energy-saving techniques in SVAGRIHA for composite climate. S. Parameters/Indicators Provisions
S. Parameters/Indicators Provisions No.
No.
i. Choosing PPC instead of OPC Mandatory
1 Minimize hard pavement and preserve ii. Using 100 % PPC than OPC 2-pts
natural vegetation coverage iii. Utilizing low-embodied materials can 2-pts
i. 50 % minimum of soft pavement 2-pts save embodied energy by
ii. Preserve present plantations 1-pt a. less than 5 %
iii. Equivalent quantity of trees prior to 2-pts b. less than 10 %
and following development 12 Use of low-energy materials in interiors
iv. Every newly planted native species 1-pt i. Minimum 70 % interior area Mandatory
2 Concepts and ideas of passive architecture ii. Minimum 70 % flooring 1-pt
i. Any two passive or sustainable methods 2-pts iii. Minimum 70 % other internal finishes 2-pts
of heating and cooling iv. Low VOC and lead free paints 1-pt
ii. Making use of the active systems 2-pts 13 Adopting a green lifestyle: Constructed with 1-pt
3 Fenestration limitations 12.5 – 50 m2 each individual
i. Cutting down on direct heat-gain 14 Innovation 2-pts
a. less than 30 % 1-pt
Pt- points.
b. less than 45 % 2-pts
c. less than 60 % 3-pts
ii. Optimizing daylight
a. Min. 25 % Mandatory nations underscores the critical factors influencing the successful
b. less than 25 % 1-pt implementation of such regulations. Key considerations include the
c. less than 50 % 2-pts structure of the codes, criteria for enforcement, array of energy effi-
d. less than 75 % 3-pts
ciency measures, methods for performance assessment, the nature of
iii. General considerations:
a. Orientation Maximum apertures with previous regulations, and the holistic approach taken in the develop-
minimum solar radiation ment of these codes. It is essential to integrate detailed specifics of
Adequate regulations into the prevailing or recommended energy frameworks of a
b. Shading Maximum WWR- 60 % particular nation, as this integration facilitates the assimilation of the
c. WWR Low-SHGC glass
latest research findings and technological advancements.
d. SHGC 10 to 60 %
e. VLT This literature survey aims to identify and extract pertinent param-
4 Effective artificial illumination system: LPD 2-pts eters and indicators associated with energy efficiency gathered from
is less than EC different Indian codes, standards, and research studies. The goal is to
5 Thermal effectiveness of the structure
incorporate these identified elements into building regulations,
i. Exterior heat gain: LPD levels according
to various positions contributing to a more robust and effective regulatory framework. The
a. greater than 135 W/m2 1-pt key indicators, as summarized in Table 7, primarily focus on aspects
b. greater than 110 W/m2 2-pts such as the building envelope, site conditions, and building materials.
ii. General considerations: Notably, parameters associated with the temporary construction phase,
a. SHGC of glass Lower SHGC
such as workforce safety and infrastructure provision, are intentionally
b. U-value of roof/glass/walls Lower U-value
c. Degrees of EPD& LPD More efficient excluded from this list due to their minimal impact on energy con-
d. Building occupancy optimum sumption across the entire lifespan of a structure.
6 Energy-efficient fixtures: water geyser, fans, The discerned indicators serves an essential component in delin-
and ac with thermostats
eating the energy-efficient landscape within the framework of building
i. (BEE) 3-star 2-pts
ii. (BEE) 5-star 3-pts
construction. Among these, the building envelope emerges as a focal
7 On-site renewable energy use 2-pts point, encapsulating features like insulation, fenestration, and overall
i. PV is used to generate electricity based Mandatory structural design that significantly influence energy consumption. Site
on the area of construction conditions, another crucial determinant, encapsulate geographical and
a. (100 to 500): 1 kW 1-pt
climatic factors, amplifying the need for adaptive energy strategies
b. (500 to 1000): 2 kW 2-pts
c. (1000 to 1500): 2.5 kW based on specific locations. Furthermore, the composition and charac-
d. (1500 to 2000): 3 kW teristics of building materials are integral, with the potential to sway
e. (2000 to 2500): 3.5 kW energy efficiency outcomes.
ii. Efficiency of solar heating system
The regulatory frameworks and rating systems analyzed in the study
a. 50 %
b. 50–75 %
encompass a range of parameters essential for evaluating the energy
c. 75–100 % efficiency of buildings. The ECBC [45] addresses various aspects such as
8 Reducing water requirements properties of openings, wall and roof materials, air leakage and envelope
i. Less water flow equipment: decrease sealing, natural ventilation, and orientation. Similarly, the LEED rating
water requirements by
system [50] covers properties of openings, wall and roof materials,
a. 25 % 1-pt
b. 33 % 2-pts natural ventilation, daylight area, and rainwater harvesting. The SP: 41
c. 50 % 3-pts framework [50] considers properties of openings, wall and roof mate-
ii. Plantation of native trees: decrease rials, natural ventilation, and daylight area. Additionally, the SVA-
water demand by
GRIHA system [50] focuses on properties of openings, wall and roof
a. 25 % 1-pt
b. 50 % 2-pts
materials, natural ventilation, daylight area, and rainwater harvesting.
9 RWH The NBC [40] also include parameters related to properties of openings,
i. Collecting 75 % of the water needed in 3-pts wall and roof materials, and orientation.
two days (210 lit. per person) Various researchers have also extensively discussed different in-
ii. Recharging groundwater with filtering 1-pt
dicators of energy efficiency in residential buildings. The building en-
10 Produce resources from waste 2-pts
11 Embodied energy reduction velope, essential for energy efficiency, regulates heat transfer, air
leakage, and moisture movement, impacting a building’s overall per-
formance [86]. Roof design in hot, dry regions requires careful material
11
Table 6 selection and insulation to mitigate heat gain, often incorporating

Energy-saving techniques for homes in hot-dry climates. shading techniques [87–91]. Optimizing the Wall-Window Ratio (WWR)
SI. Parameters/ Provisions is crucial for energy-efficient buildings, balancing natural ventilation
No. Indicators with solar heat gain [92–95]. Window glazing parameters, such as the
Regarding conditioned Regarding non- Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC), affect cooling requirements, with
structures conditioned low SHGC glass preferred in hot, arid climates [96]. Additionally, pas-
structures sive design strategies like overhangs play a vital role in reducing solar
1 Envelope of building penetration and cooling energy demand [97–99].
i. Orientation No effect North-south
ii. Configuration
a. Volume to Reduce exposed surface Reduce exposed 5.1. Building envelope
area ratio surface
b. Form Compact Compact The building envelope stands out as a paramount and highly influ-
c. Off-set Increase off-set Increase off-set
ential indicator, encompassing a myriad of design elements critical to
iii. Fenestrations Double-pane windows Single reflective
with reflective coatings coated energy efficiency. Key components within this indicator include fenes-
a. Positioning of 50 % tration properties, the WWR, characteristics of roofing and wall mate-
openings rials, air infiltration and envelope sealing, considerations for natural
b. Windows 50 % ventilation, optimal orientation, building architecture, daylight dimen-
shading
iv. Components Insulated RCC roof with
sion, as well as the geometry and levels of the structure. The afore-
PUF mentioned decisions pertain to design, ranging from fundamental
a. Roof Wall insulation: Siporex, RCC roofs with choices such as site orientation to nuanced considerations like the
Thermo-col polyurethane foam impact of the urban surroundings (e.g., geometry, solar obstructions,
insulation
nearby building dimensions, outdoor surface albedo, and vegetation),
Cream, white Block wall made of
concrete without collectively shape the energy effectiveness of a building. Adherence to
insulation these parameters ensures the provision of ample daylighting, effective
b. Wall Cream, white ventilation, and efficient heating and cooling mechanisms, culminating
v. Exterior color in a building that is responsive to climatic conditions and optimized for
2 Overarching Equipment that uses less A device that uses less
guidelines for energy to reduce interior energy to lower
energy efficiency.
heating by passive heat gain. internal heat gains.
means 5.2. Site condition
i. Glazing Reducing the Set-point Exchanges of air: 9
ACH is superior
The site emerges as a crucial indicator, particularly in hilly regions,
ii. Thermal mass Air exchanges: it is
preservation preferable to have a encompassing topographical features, vegetation, the spatial arrange-
lower air change per ment among buildings (open spaces), and their respective interventions.
hour (ach). Microclimatic conditions are influenced by terrain and vegetation,
iii. Thermal wall Air exchange setting. which has an impact on energy usage and thermal comfort. Further-
preservation
iv. Collectors on
more, how buildings and open areas are arranged affects natural
top of a roofing ventilation, wind patterns, and solar access.
v. Solarium However, the site’s influence extends beyond its physical attributes
3 Overarching to include social and regulatory considerations. Decisions regarding
guidelines for
land use and development must navigate legal and communal norms,
cooling by passive
means often resulting in compromises that affect energy performance. For
i. Ventilating example, land cutting to address sloped terrain may disrupt existing
ii. Wind tower structures and communities, necessitating careful planning and stake-
iii. Driven holder engagement.
ventilating
iv. Cooling during
Moreover, the interaction between neighboring buildings un-
the night derscores the interconnectedness of urban environments. Property
v. Cooling via boundaries, setbacks, and shared amenities all shape the built form and
evaporation energy dynamics of a neighborhood. Therefore, fostering collaboration
vii. Earth bermed
and coordination among stakeholders is essential for achieving holistic
structure
4 Overarching Using light-pipes, and sustainable urban development.
guidelines for day skylights, and windows While the site presents opportunities for optimizing energy effi-
lighting ciency, it also poses challenges that require a multidisciplinary
5 Construction approach. By integrating technical expertise with social and regulatory
materials
i. Embodied utilizing materials with
considerations, designers and policymakers can create resilient and
energy lower embodied energy energy-efficient built environments that enhance quality of life for in-
ii. inventive choice Boost surface habitants while minimizing environmental impact.
of materials reflectivity, thermal
capacity, and thermal
5.3. Building materials
resistance
Alternatives
iii. The value for A key component of energy-efficient design is the choice of material
the money for construction, having a significant effect on the built environment’s
performance as well as environmental impact. In addition to lowering
transportation-related emissions, prioritizing the use of locally sourced
materials boosts local economies and creates a feeling of place.
Furthermore, evaluating a material’s overall sustainability requires
taking consideration of its embedded energy, which is the amount of
12
Table 7
Developed metrics and indicators for energy-efficiency measurements in Indian construction standards, guidelines, and regulations.
Indicator Parameter/indicator ENS ECBC LEED SP:41 SVAGRIHA HECB NBC Research
Homes work
Building envelope Properties of openings L L L L L L N L

WWR L L L L L L L N
Wall materials properties L L L L L L N L
Roof materials properties L L L L L L N L
Air leakage/envelope sealing N L N N N N N N
Natural ventilation N L L L L L L N
Orientation L L L L L L L L
Building alternative design N N N L L L L L
Building height N N N L N N L L
Day lit area L N L L L L L N
Shape N N N L N L N N
Site conditions Topography N N N N L L N N
Distance between buildings N N N N N L L N
Non-roof mitigation for open spaces/heat island N N L N L L N N
impact
Vegetation N N N N L L N N
Building materials Reusing materials that were salvaged N N L N L N N N
Local materials N N L N N N N N
Materials for building that are rapidly renewable and N N L N N N N N
certified
Embodied energy L N N N L L N L
Paints N N L N L L N N
Materials’ efficiency N N N N N L N N
Water Rain water harvesting N N L N L N L N
Water-saving fixtures N N L N L N N N
Water-saving landscaping N N L N L N N N
Waste water management N N L N N N N N
Strategies for utilizing Usage of artificial illumination N L L N L L N L
energy HVAC effectiveness L L L N N N N L
Utilization of electricity L L N N N N N N
Water heaters powered by the sun L L L N L L N L
Production of green energy L L L N L L N L
Solar passive additional elements N N N N L L L N
Space heating system L N L N N L N L
Appliances L N L N L L N N
Energy transmission system that is effective N L L N N N L N
Occupancy/green lifestyle/Innovations N N L N L N N N
Evaluation of energy Energy consumption and stats for operations L L L N L N N L
efficiency Power used in demolishing N N N N N N N L
The life expectancy of a structure N N N N N N N L
Weather circumstances N L L L L L L L
Residents’ Attitude N N N N N N N L
L- Listed, N- not listed.
energy needed for its processing, production, transportation, and climatic circumstances, and the conduct of the residents. While these
installation. aspects are typically addressed in regulations, a more in-depth study is
Incorporating recycled or salvaged materials into construction pro- essential to discern their specific impact on energy efficiency.
jects merely redirects trash to waste dumps yet additionally minimi- The aforementioned measures necessitate inclusion in the NBC and
zes the requirement over virgin materials. Similarly, opting for rapidly thereafter in building regulations, given that the NBC serves as the
renewable materials, such as bamboo or cork, promotes ecological bal- foundational framework for building regulations. Notably, despite the
ance by ensuring that resources are replenished at a rate that meets or 2016 revision of the NBC, insufficient standards from SP 7, which en-
exceeds their consumption. Additionally, promoting the utilization of compasses energy-effective passive measurements, have
certified wood from ecologically sound forests helps combat deforesta- been incorporated.
tion and preserves biodiversity. The omission occurred despite the existence and practice of these
The water and wastewater indicator underscores the interconnec- measures before the revision. Similarly, successful initiatives such as the
tedness of water and energy systems within the built environment. Solar House Action Plan for Himachal Pradesh and MNRE’s passive solar
Strategies such as rainwater collection, wastewater recycling, and building programs have demonstrated effective strategies tailored to
effective plumbing systems not only conserve water but also reduce the particular climatic circumstances. Although, comprehensive climate-
energy required for pumping, treating, and heating water. Moreover, specific energy-efficiency initiatives are indeed yet to be formally inte-
integrating water-saving measures into building design contributes to grated. Achieving energy efficiency requires the incorporation of passive
the overall resilience and sustainability of the built environment, solar as well as additional energy-efficient practices aligned with spe-
particularly in water-stressed regions or during periods of drought. cific climatic circumstances, as outlined in numerous regulations and
standards.
5.4. Other indicators

5.5. Discussion
Energy efficiency is intricately tied to the comprehensive analysis of
a building, encompassing parameters that include operational energy The results discusses key insights gained from a comparative analysis
consumption, deconstruction energy, the life span of the structure, of energy regulations across diverse nations, shedding light on the
13
Table 8
Comparison the thermal insulation coefficients (U- Value) of the building envelope for different countries [14–35].
Countries Köppen Climate Classification Annual average climate U-Value (Wm2/K)
Temperature ( C)
◦
Humidity (%) Wall Windows/Glass Door/Plyboard Roof Floor
India Tropical and Subtropical 27.4 67 2.0 1.1–1.6 1.8 2.5–3.0 0.13
China Various (mostly Temperate) 10.7 80.3 1.0 2.5 − 0.7 1.0
USA Temperate 12.47 70.7 1.5- 0.2–1.2 1.6 0.4–0.6 0.25–0.45
Russia Various (mostly Continental) 19 76.7 1.6–2.0 1.25–3.33 − 0.15 0.18
Germany Temperate 10.8 80.8 0.35–0.45 0.2–1.2 1.6 0.2–1.3 0.13
UK Temperate Oceanic 9.28 70 0.18 1.2 1.4–1.6 0.13 0.22
France Temperate 12.5 78 1.6–2.0 1.0 1.0 0.3–0.15 0.18
Canada Continental and Subarctic 23 61.1 0.315 0.6–2.0 − 0.15 0.15
Italy Mediterranean 17.8 73.5 1.6–2.0 1.3 1.6 2.5 0.25–0.45
Brazil Tropical and Subtropical 25 80 0.3 0.2–1.2 − 0.705 −
Mexico Various (mostly Tropical) 20.6 70 0.21 1.4 − 0.15 −
South Africa Various (mostly Tropical) 17.5 66 1.6 1.4 2.8 2.5 0.13
Spain Mediterranean 16.5 57 0.66 3.5 3.5 0.38 0.49
critical determinants of successful implementation. This thorough codes. Instead, it is heavily influenced by the regulatory structure and
analysis highlights the complexity of energy regulations by focusing on enforcement approach. Continuous evaluation and revision of regula-
elements including the enforcement standards, code structure, and the tions are essential for enhancing the quality of codes and improving
range of energy-saving strategies used. Notably, the strength of the their success rates over time. This continuous procedure ensures that
regulatory framework and the enforcement strategies used are just as energy regulations remain responsive to evolving technological ad-
important to the success of these regulations as their simple existence. vancements and changing societal needs, ultimately fostering more
Examining more profoundly, the research identifies pivotal param- effective energy-efficient outcomes within the framework of building
eters and indicators vital for enhancing energy efficiency in the building construction.
sector. The research highlights the importance of parameters that A comprehensive review of international experiences demonstrates
together influence the energy performance of residential buildings, that the framework, criteria for enforcement, energy-saving measures,
including the building envelope, site conditions, and building materials. and performance evaluation of energy regulations are critical factors
Within the building envelope domain, site-specific elements like geog- that must be taken into account for their implementation to be suc-
raphy, climate, and urban setting have a substantial impact on energy cessful. By drawing upon lessons learned from diverse contexts, poli-
consumption, although issues like insulation, fenestration, and struc- cymakers can better tailor energy regulations to suit the unique
tural design emerge as critical determinants. Furthermore, the choice of circumstances and challenges within their own jurisdictions.
building materials plays a pivotal role in establishing energy efficiency The research emphasizes the crucial role of building norms in
outcomes. It is emphasized that incorporating renewable energy sources implementing the most recent studies and advances in technology. It
and passive solar design concepts is crucial to an all-encompassing underscores the importance of introducing detailed regulatory pro-
strategy for energy-efficient building design. visions to facilitate effective implementation. This approach ensures
However, the U-value, a key metric in regard of building envelope, that energy regulations are not only comprehensive but also adaptable
quantifies the rate of heat transfer through these elements. Lower U- to incorporate emerging innovations and best practices.
values signify better insulation, indicative of reduced heat loss or gain, Furthermore, the transition from prescriptive to performance regu-
thus contributing to overall energy efficiency. It’s important to note that lations is recommended, dependent on the creation of an optimal at-
U-values may differ based on different climatic conditions and the ma- mosphere through professional curriculum development, online
terials used in the building envelope. The Table 8 presents average resources, and training. By empowering stakeholders with the necessary
standard U-values of building envelope [14] − [35] for comparison knowledge and tools, policymakers can facilitate a smoother transition
across different countries. towards more effective and flexible regulatory frameworks.
The research underscores the importance of continued advance- Enforcing a national code that amalgamates local regulations is
ments in research and development aimed at refining energy regulations advocated as a means to ensure wider acceptance and effective imple-
and standards. It promotes the incorporation of energy efficiency mea- mentation while mitigating regulation bias. By streamlining regulations
sures tailored to unique climates and the global sharing of best practices and promoting consistency across jurisdictions, policymakers can
extracted from prosperous initiatives. Policymakers may create more reduce complexity and improve compliance rates, thereby maximizing
effective regulatory frameworks that support energy-efficient and sus- the impact of energy efficiency measures.
tainable residential buildings that are suited to the particular climatic Rather than enforcing separate rules by different organizations, the
and contextual realities of India and other regions by utilizing these research suggests an integrated, comprehensive strategy to building
knowledge. energy efficiency that is integrated into the NBC and building laws. By
aligning regulatory frameworks and streamlining enforcement mecha-
6. Conclusions nisms, policymakers can create a more cohesive and holistic approach to
energy efficiency in the built environment.
This extensive research conducts a thorough exploration of global Critical parameters such as building envelope, site conditions, ma-
codes, standards, regulations, and energy efficiency initiatives, offering terials, and climate are identified as pivotal for energy efficiency and
valuable insights for the inclusion of determined substitutes for energy need development and integration into the NBC, with a specific
efficiency into Building Regulations in India. The study undertakes a emphasis on various climatic zones in India. By incorporating these
meticulous case analysis, critically examining energy efficiency pro- factors into regulatory frameworks, policymakers can ensure that energy
visions in a composite climate. The resulting conclusions carry sub- efficiency measures are tailored to local contexts and optimized for
stantial significance: maximum impact.
The research underscores that the effectiveness of energy conserva- Moreover, the research underlines the indispensable role of passive
tion measures aren’t contingent upon the mere presence of energy solar measures, emphasizing their significant contribution to reducing
14
energy consumption across diverse climates. By promoting passive [12] V.T.P.B.D.D.M. Economidou, Review of 50 years of EU energy efficiency policies
for buildings, Energy Build. 225 (2020).
design strategies and integrating solar technologies into building de-
[13] J.V.D. Heijden, International comparative analysis of building regulations: An
signs, policymakers can harness the natural energy resources available analytical tool, Internat. J. Law Built. Environ. 1 (1) (2009) 9–25.
in different regions to enhance overall energy efficiency. [14] Breeam UK NC, “Building Research Establishment Ltd. Pre- assessment estimator-
The research also advocates for the inclusion of energy efficiency v1.0,” 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.breeam.org/filelibrary/Pre-
Assessment%20Estimators/BREEAM-UK-NC-2014-Pre_Assessment-Estimator-v1.0.
analysis in the NBC, encompassing detailed information on embodied xls. [Accessed 2023].
energy index, operational and demolition energy consumption, building [15] Green Building Council Australia, “Green star rating tools,” 2014. [Online].
lifespan, climatic conditions, and interpersonal behavior. By incorpo- Available: https://www.gbca.org.au/green-star/rating-tools/%E2%8C%AA/.
[Accessed 2023].
rating these metrics into regulatory frameworks, policymakers can [16] CASBEE, “Institute of Building Environment and Energy Conservation, CASBEE for
provide stakeholders with valuable insights into the energy performance Homes (DetachedHouse):technical Manual: Japan,” 2014. [Online]. Available:
of buildings and inform decision-making processes. http://ibec.or.jp/CASBEE/english/download/CASBEE-H(DH)e_2007manual.pdf.
[Accessed 2023].
Proposing tailored research investigations in numerous nations, [17] M. E. Rinker, “Energy assessment & building energy performance options of green
focusing on climatic zones, is highlighted as crucial research areas to globes for new construction,” University of Florida, [Online]. Available: https://
further inform the stringent enactment of energy regulations and con- www.thegbi.org/content/misc/White_Paper_for_Green_Globes_New_Construction_
Energy_Section.pdf. [Accessed 2023].
servation practices in buildings. By conducting targeted studies and [18] Building and Construction Authority, “Green mark for new residential buildings,”
sharing best practices internationally, policymakers can enhance their [Online]. Available: https://www1.bca.gov.sg/. [Accessed 2023].
understanding of regional energy challenges and identify effective [19] M. C. Sanchez, R. E. Brown, C. Webber and G. K. Homan, “Savings estimates for the
United States Environmental Protection Agency’s ENERGY STAR voluntary
strategies for mitigating energy consumption in buildings.
product labeling program,” Energy Policy, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 2098-2108.
In essence, this research provides a robust foundation for advancing [20] Passipedia House Institute, Germany, “Passipedia - The Passive House Resource,”
energy efficiency in building regulations, urging a comprehensive and [Online]. Available: https://passipedia.org/. [Accessed 2023].
tailored approach aligned with global best practices and local nuances. [21] S. Chandel, B.M.M. Aniket Sharma, Review of energy efficiency initiatives and
regulations for residential buildings in India, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 54
By incorporating these recommendations into policy frameworks, poli- (2016) 1443–1458.
cymakers can drive meaningful progress towards a more sustainable and [22] J. v. d. Heijden, “International comparative analysis of building regulations: An
energy-efficient built environment. analytical tool,” Internat. J. Law Built Environ., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9-25.
[23] “International Residential Code (IRC): USA,” [Online]. Available: https://codes.
iccsafe.org/content/IRC2012. [Accessed 2023].
CRediT authorship contribution statement [24] Government of Canada, “National Energy Code of Canada for Buildings,” 2020.
[Online]. Available: https://nrc.canada.ca/en/certifications-evaluations-
standards/codes-canada/codes-canada-publications/national-energy-code-canada-
Saket Kumar Kirme: Writing – original draft, Methodology, Inves- buildings-2020. [Accessed 2023].
tigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Vijay S. [25] Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), “Building Energy Codes
Program, New Mexico,” 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.energycodes.gov/
Kapse: Supervision.
status/states/new-mexico. [Accessed 2023].
[26] HM Government, “The Building Regulations,” 2014. [Online]. Available: https://
webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20150612113823/http://www.
Declaration of competing interest planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR_PDF_AD_L2A_2013.pdf. [Accessed 2023].
[27] Wissen Rund Ums Bauen, “The Energy Saving Ordinance (EnEV): Builders and
homeowners must take this into account,” 2016. [Online]. Available: https://
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial www.bauen.de/enev.html. [Accessed 2023].
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence [28] European Commission, “Energy Performance of Buildings Directive,” [Online].
the work reported in this paper. Available: https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficient-
buildings/energy-performance-buildings-directive_en. [Accessed 2023].
[29] European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF), “The Spanish Technical
Data availability Building Code,” [Online]. Available: http://www.estif.org/fileadmin/estif/
content/policies/downloads/CTE_solar_thermal_sections_ENGLISH.pdf. [Accessed
Data will be made available on request. 2023].
[30] Government of India, “ENERGY CONVERSATION ACT, 2011,” 2011. [Online].
Available: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/5439/1/energy_
References conservation_act%2C_2011.pdf. [Accessed 2023].
[31] M. Evans; H. Chon; B. Sui; S E Lee, “Country Report on Building Energy Codes in
Republic of Korea,” [Online]. Available: https://www.pnnl.gov/main/
[1] International Energy Agency, “World energy outlook,” 2013. [Online]. Available:
publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-17851.pdf. [Accessed 2023].
https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2013_
[32] IEA, “SANS 204: Energy Efficiency in Buildings,” 2017. [Online]. Available:
Executive_Summary_English.pdf. [Accessed December 2023].
https://www.iea.org/policies/1755-sans-204-energy-efficiency-in-buildings.
[2] Census Info 2011, “Census of India,” Government of India, India, 2011.
[Accessed 2023].
[3] International Energy Agency, “Statistics database,” 2010. [Online]. Available:
[33] NatHERS Rating for Buildings: Australia, “Home energy ratings,” [Online].
http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?
Available: https://www.nathers.gov.au/owners-and-builders/home-energy-star-
country=INDIAandproduct=electricityandheatandyear=2010. [Accessed 2023].
ratings#:~:text=Homes%20are%20given%20a%20star,more%20costly%20to%
[4] Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, “Statistical year book –
20keep%20comfortable.. [Accessed 2023].
India,” 2014. [Online]. Available: http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/
[34] New Zealand Building Code (NZBC), “B1 Structure- Building Code Regulations,”
SYB2014/ch16.html. [Accessed 2023].
[Online]. Available: https://www.building.govt.nz/building-code-compliance/b-
[5] The World Bank, “Residential Consumption of Electricity in India,” 2008. [Online].
stability/b1-structure/. [Accessed 2023].
Available: http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/
[35] Michal Nachmany; Sam Fankhauser; Jana Davidová; Nick Kingsmill; Tucker
Residentialpowerconsumption.%20pdf. [Accessed 2023].
Landesman; Hitomi Roppongi; Philip Schleifer; Joana Setzer; Amelia Sharman; C.
[6] NITI Aayog, “India Energy Security Scenarios, 2047 User Guide: Residential
Stolle Singleton; Jayaraj Sundaresan; Terry Townshend, “The 2015 Global Climate
Lighting and Appliances,” 2016. [Online]. Available: http://indiaenergy.gov.in/
Legislation Study,” 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.lse.ac.uk/
docs/Residential-Lighting_Appliances-documentation.. [Accessed 2024].
GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/RUSSIA.pdf. [Accessed 2023].
[7] Deloitte, “Securing tomorrows energy today: policy and regulations long term
[36] IEA, “Energy Statistics Data Browser,” 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.iea.
energy security,” 2013. [Online]. Available: https://www.indiaenergycongress.in/
org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser?
iec/Energy%20security%20Background%20Paper%20-%20020213.pdf. [Accessed
country=WORLD&fuel=Energy%20consumption&indicator=CoalConsBySector.
2023].
[Accessed 2024].
[8] Energy Management Group, “State-wise electricity consumption and conservation
[37] Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)- SP7, “National Building Code (NBC)- 2005,”
potential in India,” 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.emt-india.net/
Government of India, New Delhi, 2005.
eca2009/14Dec2009/CombinedSummaryReport.pdf. [Accessed 2023].
[38] Indian Standards Institution (ISI), “National Building Code (NBC)- 1970,”
[9] D. o. C. a. L. Government, “Planning Portal,” [Online]. Available: https://www.
gov.uk/planning-permission-england-wales. [Accessed 2023].
[39] Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), “National Building Code (NBC)- 1983,”
[10] F. Liu, A.S. Meyer, J. Hogan, Mainstreaming building energy efficiency codes in
developing countries: global experience and lessons from early adapters, World
[40] Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), “National Building Code (NBC)- 1983,”
Bank Publications, Washington, DC, 2010.
[11] J. Lousten, “Energy efficiency requirements in building codes,” IEA.
15
[41] Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), Ministry [72] Bureau of Energy Efficiency, “National Energy Labelling Programme,” 2006.
of Power- Government of India, New Delhi, 2006. [Online]. [Accessed 2024].
[42] Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), Ministry [73] Planning Commission, “11th Five Year Plan (2007–12),” 2008. [Online]. Available:
of Power- Government of India, New Delhi, 2017. http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v2/11th_vol2.
[43] Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), “ECBC,” Government of India, New Delhi. pdf. [Accessed 2023].
[44] Ministry of Home Affairs, “House listing and housing census data highlights- [74] Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF), “National Action Plan for Climate
2011,” Goernment of India, New Delhi, 2011. Change- Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change,” 2008. [Online]. Available:
[45] ECBC, “Eco-Niwas Samhita 2018 PART-1 BUILDING ENVELOPE,” 2018. [Online]. http://www.moef.nic.in/modules/about-the-ministry/CCD/NAP_E.pdf. [Accessed
Available: https://www.beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/ECBC_BOOK_Web.pdf. 2024].
[Accessed 2023]. [75] National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency, [Online]. Available: https://
[46] Ministry of Power, “Eco- Niwas Samhita Part-2,” 2021. [Online]. Available: akshitasen.net/NAPCC/NMEEE-forPublicComments.pdf. [Accessed 2024].
https://www.keralaenergy.gov.in/files/pdf2022/ENS_2021_1.pdf. [Accessed [76] Bureau of Energy Efficiency, “Bachat Lamp Yojana (BLY) Lighting Programme,”
2023]. 2009. [Online]. Available: https://www.beeindia.in/schemes/schemes.php?id=1.
[47] Ministry of Law and Justice, “Land Acquisition Act- 1984 (Modified),” Government [Accessed 2023].
of India, New Delhi, 1985. [77] “EnEff: ResBuildIndia: Toolkit for energy efficient residential buildings in India,”
[48] Majumdar Mili, Sastry Minni, Development of Building Regulations and Guidelines [Online]. Available: http://www.ittoolkitindia.com/. [Accessed 2024].
to Achieve Energy Efficiency in Bangalore City, TERI, India, 2010. [78] BEE, “Energy Efficiency Label for Residential Sector India (2019),” 2019. [Online].
[49] J. Huang, J. Deringer, Status of energy efficient building codes in Asia, Asia Available: https://climatepolicydatabase.org/policies/energy-efficiency-label-
Business Council, Hong Kong, 2007. residential-sector. [Accessed 2021].
[50] Indian Green Building Council, “IGBC green homes rating system,” 2012. [Online]. [79] Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), [Online]. Available: https://
Available: https://igbc.in/site/mmbase/attachments/342261/IGBC_Green_ www.mnre.gov.in/. [Accessed 2024].
Homes-_Abridged_Reference_Guide_(Version_2.0)_-_April_2012.pdf; [80] GRIHA, Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) Manuals, TERI,
jsessionid=9A8651C8F48B9AA8C8065FDFAE8C6D90. [Accessed 2023]. New Delhi, 2010.
[51] R. Komurlu, D. Arditi, A.P. Gurgun, Applicability of LEED’s energy and atmosphere [81] Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), “SP41: Handbook of Functional Requirements of
category in three developing countries, Energy Build. 84 (2014) 690–697. Buildings,” 1987. [Online]. Available: https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/
[52] R. Komurlu, D. Arditi, A.P. Gurgun, Energy and atmosphere standards for is.sp.41.1987.pdf. [Accessed 2023].
sustainable design and construction in different countries, Energy Build. 90 (2015) [82] Association for Development and Research of Sustainable Habitats (ADaRSH),
156–165. “SVA Green Rating Integrated Habitat Assessment (SVAGRIHA),” [Online].
[53] A. Kumar, Pushplata, Building regulations for environmental protection in Indian Available: https://www.grihaindia.org/?option=com_
hill towns, Int. J. Sustain. Built Environ. 2 (2) (2013) 224–231. contentandview=articleandid=86. [Accessed 2024].
[54] A. Kumar, Pushplata, Building regulations for hill towns of India, HBRC J. (2014) [83] Ministry of Power, “Power Sector at a Glance ALL INDIA,” Govt. of India, 2018.
275–284. [Online]. Available: https://powermin.gov.in/en/content/power-sector-glance-all-
[55] A. Kumar, Pushplata, Vernacular practices: as a basis for formulating building india. [Accessed April 2024].
regulations for hilly areas, Int. J. Sustain. Built Environ. 2 (2) (2013) 183–192. [84] J. K. Nayak; J. A. Prajapati, “Handbook of energy conscious buildings of India,”
[56] Department of Town Planning, HimachalPradesh, “Town and Country Planning [Online]. Available: https://mnre.gov.in/centers/about-sec-2/hand-book-on-
(Amendment) Rules- 2009 (Solar Passive Design),” Government of Himachal energy-conscious-buildings/. [Accessed 2024].
Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, 2009. [85] V.S.K. Saket Kumar Kirme, A comprehensive review of innovative zoning focusing
[57] H. P. Department of Town Planning, “Himachal Pradesh Town and Country on urban stormwater management. 72nd National Town & Country Planners
Planning Rules- 2014,” Government of Himachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Conference on Climate Change and Resilient Spatial Planning Approach, Lucknow,
2014. India, 2024.
[58] T. Ramesh, R. Prakash, K. Shukla, Life cycle approach in evaluating energy [86] M. Vijayan, A.P. Patil, V. Kapse, S. Bahadure, Assessing the energy efficiency
performance of residential buildings in Indian context, Energy Build. 54 (2012) practices in cities across the world, Curr. Sci. 121 (3) (2021) 372–383.
259–265. [87] A. Kaleshwarwar, S. Bahadure, Validating the credibility of solar simulation tools
[59] A. Tulsyan, S. Dhaka, J. Mathur, J.V. Yadav, Potential of energy savings through using a real-world case study, Energy Build. 301 (2023).
implementation of Energy Conservation Building Code in Jaipur city, India, Energy [88] S. B. Sadineni, S. Madala and R. F. Boehm, Passive building energy savings: A
Build. 58 (2013) 123–130. review of building envelope components, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
[60] B.V. Reddy, K. Jagadish, Embodied energy of common and alternative building rser.2011.07.014, vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 3617-3631, 2011.
materials and technologies, Energy Build. 35 (2) (2003) 129–137. [89] S. Sabouri, Optimization of Architectural Properties of Tropical Bungalow House
[61] A. Debnath, S. Singh, Y. Singh, Comparative assessment of energy requirements for with Respect to Energy Consumption, Universiti Kebagnsaan Malaysia, Bangi,
different types of residential buildings in India, Energy Build. 23 (2) (1995) Malaysia, 2012.
141–146. [90] D.K. Bhamare, M.K. Rathod, J. Banerjee, Passive cooling techniques for building
[62] P.D.L., S. Palaniappan, A case study on life cycle energy use of residential building and their applicability in different climatic zones—The state of art, Energy Build.
in Southern India, Energy Build. 80 (2014) 247–259. 198 (1) (2019) 467–490.
[63] M. Majumdar, Energy-Efficient Buildings in India, TERI Press, India, 2001. [91] K.T. Zingre, M.P. Wan, S. Tong, H. Li, V.-W.-C. Chang, S.K. Wong, W.B.T. Toh, I.Y.
[64] S. Nadel, V. Kothari and S. Gopinarth, “Opportunities for Improving End-Use L. Lee, Modeling of cool roof heat transfer in tropical climate, Renew. Energy 75
Electricity Efficiency in India,” 1991. [Online]. Available: https://www.aceee.org/ (2015) 210–223.
research-report/i911. [Accessed 2023]. [92] R. Ralegoankar, R. Gupta, Review of intelligent building construction: A passive
[65] Planning Commission, “8th Five Year Plan (1992–97),” 1992. [Online]. Available: solar architecture approach, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 14 (2010) 2238–2242.
https://planningcommission.gov.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/8th/default.htm. [93] N. Eskin, H. Türkmen, Analysis of annual heating and cooling energy requirements
[Accessed 2023]. for office buildings in different climates in Turkey, Energy Build. 40 (5) (2008)
[66] The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), “Energy efficiency information portal,” 763–773.
[Online]. Available: https://www.teriin.org/index.php?option=com_ [94] J.S. Chalermwat Tantasavasdi, Q. Chen, Natural ventilation design for houses in
ongoingandtask=about_projectandpcode=2006LC23. [Accessed 2023]. Thailand, Energy Build. 33 (8) (2001) 815–824.
[67] UNDP India, “Energy efficiency improvements in commercial buildings,” [Online]. [95] W. Liping, W.N. Hien, The impacts of ventilation strategies and facade on indoor
Available: https://www.undp.org/in/content/dam/india/docs/energy_efficiency_ thermal environment for naturally ventilated residential buildings in Singapore,
improvements_in_commercial_buildings_project_document.pdf. [Accessed 2023]. Build. Environ. 42 (2007) 4006–4015.
[68] Planning Commission, “9th Five Year Plan (1997–2002),” 1997. [Online]. [96] M. Krarti, P.M. Erickson, T.C. Hillman, A simplified method to estimate energy
Available: http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/9th/vol1/v1c1- savings of artificial lighting use from daylighting, Build. Environ. 40 (6) (2005)
2.htm. [Accessed 2023]. 747–754.
[69] Planning Commission, “10th Five Year Plan (2002–07),” 2002. [Online]. Available: [97] A. Kaleshwarwar, S. Bahadure, Assessment of the Solar Energy Potential of diverse
http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/10th_vol2. Urban Built Forms in Nagpur, India, Sustain. Cities Soc. 96 (1) (2023).
pdf. [Accessed 2023]. [98] T. Coleridge, R. Huh, Performance analysis of external shading devices: A case
[70] Ministry of Power, “The Electricity Act- 2003.,” 2003. [Online]. Available: https:// study of office building typology in Cape Town, South Africa. Conference: Design
faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/ind82256.pdf. [Accessed 2023]. to Thrive: Passive and Low-Energy Architecture PLEA2017, Edinburgh, 2017.
[71] Planning Commission, “Integrated Energy Policy: Report of Expert Committee,” [99] S. Renuka, C. Maharani, S. Nagasudha, R.R. Priya, Optimization of energy
2006. [Online]. Available: http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/rep_ consumption based on orientation and location of the building, Mater. Today:.
intengy.pdf. [Accessed 2024]. Proc. 65 (2022) 527–536.
16

1 s2.0 S0378778824006534 Main

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1 s2.0 S0378778824006534 Main

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1 s2.0 S0378778824006534 Main

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Energy & Buildings 319 (2024) 114537

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Energy & Buildings

Invited Review Article

A comprehensive review of residential building energy efficiency measures

1. Introduction tonnes of CO2 emissions, placing it number three worldwide, trailing

India State/city regulations in few states Pu SiF, MuF Ps, Pf Mx A A P A A

Enforcement criteria Regulatory Energy efficiency measures

standards have not often employed. The differences in infrastructure, [63].

Energy use Operational L L N N L L

L-listed, N- not listed.

Individual residences Multi-dwelling residences

i. Cost Reused % 2.5 %: 1-pt 1 %: 2-pts

Table 5 Table 5 (continued )

Table 6 selection and insulation to mitigate heat gain, often incorporating

Building envelope Properties of openings L L L L L L N L

L- Listed, N- not listed.

5.4. Other indicators

You might also like