LIPIDS

Biochemistry

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 Agenda

1 2 3 4 5
Introduction Classification Importance/ Saturated And many
Uses and more
Unsaturated

2 Lipids 20XX
Introduction
Lipids are class of organic compounds
that tends to be soluble only in
nonpolar solvents. The term lipid is
used to describe the oily, greasy and
waxy materials that can be extracted
from organisms using organic
solvents. It includes fats and oils.

Photo from Open Oregon Education

3
Resources
Introduction
Lipids are broadly defined as any fat-
soluble (lipophilic), naturally-occurring
molecule, such as fats, oils, waxes,
cholesterol, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins
(such as vitamins A, D, E and K),
monoglycerides, diglycerides,
phospholipids, and others.

Photo from Open Oregon Education

4
Resources
 Fatty Acids

Glycerides

Classification Non-glyceride

Complex Lipids

o Katherine J. Denniston the author of

General, Organic, and Biochemistry book
 Importance/Uses

Energy Cell Protection

membrane &
source & structure
Energy components
Insulation
storage

Hormones Vitamins &

Vitamin
absorption
 Fatty Acids
The common Saturated Fatty Acids • Its melting point
increases as the
feature of • It is a single bond C number of carbon
these lipids is to C atom atom increases.
that they are • It has no double
bond nor triple bond
• Solid at room
temperature for those
all esters of • It has a general saturated fatty acids
moderate to formula of CH3 (CH2) containing ten or
n COOH, where n in more carbon atoms.
long chain biological systems is
fatty acids. an even integer

7 Lipids 2022
 Example: : if n = 8, the result is a 10-carbon saturated fatty acid, decanoic
acid or capric acid.

8 Lipids 2022
 Fatty Acids
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
• It has at least one • Has lesser point • The double
carbon-to-carbon double than melting that bonds found in
bond of saturated fatty almost all naturally
• Because of the double acids of the same occurring
bonds, the carbon atoms chain length. unsaturated fatty
involved in theses bonds
• Liquid at room acids are in the cis
are not
“saturated” with
temperature configuration.
hydrogen atoms.

9 Lipids 2022
 Example: : oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid) – it is a typical monounsaturated
fatty acid

10 Lipids 2022
 Example: : Linoleic acid (9,12-Octadecadienoic acid) a polyunsaturated fatty
acid, both double bonds are

11 Lipids 2022
 Omega (ω) Carbon
Omega (ω) Carbon
• The last carbon in the chain, farthest from the carboxyl
group.
• Example: linolenic acid (9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid or
9,12,15-octadecenoic acid) 1

Also name as: ω-3, C18:3

Linolenic acid

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Physical Properties of Fatty Acids
1. Fatty acids are carboxylic acids and are
therefore weak acids. For fatty acids, the value of
pKa is around 4.5. Therefore, generally speaking,
fatty acids are neutral below pH 4.5 and charged
above pH 4.5.
2. Fatty acids do not dissolve in water; instead
they are dispersed by the formation of
micelles in water.
3. As the fatty acid carbon chain length increases,
the melting point and boiling point increases.
4. Unsaturated fatty acids have lower melting
points and boiling points than saturated fatty acids.
This is because the cis C=C cause "kinks" in the
hydrocarbon chains, which reduce the extent of
association of the molecules. Less energy is
required to separate the molecules.

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Reactions of Fatty Acids

Example:
Example:
1. Ethyl propanoate
1. ethanoic acid and
propanol

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Reactions of Fatty Acids
Saponification
Saponification – is the-catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester.

• Is the hydrolysis of a fat by alkali that yields the

products glycerol and salts of fatty acids known as
soaps.

• Soaps have a long uncharged HC tail and a

negatively charged terminus (the carboxylate group),
they form micelles that dissolves oil and dirt particles.
Thus the dirt is emulsified and broken into small
particle, and can be rinsed away.

• Soap is amphipathic (a molecule having a

hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end)

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Reactions of Fatty Acids
Hydrogenation
● A process used in the food industry to convert
polyunsaturated vegetable oils into saturated fats
in the presence of a catalyst.

● Fats and oils are similar compounds except the

oils are more unsaturated, that is, it has many
double bonds. These double bonds can be
converted to single bonds by the addition of
hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. This
process is called hydrogenation.

● This process is used to produce vegetable

shortening (e.g. margarine)

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Activity:
Each group will have at
least 4 fatty acids. Do a
research on its importance
to life forms or it could be
its economic benefits.
Presentation next
meeting
GLYCERIDES

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foodloose
End of Part 1
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GLYCERIDES
(Glycerol containing lipid) Neutral glyceride
1. Neutral glyceride – are nonionic and
nonpolar
a) monoglyceride
b) diglyceride
c) triglyceride
2. Phosphoglyceride or Phospholipids
• Phospholipids – is a complex lipids that
yield a fatty acid, an alcohol, phosphoric acid,
and a nitrogen compound on hydrolysis.
(phosphoglycerides or glycerophospholipids
and sphingolipids or sphingosyl
phospholipids

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GLYCERIDES
(Glycerol containing lipid) Neutral glyceride

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GLYCERIDES
(Glycerol containing lipid) Neutral glyceride

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GLYCERIDES
(Glycerol containing lipid) Nomenclature of Triglyceride

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GLYCERIDES
(Glycerol containing lipid) Phosphoglyceride or Phospholipids

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FATS AND OILS
Physical Properties of Fats/Oils
● Pure fats and oils are generally white or yellow
solids and liquids, respectively.
● Pure fats and oils are also odorless and tasteless
become rancid; However, over a period of time fats
become rancid they develop an unpleasant odor
and taste.
● Insoluble in water but are soluble in organic liquids
(e.g. benzene, acetone, and ether)
● Do not diffuse through a membrane.
● Lighter than water and have a greasy feeling
● Form a temporary emulsion when shaken with
water and can be made permanent by the addition
of an emulsifying agent like soap.
● Fats and oils must be emulsified by bile in the body
before then can be digested.

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TYPES OF FATS

Saturated fats
• have all single bonds between the
carbons in their fatty
• the hydrocarbon chains in these fatty
acids are fairly straight and can pack
closely together, thus, making these fats
solid at room temperature
• increase the blood levels of LDL which
aid in the deposition of cholesterol on
artery walls
• Example: meat

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TYPES OF FATS

Polyunsaturated Fats

• found in greatest abundance in

corn and soybeans
• may lower blood cholesterol
level but large amounts of
polyunsaturated fats have
tendency to reduce HDL or good
cholesterol

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TYPES OF FATS

Monounsaturated Fats
• found mostly in vegetable oils
• reduce blood levels of LDL without
affecting HDL

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Phosphoglyceride /
Phospholipids ● Phosphoglycerides are the most abundant
membrane lipids are derived f glycerol-3-
phosphate.
● Phosphoglycerides are also among the
primary building blocks of all cellular
membranes. Vital organs such as the liver
and reproductive tract, and muscles
contain high concentration of
phosphoglycerides. Membrane functions
include cellular transport of nutrients and
wastes, internal cellular pressure
regulation, and ion exchange.

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Phosphoglyceride (alcohol is
glycerol)
● Phosphatidate
● Phosphatidylcholine
(lecithin)
● Phosphatidylethanolamine
(cephaline)
● Phosphatidylinositols

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Phosphatidate
● The simplest
phosphoglyceride that
contains a free
phosphoryl group

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Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)
● Important in the metabolism of
● • Insoluble in water but are good
emulsifying agents.
● Good source of phosphoric acid,
which is needed for the synthesis of
new tissue.
● • Found brain, egg yolk, organ
meats and soybean
● used commercially as an
emulsifying agent in dairy products
and in manufacture of mayonnaise

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Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
(cephaline)

● It is important in clotting of the

blood and also a good source of
phosphoric acid for the formation
of new tissue

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Phosphatidyl Inositols
Phosphatidyl Inositols

● Similar to lecithins, except

that the alcohol inositol is
present instead of choline

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SPHINGOMYELINS
● the only class of sphingolipids
that are also phospholipids.
● located throughout the body,
but are particularly important
structural lipid components of
nerve cell membranes
● Found abundant in the myelin
sheath that surrounds and
insulates cells of the central
nervous system

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Glycolipids or Glycosphingolipids
● Glycolipid – is complex lipids
that yield a fatty acid, an
alcohol, and a carbohydrate on
hydrolysis.
● This includes cerebrosides,
sulfatides, gangliosides
● They are built on a ceramide
backbone structure which is a
fatty acid amide derivative of
sphingosine

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Subgroups of Glycolipids
● CEREBROSIDES – are characterized
by a single monosaccharide head
group
● SULFATIDES – a sulfate group
containing derivative of the
cerebroside, galactocerebroside
● GANGLIOSIDES – are glycolipids
containing oligosaccharide groups
including one or more molecules of N-
acetylneuroaminic acid
● CERAMIDE – is composed of
sphingosine with a fatty acid linked to
it with the presence of H.

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STEROID
● It is derived lipid that is
formed by the metabolism
transformation of fatty
acids.
● Other examples of
derived lipids are
prostaglandins,
hormones, cholesterol
and lipid-soluble vitamins

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STEROID
● It refers to the class of drugs.
These drugs are available
legally only by prescription,
to treat conditions that occur
when the body produces
abnormally low amounts of
testosterone, such as
delayed puberty and some
types of impotence

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 STEROID
● They are also prescribed to
treat body wasting in
patients with AIDS and
other diseases that result
in loss of lean muscle
mass. Abuse of anabolic
steroids, however, can lead
to serious health problems,
https://www.reuters.com/news/picture/affected-by-aids-idJPRTXV964
some irreversible

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Sterols
● These are steroid carrying a
hydroxyl group at C-3. The most
common is cholesterol.
● Cholesterol is a lipid found in
the cell membranes of all
tissues, and it is transported in
the blood plasma of all animals.
Cholesterol is also considered a
sterol (a combination steroid
and alcohol).

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Sterols
● Most of the body’s cholesterol is
synthesized from other
substances within the body.
Vitamin D3 is produced from
sterols, ergosterol or 7-
dehydrocholesterol.

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Andrenocorticoid
● The adrenocorticoids are
steroids produced in the adrenal
cortex. There are 2 types, both of
which are hormones, compounds
that provide a communication
pathway between various tissues
in multicellular organisms. These
are mineralocorticoids and
glucocorticoids

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Testosterone
● Testosterone is a steroid
hormone from the androgen
group. In mammals, testosterone
is primarily secreted in the testes
of males and the ovaries of
females, although small amounts
are also secreted by the adrenal
glands. It is the principal male
sex hormone and an anabolic
steroid.

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Estrogens
● Estrogens are female sex
hormones produced by the
ovaries. It helps maintain sex
organs and secondary sex
characteristics like breast
enlargement, production of pubic
hair, etc.
● Estrogen defiency can lead to
esteoporosis

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Progesterone
● Progesterone is a steroid hormone
secreted by the corpus luteum of
the ovary and by the placenta,
belongs to a class of hormones
called progestogens. It is involved
in the female menstrual cycle,
pregnancy and embryogenesis. It is
sometimes called the “hormone of
pregnancy”, and has many roles
relating to the development of the
fetus.
https://www.invitra.com/en/progesterone/functions-of-
progesterone/

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Anabolic (androgenic)
steroids ● steroids are synthetic (man made)
substances, related to testosterone
(male sex hormones), used by
some athletes to promote muscle
development, although their use is
banned by most athletic unions.
“Anabolic” refers to muscle-
building, and “androgenic” refers to
increased masculine
characteristics.

https://www.zmescience.com/

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Prostaglandins
● Prostaglandins are unsaturated
carboxylic acids, consisting of a
20 carbon skeleton that also
contains a five member ring and
are based upon the fatty acid,
arachidonic acid, C19H31COOH.
There are a variety of structures
one, two, or three double bonds.
On the five member ring there
may also be double bonds, a
ketone, or alcohol groups

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Prostaglandins
Functions of Prostaglandins
● activation of inflammatory
response
● Blood clotting
● Induction of labor and other
reproductive processes
● Inhibit acid synthesis
● Increase secretion of protective
mucus
● Increase of blood flow

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Waxes
● • Waxes are esters of fatty acids
with long chain monohydric
alcohols (one hydroxyl group).
Common Waxes
● Beeswax
● Spermaceti
● Carnauba
● Lanolin

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COMPLEX LIPIDS
● Lipoprotein Lipoproteins are
mixtures of lipid and protein,
and important in the
metabolism of lipids.
● Lipoprotein particles consist of
a core of hydrophobic lipids
surrounded by amphipathic
proteins, phospholipids, and
cholesterol.

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Four Major Classes of Human
Plasma Lipoproteins: 1. Chylomicrons
Have a density of less than 0.95
g/mL.
It carries dietary triglycerides from the
intestine to other tissues.
2. Very low density lipoproteins
(VLDL)
Have a density of 0.95 – 1.019 g/mL
They bind triglycerides synthesized
in the liver and carry them to adipose
and other tissues for storage.

https://journals.sagepub.com/
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Four Major Classes of Human
Plasma Lipoproteins: ● Low – density lipoprotein (LDL)
Have a density of 1.019 – 1.063 g/mL
They carry cholesterol to peripheral
tissues and help regulate cholesterol
levels in those tissues. Commonly
referred to as the “bad cholesterol.”
● High – density lipoprotein (HDL)
Have a density of 1.063 – 1.210 g/mL
They are bound to plasma cholesterol
They transport cholesterol from peripheral
tissues to the liver. Commonly referred to
as the “good cholesterol.”

https://journals.sagepub.com/
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LIPID SOLUBLE VITAMINS
● Vitamin A 800 µg ( upper
limit ca. 3000 µg)
● Vitamin D 5 to 10 µg (
upper limit ca. 2000 µg)
● Vitamin E 15 mg ( upper
limit ca. 1 g)
● Vitamin K 110 µg ( upper
limit not specified)

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Vitamin A
● Vitamin A 800 µg ( upper
limit ca. 3000 µg)
Vitamin A (retinol, retinoic acid) is a
nutrient important to vision, growth, cell
division, reproduction and immunity.
Vitamin A also has antioxidant properties.
Antioxidants are substances that might
protect your cells against the effects of
free radicals — molecules produced when
your body breaks down food or is exposed
to tobacco smoke and radiation. Free radicals
might play a role in heart disease, cancer and other
diseases. (mayoclinic.or)

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VITAMIN D
Vitamin D 5 to 10 µg ( upper
limit ca. 2000 µg)
Vitamin D is essential for
maintaining healthy bones and
teeth. It also plays many other
important roles in the body,
including regulating
inflammation and immune
function. (https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/)

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Vitamin E
Vitamin E 15 mg ( upper limit
ca. 1 g)
● it plays many roles in your
body. It’s perhaps best known
for its antioxidant effects,
protecting your cells from
oxidative damage by
neutralizing harmful molecules
called free radicals.
(https://www.healthline.com/)

https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/

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Vitamin K
Vitamin K 110 µg ( upper limit
not specified)
Vitamin K refers to a group of
fat-soluble vitamins that play a
role in blood clotting, bone
metabolism, and regulating
blood calcium levels.
(https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/)

https://www.godigit.com/

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The End