Application of Gauss’s Law (Field due to infinitely long st.
wire, due to uniformly charged infinite plane sheet)
CLASS-XII
SUBJECT : PHYSICS CHAPTER NUMBER: 01 CHAPTER NAME : ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS Applications of Gauss’s Theorem: 1. Electric Field Intensity due to an Infinitely Long Straight Charged Wire: E dS
C r
-∞ B A +∞ dS dS
Gaussian surface is a From Gauss’s law, l closed surface, q E E around a charge ΦE = E . dS = ε0 distribution, such that S the electric field intensity has a single E . dS = E . dS + E . dS + E . dS fixed value at every point on the surface. S A B C
E . dS = E dS cos 90° + E dS cos 90° + E dS cos 0° = E dS = E x 2 π r l
S A B C C q λl = ε (where λ is the linear charge ε0 0 density) λl Ex2πrl= ε0
1 λ or E= 2 πε0 r
or 1 2λ E= 4 πε0 r 1 2λ In vector form, E (r) = r 4 πε0 r
The direction of the electric field intensity is radially outward from the positive line charge. For negative line charge, it will be radially inward.
Note: The electric field intensity is independent of the size of the Gaussian surface constructed. It depends only on the distance of point of consideration. i.e. the Gaussian surface should contain the point of consideration. Electric field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire. The figure shows a small path of infinitely long cylindrical non-conducting charged wire of linear charge density q Thus = q = NUMERICAL NUMERICAL NUMERICAL
Solution:-
By Gauss’s law
(after t sec length of the charged rod in cube = vt)
t NUMERICAL A wire AB of length L has linear charge density λ = kx, where x is measured from the end A of the wire. This wire is enclosed by a Gaussian hollow surface. Find the expression for the electric flux through this surface. NUMERICAL A wire AB of length L has linear charge density λ = kx, where x is measured from the end A of the wire. This wire is enclosed by a Gaussian hollow surface. Find the expression for the electric flux through this surface.
SOLUTION
Given : Length of wire = L, Charge density (λ) = kx, ϕ = ?
We know NUMERICAL NUMERICAL
Solution:-
The total charge on wire AB
By Gauss’s theorem. Electric field due to a uniformly charged infinite, non conducting and conducting plane sheet
Non conducting sheet
σ E= E= 20 ε0 2. Electric Field Intensity due to a uniformly charged infinite, non conducting , plane sheet:
dS
l E
E dS r C E A B dS
From Gauss’s law,
q TIP: ΦE = E . dS = ε0 The field lines remain S straight, parallel and uniformly spaced. E . dS = E . dS + E . dS + E . dS S A B C
E . dS = E dS cos 0° + E dS cos 0° + E dS cos 90° = 2E dS = 2E x π r2
S A B C q σ π r2 = (where σ is the surface charge density) ε0 ε0
σ π r2 2Exπ r2 = ε0
σ σ or E= In vector form, 2 ε0 E (l) = l 2 ε0
The direction of the electric field intensity is normal to the plane and away from the positive charge distribution. For negative charge distribution, it will be towards the plane. Note: The electric field intensity is independent of the size of the Gaussian surface constructed. It neither depends on the distance of point of consideration nor the radius of the cylindrical surface. If the plane sheet is thick, then the charge distribution will be available on both the sides. So, the charge enclosed within the Gaussian surface will be twice as before. Therefore, the field will be twice. σ E= ε0 Electric field due to a uniformly charged infinite, non conducting, plane sheet A 2EA = 0
E= 20
We have
In vector form E Electric field due to a uniformly charged infinite, conducting plane sheet In conducting sheet, charges reside on the entire outside surface. So a charged conducting sheet is equivalent to two sheets with equal charges. Electric field due to a uniformly charged infinite, conducting plane sheet
Field on the right of plates
𝜎 𝜎 𝜎 + = 2𝜀0 2𝜀0 𝜀0
Field in between the plates
𝜎 𝜎 • Electric field 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 = − =0 2𝜀0 2𝜀0
Field on the left of plates
𝜎 𝜎 𝜎 = + = 2𝜀0 2𝜀0 𝜀0 NUMERICAL NUMERICAL NUMERICAL NUMERICAL NUMERICAL NUMERICAL NUMERICAL NUMERICAL HOME ASSIGNMENT Application of Gauss's law to find field due to uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside). CLASS-XII
SUBJECT : PHYSICS CHAPTER NUMBER: 01 CHAPTER NAME : ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS INTRODUCTION
What is this phenomena called as? Why is it safe to be inside car while lightning? Electric field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell or solid conducting sphere Electric Field Intensity due to a Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell:
E i) At a point P outside the shell: dS r From Gauss’s law, •P q ΦE = E . dS = ε0 S q O• R Since E and dS are in the same direction, HOLLOW q ΦE = E dS = ε0 S q or ΦE = E dS = ……… Gaussian Surface ε0 S q q Electric field due to a uniformly E x 4π r2 = or E= charged thin spherical shell at ε0 4πε0 r2 a point outside the shell is such as if the whole charge were Since q = σ x 4π R2, σ R2 E= concentrated at the centre of ε0 r2 the shell. ii) At a point A on the surface of the shell: From Gauss’s law, E q dS ΦE = E . dS = ε0 S • A Since E and dS are in the same direction, q O• R q ΦE = E dS = ε0 HOLLOW S q or ΦE = E dS = ε0 S q q E x 4π R2 = or E= ε0 4πε0 R2
Electric field due to a uniformly
Since q = σ x 4π R2, σ charged thin spherical shell at E= ε0 a point on the surface of the shell is maximum. iii) At a point B inside the shell: From Gauss’s law, E dS q ΦE = E . dS = B ε0 S • q O• R Since E and dS are in the same direction, r’ q ΦE = E dS = HOLLOW ε0 S q or ΦE = E dS = ε0 E S q 0 Emax E x 4π r’2 = or E= ε0 4πε0 r’2
(since q = 0 inside the Gaussian surface)
E=0 O R r This property E = 0 inside a cavity is used for electrostatic shielding. END NUMERICAL
1. Draw the graph showing the variation of the electric field with distance r from the center of a uniformly positively charged thin spherical shell POINTS TO REMEMBER
𝜎4𝜋𝑅2 𝜎 𝑅2 The field at a point outside the shell:- 𝐸= 2 = 2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝜀0 𝑟
The field at a point inside the shell:- E=0
Numerical Numerical Numerical Numerical NUMERICAL
1. Inside the surface of a charged non conducting solid sphere prove that, electric field is directly proportional to the distance (r)
ds O E
R NUMERICAL 1. Inside the surface of a charged non conducting solid sphere prove that, electric field is directly proportional to the distance (r) Solution:- According to Gauss’s law Volume Ch arg e 4 ds R 3 q 3 O E q 1 4 R 3 3 R 4 3 q 4 3 r r R 3 3 4 3
3 NUMERICAL 1. Draw the graph showing the variation of the electric field with distance r from the center of a uniformly charged non-conducting solid spheres HOME ASSIGNMENT 1. State Gauss’s theorem in electrostatics and express it mathematically 2. Derive an expression for electric field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell (i) Outside the shell (ii) (ii) Inside the shell. 3. Electric charge is distributed uniformly on the surface of a spherical rubber balloon. Show how the value of electric field intensity varies (i)On the surface (ii) inside and (iii) outside? 4. Calculate the surface charge density of a spherical cell of radius ‘R’ having a total uniform charge Q.
