4

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

1 (a) State Newton’s law of gravitation.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Planets have been observed orbiting a star in another solar system. Measurements are made
of the orbital radius r and the time period T of each of these planets.

The variation with R3 of T2 is shown in Fig. 1.1.

2.6

2.4

2.2
T2 / year2
2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
R3 / 1034 m3

Fig. 1.1

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The relationship between T and R is given by

2 3
T2 = 4π R
GM

where G is the gravitational constant and M is the mass of the star.

Determine the mass M.

M = .................................................... kg [3]

(c) A rock of mass m is also in orbit around the star in (b). The radius of the orbit is r.

(i) Explain why the gravitational potential energy of the rock is negative.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Show that the kinetic energy Ek of the rock is given by

Ek = GMm .
2r

[2]

(iii) Use the expression in (c)(ii) to derive an expression for the total energy of the rock.

[2]

[Total: 12]

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2 A fixed mass of an ideal gas is at a temperature of 21 °C. The pressure of the gas is 2.3 × 105 Pa
and its volume is 3.5 × 10–3 m3.

(a) (i) Calculate the number N of molecules in the gas.

N = ......................................................... [2]

(ii) The mass of one molecule of the gas is 40 u.

Determine the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) speed of the gas molecules.

r.m.s. speed = ................................................ m s–1 [2]

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(b) The temperature of the gas is increased by 84 °C.

Calculate the value of the ratio

new r.m.s. speed of molecules .

original r.m.s. speed of molecules

ratio = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

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3 (a) Using a simple kinetic model of matter, describe the structure of a solid.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The specific latent heat of vaporisation is much greater than the specific latent heat of fusion
for the same substance.
Explain this, in terms of the spacing of molecules.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) A heater supplies energy at a constant rate to 0.045 kg of a substance. The variation with time
of the temperature of the substance is shown in Fig. 3.1. The substance is perfectly insulated
from its surroundings.

80 Q

60
temperature
/ °C 40

20

0
P
–20

–40

–60

–80

–100

–120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time / min

Fig. 3.1

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(i) Determine the temperature at which the substance melts.

temperature = .................................................... °C [1]

(ii) The power of the heater is 150 W.

Use data from Fig. 3.1 to calculate, in kJ kg–1, the specific latent heat of vaporisation L of
the substance.

L = .............................................. kJ kg–1 [3]

(iii) Suggest what can be deduced from the fact that section Q on the graph is less steep
than section P.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 8]

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4 (a) The defining equation of simple harmonic motion is

a = – ω 2x.

State the significance of the minus (–) sign in the equation.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A trolley rests on a bench. Two identical stretched springs are attached to the trolley as shown
in Fig. 4.1. The other end of each spring is attached to a fixed support.

support support

18.0 cm

bench
trolley
spring spring

Fig. 4.1

The unstretched length of each spring is 12.0 cm. The spring constant of each spring is
8.0 N m–1. When the trolley is in equilibrium the length of each spring is 18.0 cm.

The trolley is displaced 4.8 cm to one side and then released. Assume that resistive forces on
the trolley are negligible.

(i) Show that the resultant force on the trolley at the moment of release is 0.77 N.

[2]

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(ii) The mass of the trolley is 250 g.

Calculate the maximum acceleration a of the trolley.

a = ................................................ m s–2 [1]

(iii) Use your answer in (ii) to determine the period T of the subsequent oscillation.

T = ...................................................... s [3]

(iv) The experiment is repeated with an initial displacement of the trolley of 2.4 cm.

State and explain the effect, if any, this change has on the period of the oscillation of the
trolley.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 9]

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5 (a) (i) State what is meant by the amplitude modulation (AM) of a radio wave.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) State two advantages of AM transmissions when compared with frequency modulation
(FM) transmissions.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) The variation with frequency f of the amplitude A of a transmitted radio wave after amplitude
modulation by an audio signal is shown in Fig. 5.1.

0
1490 1500 1510
f / kHz

Fig. 5.1

For this transmission, determine:

(i) the wavelength of the carrier wave

wavelength = ..................................................... m [1]

(ii) the maximum frequency of the transmitted audio signal.

frequency = .................................................. kHz [1]

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(c) Another audio signal with the same maximum frequency is transmitted using a different
carrier wave frequency. The lowest frequency of this modulated wave is equal to the highest
frequency of the modulated wave in (b).

Determine the frequency of this carrier wave.

frequency = .................................................. kHz [1]

[Total: 7]

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6 (a) State a similarity between the gravitational field lines around a point mass and the electric
field lines around a point charge.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The variation with radius r of the electric field strength E due to an isolated charged sphere in
a vacuum is shown in Fig. 6.1.

1.3

1.2

1.1
E / 105 V m–1
1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
r / cm

Fig. 6.1

Use data from Fig. 6.1 to:

(i) state the radius of the sphere

radius = ................................................... cm [1]

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(ii) calculate the charge on the sphere.

charge = ..................................................... C [2]

(c) Using the formula for the electric potential due to an isolated point charge, determine the
capacitance of the sphere in (b).

capacitance = ...................................................... F [3]

[Total: 7]

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7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows the circuit diagram containing an operational amplifier (op-amp).

3.6 kΩ

+ 3.0 V

– 3.0 V
VOUT
VIN 0.72 kΩ

Fig. 7.1

(i) State the name of this type of amplifier.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Show that the gain of the amplifier is 6.0.

[1]

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(iii) At time t = 0 the input potential VIN is zero. VIN then gradually increases with time t as
shown in Fig. 7.2.

5
potential
/V 4

0
T
t
Fig. 7.2

On Fig. 7.2 sketch a line to show the variation with time t of the output potential
VOUT from time t = 0 to time t = T. [2]

(iv) State how the circuit of Fig. 7.1 may be changed so that the gain of the amplifier is
dependent on light intensity.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) An op-amp is to be used to switch on a high-voltage heater.

(i) State the name of the component used as the output device of the op-amp.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Complete Fig. 7.3 using the device named in (i) and a diode so that the heater may be
switched on when the output of the op-amp is positive.

– connections to
high-voltage heater

Fig. 7.3
[3]

[Total: 9]
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8 (a) Two long straight wires P and Q are parallel to each other, as shown in Fig. 8.1. There is a
current in each wire in the direction shown.

The pattern of the magnetic field lines in a plane normal to wire P due to the current in the
wire is also shown.

wire P wire Q

plane

direction of
current

magnetic field
pattern

Fig. 8.1

(i) Draw arrows on the magnetic field lines in Fig. 8.1 around wire P to show the direction of
the field. [1]

(ii) Determine the direction of the force on wire Q due to the magnetic field from wire P.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) The current in wire Q is less than the current in wire P.

State and explain whether the magnitude of the force on wire P is less than, equal to, or
greater than the magnitude of the force on wire Q.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(b) Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI) is used to obtain diagnostic information about
internal structures in the human body.

Radio waves are produced and directed towards the body. The radio waves affect the protons
within the body.

(i) Explain why radio waves are used.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Explain why the radio waves are applied in pulses.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

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9 (a) Define magnetic flux linkage.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A solenoid of diameter 6.0 cm and 540 turns is placed in a uniform magnetic field as shown in
Fig. 9.1.

solenoid
540 turns

diameter
6.0 cm
magnetic field

Fig. 9.1

The variation with time t of the magnetic flux density is shown in Fig. 9.2.

250

200
flux density
/ mT 150

100

50

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t/s

Fig. 9.2

Calculate the maximum magnitude of the induced electromotive force (e.m.f.) in the solenoid.

e.m.f. = ...................................................... V [3]

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(c) A thin copper sheet X is supported on a rigid rod so that it hangs between the poles of a
magnet as shown in Fig. 9.3.

rod
copper sheet
X

poles of magnet

Fig. 9.3

Sheet X is displaced to one side and then released so that it oscillates. A motion sensor is
used to record the displacement of X.

A second thin copper sheet Y replaces sheet X. Sheet Y has the same overall dimensions as
X but is cut into the shape shown in Fig. 9.4.

copper sheet
Y

Fig. 9.4

The motion sensor is again used to record the displacement.

The graph in Fig. 9.5 shows the variation with time t of the displacement s of each copper
sheet.

0
t

Fig. 9.5

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(i) State the name of the phenomenon illustrated by the gradual reduction in the amplitude
of the dashed line.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Deduce which copper sheet is represented by the dashed line. Explain your answer
using the principles of electromagnetic induction.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 10]

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10 The output potential difference (p.d.) of an alternating power supply is represented by

V = 320 sin(100 πt)

where V is the p.d. in volts and t is the time in seconds.

(a) Determine the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) p.d. of the power supply.

r.m.s. p.d. = ...................................................... V [1]

(b) Determine the period T of the output.

T = ...................................................... s [2]

(c) The power supply is connected to resistor R and a diode in the circuit shown in Fig. 10.1.

V R

Fig. 10.1

(i) State the name of the type of rectification produced by the diode in Fig. 10.1.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(ii) On Fig. 10.2 sketch the variation with time t of the p.d. VR across R from time t = 0 to
time t = 40 ms.

400

300
V/V
200

100

0
0 10 20 30 40
t / ms
–100

–200

–300

–400

Fig. 10.2
[3]

(iii) On Fig. 10.1, draw the symbol for a component that may be connected to produce
smoothing of VR.
[1]

[Total: 8]

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11 (a) Electrons are accelerated through a potential difference of 15 kV. The electrons collide with a
metal target and a spectrum of X-rays is produced.

(i) Explain why a continuous spectrum of energies of X-ray photons is produced.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Calculate the wavelength of the highest energy X-ray photon produced.

wavelength = ..................................................... m [3]

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(b) A beam of X-rays has an initial intensity Io. The beam is directed into some body tissue. After
passing through a thickness x of tissue the intensity is I. The graph in Fig. 11.1 shows the
variation with x of ln (I/Io).
x / cm
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0

–0.2

–0.4

–0.6
In (I/Io)
–0.8

–1.0

–1.2

–1.4

–1.6

–1.8

–2.0

–2.2

–2.4

Fig. 11.1

(i) Determine the linear attenuation (absorption) coefficient μ for this beam of X-rays in the
tissue.

μ = ................................................ cm–1 [2]

(ii) Determine the thickness of tissue that the X-ray beam must pass through so that the
intensity of the beam is reduced to 5.0% of its initial value.

thickness = ................................................... cm [2]

[Total: 10]
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12 (a) Radioactive decay is both spontaneous and random.

State what is meant by:

1. spontaneous decay ...........................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2. random decay. ...................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Strontium-90 ( 90
38 Sr) is an unstable nuclide.

The activity of a sample of 1.0 × 10–9 kg of strontium-90 is 5.2 MBq.

(i) Determine the decay constant λ of strontium-90.

λ = ................................................... s–1 [3]

(ii) The activity of the sample after a time of 1.0 half lives is found to be greater than the
expected 2.6 MBq.

Suggest a possible reason for this.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]

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