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Chapter 18. Trigonometry

Formulae
1. Trigonometrical ratios:
height
(i) sin 9
hypotenuse
(iü) = base
cOs
hypotenuse
height
(iii) tan 0 =
base

(iv) cot = base

height
sec hypotenuse
(v)
base
cOsec = hypotenuse
(vi)
height
2. Quotient relations:

(i) tan = sin 9

cos
cos
(ii) Cot 9
sin 0
3. Square relations:
* () sin² + cos² 1

(ii) 1+ tan² sec =

(iiü) 1+cot =coOsec²

4. Trigonometrical ratios of standard angles:
Angle 0° 309 45 60° 90

Ratio J
sin 0

cos V N

tan not
defined
VoNN
5. Trigonometrical ratios of complementary
angles :
() sin (90 -0) = cos
(iü) (90°-0) = sin 9
cos
(iiü) tan (90°-0) = cot
= tan 0
(iv) cot (90°0)
(v) sec (90°-0) = cosec

(v) cosec (90°-0) = sec

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Determine the Following
Question 1. Solve: 2 cos? + sin -2 = 0.
Solution:
2 cos2 0 + sin -2 = 0

2(1- sin² 9)+ sin -2 = 0

-
2-2 sin²
-
+ sin 0-2
sin (2 sin
sin 0 sin
(2
1)
1)
-
=
=
0
0
-
0
sin = 0 or 2 sin e-1 = 0
sin =0 or sin =
2
8 =30.

Question 2. Without using tables evaluate

3 cos 80°. Cosec 10° + 2 sin 59° sec 31°.
Solution:3 cos 80° cosec 10° +2 sin 59° sec 31°

3 cos (90P- 10°)šin 10

1
+2 sin (90°-31°) cos 31°
3 sin 10° 2 cos 31°
sin 10 cos 31H-342=5. Ans.

Question 3. Given that

tan +
tan (®, + 82)=1-tan tan
e

tan 82 , 1
1
Find (, + ,), when tar ,tan 8,
We
Solution: have,

tan j

and

tan (0,
tan
+ e2)
tan , + tan 62
, tan 8,
I-tan
5

tan (8, +0,)

5
6
tan (, +
,)=1
+0, =45

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Question 4. Without using trigonometric tables, evaluate

sin² 34°+ sin² 56° +2 tan 18° tan 720- cot30°
Solution :'sin 34° + sin 56°
+2 tan 18° tan 720- cot? 30°
= sin² 34° + cos² (90°- 56°)
+2 tan 18°. cot (90°-72°)-(V32
K
1

(sin² 34° + cos tan 1go3

x
34°) +2 tan 18

=1+2-3 =3-3=0. Ans.

Question 5. Without using trigonometric

tables, find the value of (sin 72° cos 18°)\sin 72°
+

cos 18°).
Solution: (sin 72° + c0s 18°(sin 72°-cos 18°)
- [sin (90°-18°) + cos 18°|sin (90°-18°)- cos 18°]
- [cos 18°+ cos 18lcos 18°-cos 18°]
=0. Ans.
Question 6. With out using table evaluate
2'tan:53° cot 80.
cot 37° tan
10°
2 tan 53 cot 80°
Solution: tan 10
cot 37
2
tan 53° cot 80
cot (90°-53°) tan (90°80°)
2tan 53° cot 80o
tan 53o cot 80°
= 2-1
= 1*

+
Question 7. Solve: sin? -3 sin 0
2
-0.
= 0
Solution: sin² -3 sin +2
= 0
sin? -2 sin -sin +2 = 0
sin 0 (sin 9-2)- 1(sin -2)
(sin 0- 2) (sin -1) = 0
= 0
sin -2
sin - 2

sin has no solution for angle 0, as there

=2 is
no any angle whose sin is equal to 2.
sin 9-1 =0
sin 9= 1

0 = 90, Ans.

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Question 8. If tan =4, find the value of

5

5 sin 6 + 3 cos
5 sin +2 cos
Solution: 5 tarn = 4

4
tan 0 5
sin 0 4

5
5 sin
5 sin +3 cos Cos cos 0
5 sin +2 cos 0
5
sin 2 cos
cos Cos 0
[Nr, and Dr. Dividing by cos 0]
4
5+3 4+3 7
Ans.
x+2 4+26
Question 9. From trigonometric tables, write the values of:
() sin 37°19"
(ii) cos 23°17
(iii) tan 45°48.
Solution:
(i) From the tables of natural sine, we have
sin 37°18 = 0-6060
Mean difference for 1'=0-0002 (to be added)
So, sin 37°19 = 0-6062. Ans.
(i1) From the tables of natural oosines, we have
Cos 23°12* 0-9191

Mean difference for 5'= 0-0006 (to be

subtracted)
cos 23°17 =
09185. Ans.
(iii) Similarly, tan 45°48= 1-0283. Ans.

Question 10. The string of a kite is 150 m long and it makes an angle of 60° with the
horizontal. Find the height of the kite from the ground.

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Solution: Let h be the height of the kite. PB be

the length of string such that PB = 150 m
In right angled ABPA,
h
sin 60 =
150

150
150\3
h= 2
= 75/3
= 1732
h x75
= 129.9 m
Hence, the height of kite above the ground
129-9 m. - Ans.

Question 11. Solve the following equations:

(1)
Cos 0 cos
1-sin 1+sin =4
cos +2
(ii)
cos² -3 0
-=1.
sin?
Solution: (i) We have
cOs cos B
4
1-sin 1+ sinte
cos 1 1
= 4
1- sin 1+ sin 9
1+ sin 0+1-sin
0l

cos 0
4
(1- sin eX1 + sin 0)
2 cos =
4(1- sin eX(1 + sin 0)
2 cos =
4(1- sin² 0)
2 cos = 4 cos2
4 cos? -2 cos = 0
2 cos (2 cos -1) = 0
2 cos =0 or 2 cos -1 =0
1

cos = 0 or cos =
2
0 = 60, (since 0 < 0<90°)
(iü) We have,
cos² -3 cos + 2
sin 9 =1

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=
cos²
cos
-3 cos 0 +0
2

=
sin
cos? -3 0.+ 2,- sin
cos² -3 cos 9 + 1+ cos² 0 = 0
2 cos² -3 cos + 1 = 0
2 cos? --2 cos
2cos
(cos e-1)
-
cos 0 +1 =0
-1)
-1(cos = 0

(cos -1X2 cos -1) =0

cos
-1=0or 2 cos -1 - 0
cos 1or cos e =
or =
8=0 60
Since 0<0 < 90°
So @= 60° is the solution of the equation.

Question 12. Using trigonometric tables evaluate the following:

(1) tan 25°46 +
cot 45°25
(i) sin 64°42
+
cos 4220
(iüi) cos 64°42sin 42 20
(iv) tan 855tan 5518
Solution: i)tan 25 45+ cot 45°25
= 0-482+0-986 = 1-468.
(ii) sin 64°42* + cos 42°20*
09041 +0-7392
16433.
(iüi) cos 64°42-sin 42°20

04274-0-6734
-0-2460
-0-2460
(iv) tan 78°55- tan 5518*
+5-097--1-444
3-653.

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40°+ 50cos
Question 13 t: Sntan 38°20*
sin 20°50 + tan, 67°40
cos 32°20-sin 15°10
40° + cos 50°
Solution: i) sin tan 38°20
0-6428+0-6428
07907
12856
0-7907
1-6259.
sin 2050+tan 67°40
cos 32°20 sin 1510*
0-3557 + 2-4340
0-8450-02616
2.7897
0-5834
27897
5834
47818

Prove the Following

Question 1. If x =r sin cos , y =r sin sin
and z =rcos ®, prove that x² + y²
Solution: We
have
+-e.
x rsin cos
y= rsin sin 9

r cos 0
Z =
Squaring and adding,
x+y² + 2'
-P sin? 9 cos? + r sin² 0 sin?
+ r cos² 9
=r² sin?
-
(cos² + sin ) + cos² r
sin?0x1+ cos² 0
=2 (sin? 0+ cos² 0)
=r²x1=r
Hence x²+y² +z²-R. Hence proved

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cos 9 1+ sin e
Question 2. Prove that
1- sin 9 COs
Solution:
cOs
LH.S. = 0
1-sin
cos 0 (1+ sin 0)
(1- sin 0)(1 + sin 0)
cOs (1+ sin 0)
1- sin² e
cos 0 (1t sin 0)
cos²
1+ sin e
cos Hence proved.

Question 3. Prove that tan? + cot? +2 = sec

Q.cosec?.
Solution:
LH.S. = tan? + cot² + 2
= tan² +
+1 cot² +1
= sec + cosec? ¢
1 1

cos² sin?
sin? + cos²
sin? .cos?

sin² .cos?
cosec .sec? RH.S.
Hence proved.

Question 4. Prove that sin² + cos# = cos² e +

sin 0.
Solution:
LHS, = sin²0 + cost9
= 1-cos² 0+ cost 8
= (1- cos² 0)
1- cos2
= sin? 0) sin?
1-(1-
= +
sin 6
1- sin?
cos2 9 + sin 0 RH.S.
Hence proved.

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Question 5. Prove that

sin
- cos
9= sin² - cos²
-2 sin² -1
-1-2 cos²
.
Solution:
L.H.S. = sin 0- cost 0
= (sin² 0)- (cos²

(sin? - cos? 0)(sin? 0+ cos² 0)

= (sin? 0-cos² ) × 1
= sin? -
cos² 0R.H.S
= sin? 9-(1- sin )
= sin?-1+sin²
0

= sin?-1=R.H.S.
2

= 2(1- cos² 0)-1

=
2-2cos? -1
=
1-2 cos² R.H.S.
Hence proved

Question6. Prove that 1-sin

/ 1+sin
= sec - tan .
Solution:
(1- sin X(1- sin 0)
L.HS. Va+ sin 0(1- sin )

1+ sin 0-2 sin 0

1-sin² e
1+ sin² -2 sin
cos2

sin² 0 2 sin X
1

=V cos2 cos² cos cos 0

Vse? 9 + tan² 9-2 tan 0.sec
V(sec 9 - tan 0P
= sec - tan 0
R.H.S. Hence proved

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sin A 1+ cos A

Question 7. =2 cosec A
1+ cos Asin A
sin² A + (1 + cos A)2
Solution: L. H.S, =
(1+ cos A) sin A
sin A +1+ cos² A +2 cos
A

(1+ cos A) sin A

cos A

1+1+2
(1+ cos A)
sin A
2 (1 + cos A)
(1+cOs A) sinA
- 2cosecA
-R.H.s. Hence proved.

Question 8. Prove that

V2+ tan? 0+ cot² e = tan + cot 6.
Solution:
+
L.HS. = V2+ tan² cot²
Vtan2 9 + cot² 0+2 tan .cot
[ tan cot =1]
= V(tan
+ cot
tan 0+ cot
=
RH.S.
Hence proved.

sec -1 sin 0
Question 9. Prove that sec
+1 1+ cos 0
Solution:
sec -1
L.H.S. sec +1
1
1
cos 0
1
1
cOs 0
1-cos0
cos
1+
1-cos x(1+ cos 0)
1+ cos 0x(1 + cos 9)

1- cos? 0
(1+ cos )2
sin? 0
(1+ cos 0)2
2
sin = RH.S.
1+ cos )

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Question 10. Prove that

sin tan 0 .
cos -1 + sec
1-
Solution:
0.
sin 0
sin cos
sin tarn
0

L.H.S. =
1-cos 0 1-cos 9
sin² 9
cos 0 (1 -cos 0)
e
1- cos²
cos 0 (1 - cos 0)
(1- cos 0) (1 + cos 0)
cos (1- cos 0)

1+ cos 1 cos 0
Cos 0 cos 0 cos 0
= Sec 0 +1
= R.H.S. Hence proved.

Question 11. Prove that

sec - tan
sec 0 + tan 0 =1-2 sec 0.tan +2 tan² 0.
Solution:
sc 9-tan
L.H.S, = sec + tan 9
sec - tan sec -tan
X
sec 0 + tan 9 sec -tan
(sec -tan 0)2
sec -tan²
sec? 0 +
tan² -2 sec 9.tan 9
= -2 sec 0.tan
1+2 tan²
= RHS. Hence proved.

Question 12. Prove that (1 + tan A

+ (1 - tan
AP =2 sec² A
Solution:
LH.S. = (1 +
tan AP + (1-tan A

= + +
1+2tan A
tan? A
1-2 tan A
+
tan? A.
= 2 (1 + tan² A)
= 2 sec?A R.H.S. -
Hence proved.

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Question 13. If x =a sec +b tan and y= a

tan +b sec prove that
=
x²-y2 a-b2
Solution: Here x?=a² sec?0+ 2ab sec 9 tan
+
b² tan2
y² = a² tan² + 2ab sec 0 tarn

sec0 + b²
=
x-y² a² (sec?e-tan? )
-b² (sec? 0- tan? )
(. sec? 0- tan? = 1)
Hence proved.

Question 14. Prove that

1 1
sec A - 1 sec A +
1=2cosec A.cot A.
Solution:
1 1
=
LHS. sec sec A+1
A-1
sec A
+1 + sec A-1 2sec A

sec² A-1 tan A

1 1 1 cos² A
2 os A
sin² A --2ns
cos
A
sin A
cos² A

= 2 cosec A.cot A
= RH.S. Hence proved.

Question 15. Prove that

2(sin + cos6 0)-3 (sin 0+ cos 0) +1 =0.
Solution:LHS.
- 2(sin + cos
0)-3 (sint 0 + cost 6) + 1
-2 (sin² 9 + cos² e) [sint + cos sin? 9.cos? ] 6-
3[(sin² 9 + cos² sin² 0.cos? 0] +
0-2 1

- 2x1 [(sin? + cos?

0-2 sin² 9.cos²0
- sin² 8.cos? 0] -3[(1-2 sin? 0 cos² 0] + 1
-2 [(1 -3 sin? 9 cos² 0]-3 [1-2 sin² 0.cos² 0] + 1
-2-6 sin² 9.cos² -3 +6 sin² 0.cos² + 1

-1+1-0- R.H.S. Hence proved.

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Question 16. Prove that

1+ sin 9 tan
1-sin 9 =1+2 cos +2 tan?e.
Solution:

R.HS. = 1+2an
cos 0 -2 tan²

= 1+2 sin 9 +2 sin²

cos² cos?
+
cos² 0+2 sin 2 sin? 0
cos²
1-sin² +2 sin 9 +2 sin² 0

sin29 1-
1+ sin²0+2 sin 9
1- sin? 0
(1+ sin 92
+
(1 sin 0)(1- sin )
1+ sin 9
1-sin 0

= L.H.S. Hence proved.

Question 17. Prove that

cos?0
1+ sin 6 Sin

Solution:
sin' )
cos20 (1-
LH.S. = 1
1+ sin e1 1+ sin

- 1
(1- sin ) (1+ sin 9)
0
1+ sin
= 1-(1- sin 0) =
1-1+ sin 0
= sin RH.S. - Hence proved.

Question 18. If A =30°, verify that

2 tan A
sin 2A =
1+ tan²A
Solution:
LLHS. sin 2A
Putting A = 30° in LHS. and RHS., we
get

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V3

L.H.S. = sin 2,x 30° = sin 60°

2x
RH.S. 2x tan 30° v3
=1+ tan² 30°

4
1
3

V3
2x3
V3x4 2
Hence,
L.H.S. = RH.S. Hence proved.

Question 19. Prove that

sin (90°-0) tan (90°-0) sec (90°- 0)
cosec 9.cos .cot 9 =1.
Solution :
sin (90-0) tan (90°-0) sec (90°-0)
L.H.S. cosec .cos 0.cot 0
cOs .cot .cosec =
cosce .cos 0.cot =1 RH.S.

Hence proved

Question 20. Prove that

cot 9.tan (90°- 0) - sec (90-0).cosec 9 + 1 =0.
Solution:
L.HS. = cot 9.tan (90°-)
-sec (90°-0).cosec + 1

= cot .cot 0 cosec .cosec +

-
-

1
= (cot cosec? 0)+1
- -1+1=0
RH.S. Hence proved.

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--
Question 21. Prove that sec .cosec (90°- 0)
tan 8.cot (90°- 0) =1.
Solution:LHS.
= sec 0.cosec (90°-0)- tan 9.cot (90°- 0)
= sec 0 sec 9-tan .tan
= sec -
tan²
=l=RH.S. Hence proved.

Question 22. Prove that

sec² (90°- 0) + tan? (90°-0) =1+2 cot²
Solution:L.HS.
- sec?(90°-0)+tan² (90°- 0)
= e
cosec0+ cot2
= +
1+cot² cot²
= 1+2 cot² 0

R.H.S. Hence proved.

.
Question 23. Prove that cosec? (90°-0) + cot?
(90°-0)=1 +2 tan?
Solution:
LHS. = cosec? (90°-0) + cot2 (90°-)
= sec 0+ tan² 0
= 1+ tan² +
tan² 9
= 1+2 tan² 9
= R.H.S. Hence proved

Question 24. Prove that

tan 9 sec (90°-0) sin (90-0)
cot (90°-0) cos 0.cosec =2
Solution:
tan 9 sec (90°-0) sin (90°-0)
L.H.S. = cot (90° -0) cos .cosec
tan
,
cosec 0.cos
+ cos
tan 0.cosec
= 1+1-2
= R.H.S. Hence proved.

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Question 25. Prove that

=
sin (90° -0) sin cot 9 cos? 0.
Solution:
LH.S. = sin (90°-0) sin 0 cot
cOs
= Cos sin 0.
sin
= cos? = R.H.S. Hence proved.

Question 26. Prove that

sin sin (90°- 0)- cos cos (90°-0) =0.
Solution:LHS.
= sin 0 sin (90°-0) - cos cos (90°- 0)
= sin 0.cos 0- cos 0.sin 9
=0= R.H.S. Hence proved.
Question 27. Prove that
sin (90°- 0) cos (90°– 0) = tan 9.cos² 0.
Solution:
L.HS. = sin (90°-0) cos (90°– 0)
-
cOs 0.sin
R.HS. = tan .cos?
sin
cos 0
X
cos²
- sin 0.cos
. LH.S. = RHS. Hence proved.
Question 28. Prove that
sin (90°-0) tan (90°-0) cosec (90°-0)
cOs cot sec 0 =3.
Solution: LH.S.
sin (90° -0), tan (90°- 0), cosec (90°- 9)
cos cot sec

cos cot sec e

Cos 0 cot 9
sec'e
-1+1+l =3= R.H.S. Hence proved

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Question 29. If A =60°, B - 30° verify that

tan -tan B A

tan (A -B) =
1+ tan A.tan B
Solution : It is given that A = 60°, B = 30°.
Putting A = 60° and B=30° in the given equation,
we get
tan A -tan B
tan (A -B)
=1+ tan A.tan B

=
tan 60°- tan 30°
tan (60°- 30°)
1+ tan 60°.tan 309

tan 30°=
1+3x
1 2/V3
2
1

LH.S. = RH.S.

Question 30. If 2 sin A-1 =0, show that

sin 3A =3 sin A -4 sin³A.
Solution: If2 sin A = 1
30°
1.e., sin A ==sin
A = 30°
and sin 3A = 3sin A–4 sin A
sin 3 x 30 = 3 sin 30°-4 sin? 30°
Now L.HS. = sin 90 =1
R.H.S. --
3
2
-4
8
3 1
=
22
= 1
L.H.S. = R.H.S.

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Question 31. If A, B, C are the interior angles

of A ABC, prove that

tan

Solution: Here, B+C- 180°-A

B+C
2:90°
Taking tan on both sides, we get

tan
B+C
2

cot
Hence proved

Question 32. The length of_a shadow of a

tower standing on level plane is found to be 2y
meters longer when the seen's altitude is 30° than
when it was 45° prove that the height of the tower
is y (v3 + 1) meter.
Solution: In right angled A BCD.
D

30 45

A-2yR

= h
tan 45° BO

h = BC ...(1)
In right angled A ACD
tan 30° =
h
2y + BC

h
V3 2y +h
h(V3-1) = 2y

h- y(V3 + 1) m. Hence proved.

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Question 33. Prove that :

cos 0
1-
1+ cos
e cOsec6- cot 9

1+ sin 0 sec
(ü) e
: 0 +

tan 0

1-sin
Solution:
- cos
=
1 0
1-cos
(i) L.H.S. V1+cos 91-cos
(1- cos )2
1- cos² 6
1-cos
e
V1-cos²
cos 0
1-
Vsin? 9

1-cos
sin 0
1 COs

sin 0 sin 9
= coSec cot
= R.H.S. Hence proved.

= |1+sin0 1+ sin 9
(iü) L.H.S. V1-sin 9^1+ sin
(1+ sin 0)²
V1-sin²
(1 +
sin 0)?
cos²
1+ sin e 1 sin
cos 9 cos cos 0

= sec tan + =
R.H.S.
Hence proved

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+ sin 1+sin 9
=
(ü) L.H.S.
1- 01+ sin 0
sin
e
J(1+ sin
V1-sin?
(1 + sin 0)²
cos 0
1+ sin cos
1
+
sin
cos 0
cos 9
= sec tan + =
RH.S.
Hence proved

Question 34. If tan A + sin A=mand tan A

sin A =n, then show that

= 4V mn
m²-n²
Solution : Here - sin
m²-n' == (tan sin AP- (tan-
+ A A A

(tan A + sin A+ tan sin A)

(tan A + sin A - tan A + sin A)
= (2 tan A)(2 sin A)
= 4 tan A sin A ...
(1)
Also
4 V mn = 4(tan A+ sin A) (tan A - sin A)
= 4 V
tan² A- sin² A

= sin A
-sin? A

4V cos A
-
1
cos² A
= 4 sin A
cos² A
sin? A
= 4 sinA
cos² A
= 4 sin A sin A
cos A
= 4 sin ... (2)
A. tan
A

Using eq: (1) and eq. (2) we get the required

conditions. Proved.

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Ouestion 35. If tan a =n tan B, sin a= m sin B,

prove that cos? a m²-1
n²-1
:
Solution We have,
tan n tan B

tan a
tan B

cot ß =
tan a
sin a = m sin B
sin a
sin ß = m

cosec B =
sin a
Since
cOsec B- cot² B = 1
m n

= 1
sin² & tan²

m² n² cos² a
sin? sin²
m2-n2 cos
=
sin? a
=
"m2-n²cos² 1l- cos²
m²-1 = (n2-1) cos² a
cos² a = m²-1
n2-1
Hence proved.

= N2 cos 6,
Question 36. If cos 0 + sin show
that cos– sin =V2 sin 0.
Solution: We have
cos sin = V2 cos 0
0 +

Squaring both side

(cos + sin 0 = 2 cos²
cos² 0 + sin² 9 + 2 sin cos =2 cos
=
2 sin e cos cos² 0- cos0- sin? 2

= -

-
sin
2 cos cos² sin 0
2 sin cos = (cos + sin 0 cos sin )
2 sin e cos = (cos
-sin 9) × V2 cos
(Given)
cos 0-sin = sin
v2
cos - sin 9 =
v2 sin 0. Hence proved.

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Question 37. Prove that (cosec A - sin A) (sec
A- cos A) sec A = tan A.
Solution:
L.H.S. (cosec A - sin A)(sec -cos A) A

sec A
-cos
Acos A
A
(1-sin? 1- cos² A
1
sin A cos A cos² A
cos Asir A 1
cos A cos² A
sin A
= cos A
l- sin² A)
1- cos² A = sin² A
sin A
= tan A
cOs A
R.H.S. Hence proved.

:
sin 0 tan 0 sec
Question 38. Prove that =1+
0

1-cos 0
Solution:
sin -tan
L.H.S. = 1-cos 0
sin 9
sin 0
1-cos

sin 0
cos 0 (1- cos 0)
e
1- cos² cos
cos (1- 0)

(1 + cos e) (1- cos )

cos 0 (1- cos 0)
1+ cos

Cos
1
A
Cos cOs
= sec R.HS.
+1=
Hence proved.

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tan' 9
Question 39. Prove that (sec 1+ cos 0
9-1 1- cos 0
tan²
(sec -
Solution:LH.S. = 1

sin²
= sin
tan
1 cos
cos
sin 0
cos? 9 1
sec =
(1- cos )? cos 9
cos²
sin
(1-cos 9)2 sin6=1-os? e]
1- cos² 0
cos 0)2
(1-

(1- cos 0) (1 + cos 0)

(1- cos 0)2 Ka+ b)
(a-b))
cos 0
1+
-R.HS.
1- cos
Questien 40. Prove that
I: Cot A + cosec A-1 1+ cos A
cot A- cosec A+1 sin A
tan A +
sec A-1 1+sin
A

(ü)
tan A
-sec +1
cos A A

=
cot A + cosec A-1
Solution:(i) L. H. S. cot A- cOsec +1 A

(cot A cosec A) -(cosec A- cot? A)

cot A–cosec +1 A

(cot A + cosec A) [{1 (cosec A - cot

- A)

cot A -Cosec A+1

cos A 1

= cot A + c0sec A =
A
/ sin A

cos
in
A
+1
-R.H.S. Hence proved.
sin A
tan A + sec A-1
(i) L.H. S. = tan
A- sec + 1 A

(tan A + sec A) - (sec A- tan² A)

(tan A -sec A) + 1

(tan A + sec A) (1-sec A + tan A)

tan A- sec 1 A +
tan A + sec A
sin A 1 1+ sin -=R. H.S. A

cos + cos A
A
cos A
Hence proved.

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Question 41. Prove that

1- cos² 9 1- sin? e
COs sin 0 tan +
cot 9

Solution:
(1-cos² e |1- sin? e
L.H.S. = cos sin
sin² 0 cos
cos sin 0
= sin 0.cos 9
1
R.H.S. = tan +
cot 6
1

sin cos e
cos +
sin
1

+
sin? cos² 0
sin cos
sin cos
sin² 9 + cos2
cos
sin Hence proved.

Question 42. Prove that

1+ cos A tan A + sin A
cos A tan A sin A
1-
Solution:

L.H.S.
(1+ cos A)(1 + cos A)
=V1- cos A)(1 + cos
A)

(1 + cos A)2
1- cos² A
1+ cos² A+2 cos A
sin² A
1+ cos A
sin A
tan A + sin A
R.H.S. =
tan A sin A

sin A
sin A A
COsAX Sin

sin A (1+ cos A) cos A

cos A sin A sinA
cos
1+
A

Hence proved.
sin A

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Ouestion 43. It sec 8 + tan = P then prove

that sin = p²-1
p²+1
Solution: sec0+ tan P
sin
cos 0 cos 9
1+ sin 9 = P
cOs

(1+ sin 9² =
cos² P,
[Squaring both sides]
1+ sin? 0+2 sin = P2
cos

1+ sin? 0+2 sin 6 + cos² 0 p2+1

1+ sin² +2 sin 0-os 6 p2
-1
[Applying componendo and dividendo]
1+1+2 sin p2+1
sin² + sin? +2 sin 9 p2-1
2(1 + sin 9) p2+1
2
sin (1+ sin 0) 2-1
1
P+1
sin 0
p2-1
Taking reciprocals, we get
= p2-1
sin 9 = p2+1
Hence proved

Question 44. Prove that

sin A + cos A sin A - cos A 2

sin A- cos A sin A + cos A 2sin? A -1

:
Solution L.HS.
sin + cos A sin A- cos A
A

sin A -cos A sin A + cos A

(sin A + cos A)? + (sin A - cos A
(sin A - cos AXsin A + cos A)
sin? A + cos² A +2 sin cos A A

+ sin² A + cos² A-2 sin A

cos A
sin? A- cos² A

2 (sin? A + cos² A) 2x1

sin? A -cos² A sin A-(1- sin² A)
2
sin² A-1+ sin² A 2 sin² A-1 =R.H.S.
Hence proved

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Question 45. Prove that

sin? cos? 1
cos² sin? sin² .cos² 0 -2.
Solution:
sin? 0 cos² sin + cost e
L.H.S. = cos² 0 sin? sin? 0.cos

(sin? 0 + cos? 0)- 2sin .cos² e

sin² 9.cos² 9
(1) -2 sin² 6.cos² e
sin? cos?
1 2 sin 6.cos²
sin² 6.cos 0 sin² 0.cos² 0
1
sin? cos² A-2 = RHS.

Question 46. If x sin +y cos³ sin 0 cos =

and x sin e-y cos 0, then show that x² + y² =1.

Solution :Given:x sin 9 +y cos³ =sin® cos
(r sin 0) sin? + (y cos e) cos = sin 0 cos e
(x sin ) sin? + (x sin 0) cos0-sin cos 0
(y cos 0 =x sin 0)
X
e +
sin (sin? 0 cos? 0) = sin cos 0
x
sin 0 = sin cos
x = cOs ...(1)
y cos
Again X sin 0=
Cos sin = y cos
y= sin 9
(2)
Squaring and adding (1) and (2) we get the
required result. Hence proved.

Question 47. Prove that

tan A cot A
cot2 A2 Sin A.cos
A.
+
(1+ tan? A)? (1
Solution:
L.H.S.
tan A cot A
(1+ tan² (1+ cot? A A)

tan A cot A
(sec² A)2+ (cosec² A)²
sin A cOs² A X

cos A COS A

cos A
x sin² A x sin² A
+
sin A
= sin A.cos A + sin A.cos A
- sin A cos
(cosA+ sin² A)
A

= sin A.cos A x1= sin A.cos A

= RH.S. Hence proved.

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Question 48. Prove that
sin A cos A
- 1) +
(sec A + tan (cosec + cot A -1)
A A

Solution: L.H.S.
sin A COs A
-
(sec A + tan -1)" (cosec A + cot A 1)

sin A cos A
1 sin A 1 cos A
cos A cos A
sin A
sin A -1

A.
sin
1+ sin A - cos A 1+cos. A- sin A

cOs A sin A
sin A.cos A sin A.cosA
1+sin A-COS A" T+cos A sin À
sin A.cos (1+cos - sin + 1 + sin A- cosA)
A A A

[1+ (sin A-Cos A)] [1-(sin A-os A)]

2 sin A.cos A
(1- (sinA- cOs AP

2 sin A.cos A

A+ cos
1-(sin?
.
cos?A-2 sinA A)

2 sin A.cos
Ai
1-1+2 sin A.cosA
2 RHS.
-j-l- Hende proved.

Question 49. Prove that

tan? cot .
s
coeec0-2 sin0 cos .
1+ tan²01+cot
Solution:
= tan e cot
.
LHS. 1+ tan 1tço
tan cot
sec? cosec²
sin

sin cos? sn +
cos8
sín 6.cos
(sin? + cos? 1P-2 sin' 9.c0s3
sin 0.cos 6
(12-2sin? 6.cos
sin 8.cos
1-2sin 8.cds?
sin .cos'e.
2 sin 8.cos e
sin 6,cos 'in 9,co6
sec .cosec 8-2 sin cos
RH.S. Hence proved.

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Question S0. Prove that

1- ços 6
1+ sin 6 -cos 0
1+ sin 0+ cos.8
1+s
0

1+sin 8-cos
Solution:LH$
1+ sin + cos 0)
+ -
1+ sin? cos²8+2(sin 8-cos sin 6.c0s 0)

1+ sin + cos?0+2(sin 0+ cos 0 + sin 6.c0s0)

1+1+2(sin -cos 0-sin 8 cos )
1+1+2 (sin +cos +sin cos 0)

2(1+ sin -cos -sin cos 0)

2(1+ sin 0+ cos 8+ sin 9 cos 0)

- cos
1+ sin (1+ sin 0)
1+ sin @# cos 0(1 + sin 0)
cos 0)
(1+ sin @X1- 1-cos
(1+ sin 0X1 + ços 0) 1 + cos 0
- R.HS, Hence proved.

Osestion 51.
cos A sin A
Prove
tha–tanA11-cot A

cOs A + sin A.
Solutidn:
= Cos A sin A
L.HS, 1-tan A
1-cot A

cos A: sin Å
sin A coS A
1
cos A 1-;sinA
CÒS A sin A
cOs sin A sin A-cos A
A

cOs A sin A
cos A sin A.
cos A-sin A" sin A"cos A

cos? A -sin² A
(cos A -sin A)
(cos A +sin A) (cos A- sin A)
(cos A -sin A)
cos A + sin A
= R.H.S. Hence proved.

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.,

Questjon $2, Prove the identity

(sin + cos 0) (tan +cot ) = sec e+ cosec 0.
Solution:
(sin + cos @) (tan + cot e)
LHS.
cos
= (sin + cos 0) (sin
0

COs 0
sin

(sin 0+ cos
(sin'+cose
)in cos 0

(sin 8.+ cOS

sin0 cos
cos
sin 0
cos 0
sin çossin
-1 1' 0
COs 0 sin
=sec 0 + cosec @ = R.H.S.
Hence Proved.

Question 53. Prove that::

(i) cos 0 sin (90° -0)+sin .cos (90°-0) = 1.
cOs 6 sin
sin (90°-0) cos
(iüi)
(90°-0)

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(iüi)
sin cos (9020)
sin (90Pe e}:
dos

cos
.
93re
9 sin (90°-0)
1

i sin
CoA
90R-0) =1
(iv) cosec (90°-0) tan² 0
–

= cos² (90°-0) + cos² 0.

Solution::
(i) L.HS. = cossin (90-0)- !

+ sin 9 cgs (90°-e)

cos 0 cos 0 + sin sin 9
+ !

cos² sin
1

R.H.S. Hence proved.

cos sin 0
(ü) LHS. = + cos
sin (900) (90°-0)
cos sin
Cos 0
+
sin 9 -1 +1 =2
RHS. Hence proved.
(üü) L.H.S.
'sin cos (90°- 0) cos cos .sin (90-0).sin
sin (90-0) :, cos (90°-0)
sin 0.sin 0.cos . 4
cos 8.cos 0.sin
cOs sin 0
= sin?
9+ cos² =l=R.H.S.
Hence proved.

(iv) L.HS. = cosec? (90°-0)-tan

= sec²
0- tan? =1
R.H.S. = cos² (90° -0)+ cos²
sin² 0 + cos² 1

Hence, LH.S. R.H.S. Hence proved.

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Question Without using trigonometric

54.
table, prove that
i) tan 10° tan 15° tan 75° tan 80°= 1.
(iü) cos 1° cos2° cos 3°
... cos
180°=0.
Solution: (i) LH.S.
= tan 10° tan 15 tan
75 tan 80
= tàn 10° tan 15° tarn (90°- 15°) tan (90°-10°)
= tan 10°tan 15° cot 15 cot 10°
1 1

cot 10°cot 150 X cot 15°x cot 10

=1=RH.S Hence proved.

(iü) LHS.

= C0s 1° cos2° cos 3....cos, 180°

= Cos 1° cos 2° Cos 3° ... cos 89° cos 90°.. cos 180°
cos1° cos 2° cos 3°... cÓs 89° x 0
X cos 91°
... cos 180°

=0= R.H.S. Hencé proved.

Quetion 55 Without using trigonometric

table, prove that
tan 36
(i) cos? 26° + cos 64° sin 26° +. =2
cot54°
cos 70 cos 590
sinn31 -8 sin 30 =0.
Solution : i LHS. = cos 26°
+.cos 64° sin 26: tan 36°
tot 54°
= cos? 26° + cos (90°-26°) sin 26°
.tan 36
cot (90°-36°)

= cos² 26° + sin 26 . sin 26° + tan 36°

tan 36°
*cos2 26° +
sin? 26° +1 [sin? + cos? =
1]
-1+1
-2- R.HS. Hence proved.
<. ü} We
have, L.H6.
cos 70° cos 590
30°
sin 31-B sin
. sin 20°
cos (90- 20°).cos (90°
sin 20° e Sin 31•

sin 20° sin 31° 1

sin 20 sin 310-8X7

=1+1-2 2-2=0= R.HS. Hence proved.

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Question 56. Prove that

tan 20• j2
cosec 70° + -1.

=
tan 20° 2 cot 20° 2
Solution: L.H.S. cosec 70° + sec
70°

sin 20sin 70 2 cOS 20.cos

70
cos 20 sin 20
sin 20°.sin (90°-20°) 2

cos 20°
cos 20°.cos (90°-2
+
sin 20°
sin 20°.cos 20°cos 20°.sin 20°
cOs 20° sin 20°
= sin? 20° + cos20°
=1R.H.S. Hence proved.

Question 57. Prove that

sin 70° Cosec 20°
cos 20° sec Z0° 2 cos
70 x cosec 20°=0.

Solution :L.HS.
sin 70° cošec 20° cos
cos 20° set 70° --2 70° × cosec 20°

cosec (90°-70)
sin (90°-20°)
cos 20° sec 70°
-2 cos 70° x cosec 20°
Cos 20° Sec 70°
cos 20° sec 70 -2cos 70° x cosec 20°
=1+1-2 cos (90°– 20°).cosec 20°

1
20
=2-2.sin sin 20°
RH.S. Hence proved
-2-20=

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=h+acos 0, y - k +b sin
x
.
Question 58. If
Prove that

Solution: If is given that

a cos
X =h+
and y= k+ b
sin 9

...(i)
= b sin ...(i)
y-k
The given equation is

LHS.
(Putting the values of (i) and (i)]
=
= cos² R.H.S.
0+ sin? 0=1
Hence proved.

Question 59. +B=90°, show that

If A

(i) sec? A + sec? B = sec A. sec B.

sin B + cos A
(ii) =2 tan B+ tan A.
sinA
S. =
Solution: (i)L. secA+ sec?B
H.

cos² Acos? B

CoAt cos² (90° - A)

1
cos A + sin A

sin² A
cos² A

= sec A cosec A

= sec A cosec? (90°- B)

- sec? A sec B = RHS.
Hence proved.

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sin B + sec A
(i) L.H.S. = sin A
sin (90-A) + secA
sin A
cos A + sec A
sin A
cos A +1
sin A cos A
2 cos? A + sin? A
sin A cos A
= 2 cot A + tanA
= 2
tan B + tanA= R.H.S.
Hence proved.
:

Question 60. Prove the following identities

Cos 1- sin 0
()
1+ sin 8
cos
cosec =
se? cosec0
(iü) sec0+
1+ sin Cos
(iiü) -2 sec
cos 1+ sin0

(iv) cot 9- tan =

2 cos?
-1
cos
sin
2 sin 0
(v) sin 0 + cos sin -cos 1-2 cos20
Cos
Solution: (i) L.HS. sin e
1+
Multiplying num., and deno., by
1
-sin
cos 0 (1- sin 0)
(1 + sin 0) (1- sin 0)
-
cos (1 sin 0)
1-sin? 0
cos (1- sin )
cos²

1-cossin =RHS.
9
Hence proved.
(iü) LH.S. = sec + cosec20

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1
1Cos² 0 +
sin² 6
sin? + cos² 0
sin cos?

sin² cos² 9

1 1
sin?9os²
= cose0.sec0=R.H.S.
Hence proved.

1+ sin 0 cos
(iüü) LH.S. = cos 0 +
1+ sin
(1+ sin0+ cos²
cos (1+ sin 0) 0

1+ sin? 9+2 sin e+ cos²

cos (1 + sin 0)

1+ (sin? 0+ cos² 0) + 2 sin

cos (1 + sin 0)

1+1+2 sin 9

cos 0 (1+ sin 0)

2 (1 + sin 0)
cos (1 + sin 0)
2 sec = RH.S.
Hence proved.
-
(iv) LHS. = cot tan
cos 9 sin
sin 0 cos
-
cos? sin?
0 cos
sin
cos² -(1- cos² 0)
sin cos

2 cos² -1 -RHS.
sin cos
Hence proved.

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1 1
(v) L.HS. + cos 9 +
sin 0 sin 9-cos
- cos + cos )
(sin 0) + (sin
sin²9-cos²0
2 sin
(1- cos0)- cos20

2 sin R.H.S.
cos?A-
1-2
Hence proved.

Question 61. Prove the following identities :

1- cos 9 0)2
i) 1+cos e(cot 8-cosec
1- tan?
(ii) cot? -1=tan² 0
(iii) secA (1 + sin A) (sec A - tan A)=1
cos e
1+ tan²
(iv)
1-cos 0
(sec -1
Solution:
1- cos
e

(1) L.H.S. cos

1+
1- cos 0 (1- cos 0)

1+ cos ^
(1- cos )

(1- cos 9)2

1-cos² e
(1- cos )2
sin²

sin 9
1 cos
Lsin sin 0
= [cosec-cot 9]2

= -(cote-cosec 8)]2
= (cot 0 - cosec )2
- RH.S. Hence proved.
1-tan?
=
0 1- tan?
(iü) LH.S. cot? -1
tan? -1
1- tan0
1- tan? 0
tan?
= tan? = R.H.S. Hence proved
(iüi) LH.S.= sec A (1 + sin A) (sec A - tan
A)

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1 sin A
cos A cos A
1
cos + sin A)| 1- sin A
cOs A

1-sin A cos² A
cos² A Cos² A
1= R.H.S. Hence proved.
tan² sin?
(iv) RH.S. = (sec
=
-12 cos2
1
1
cos

sin?
cos² 1-cos? 0
(1-cos 9)2 (1- cosey2
cos²
(1 + cos 0) (1- cos )
(1- cos )

1+ cos A-LH.S. 0

1-cos
Hence proved.

Question 62. Prove that:

(sec 0 -tan A)2- sin 90

1+ sin
e
(iü) sint 0+ cos# e=1-2 sin? cos²
(iii) (1- sin A) sec =14!
A

(iv) cosA*1+c0t² A
(v) Prove that idéntity 1-cos A

1+cosA
Solution:
(i) LH.S. = (sec - tan 0

1 sin
cos cos

1- sin e
cos

(1-sin0)P
-
cos2
(1- sin )
1- sin?
(1- sin 0

(1+ sin 0)(1-sin 0)

1- sin
sin e-RHS.
1+
Hence proved.

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(iüi) L.H.S. = (sin? + (cos? 0) Page 38 of 70
+2 sin? 0 cos² -2 sin² cos² 0
= (sin² 0 + cos² sin? cos? 0
0-2
-1-2 sin² cos? = RH.S. Hence proved.

(iüi) LHS. = (1-sin? A)

sec'A
- cos A x 1

cos A
= l=R.H.S. Hence proved.
1
(iv) LHS. = cos? A + cosec² A
= cos? A + sin² A
-1=R.H.S. Hence proved.
sec A- 1
(v) L.H.S. = sec A

+1
1

cos A-1
1

cos A +1
1- cos A
cOs A
1+ cos A

COs A

1-cos A
1+ cos A

=
RHS,Hence proved.
Question 63. Prove that:;.
- sec
(i) sec a-tan0 0tan
(ii)
sin -2sin
cos
- tan
2
co? 0,-
tan +
sin 8 sec
+.
(ii) tan
-sin sec-1
sec
(iv) Prove that identitysec A-1 1l- cos A

cos
+11+
A A

Solution :
(1) LH.S. = sec -tan
.

sin 0
cOs cos 0
Cos 0x (1 + sin )
(1- sin ) x (1 + sin 6)
COs 0 (1+ sin 0)
e
1-sin²
cos 0 (1 + sin 0)

1 sin 0
cos 0 cos 0
= sec + tan 0= RHS.
Hence proved.

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sin -2 sin
(ii)...L.H.S. = cós3 -cos
sin 9 (1 -2 sin )
cos -1)
(2 cos?
tan (1-2 (1- cos? 0))
2 cos² 9--1
tan (1-2+2 cos² )
0-1
2 cos²
tan 9 (2 cos? 0-1)
(2 cos? -1)
= tan 0= RH.S. Hence proved.

sin 9 1
t sin sin cos 1
Cos
(iiü) L.H.S.
sin 1
cos sin 0 sin | cos e
sec + 1
R.H.S.
Sec 81=
Hence proved.
1
sec A-1 cos A

(iv) LHS. = sec A + 1 1

Cos1
1-coscos A

A1-coscos A
cos
.1+ A
1+ A
Cos A
RHS. Hence proved.

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Question 64. Prove that:
cot²

sin A + cos A sin A - cos A

(ü)
sin A -cos A sin A + cos A
2
sin? A-cos A
(1+ tan²A) cot A

(iii) Cosec A tan A

(iv) (sin + cosec + (cos e+ sec 0)
7+tan? +
cot 0.
Solution:
cot²
(i) LHS. =
1+1+ cosec
1+ cosec + cosec? -1
1+ c0sec
cosec 9 (1 + cosec 0)
(1+ cosec 0
cosec RH.S.
Hence proved.

A +cos A sin A-cosA

(iü) L.HS, = sin
sin A -cos A sin A + cos A

(sin A + cos AY + (sin A - cos A

(sin A -Cos A) (sin A + cos A)

sin? A + cos? A +2 sin A cos A
+ sin² A + cos²
A-2 sin cosA A

sin² A-cos² A
+
2 (sin² A cos² A) 2
sin A- cos A sin? A-cOg? RHS.
Hence proved.
(1 + tan A) cot A
(iü) L.H$. cosec A
1
cot A
sec AcotA os A
cosec? A
sin² A
sin A cos A
cos² A in A

sin A =tan A
cos A =RHS.
Hence proved.
(iv) LHS.

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=(sin + coseç 0)+ (cos 0 + sec 0
= sin² + cosec? +2 sin 8 cosec + cos²
+sec +2 cos 0.sec 0
1
=(sin? +cos 0)+1+ co+2 ...sin sin 9
x

1
+1+ tan² 02 cose cos 0
-1+1+1+2+2+tan 9 co
=7+ tan0+ cot 81 Hence prOved. 5.

Question 65. Prove that :

sin A
1+ o06 A 1+cos A:

(iü) 1'1cot A
sin A
cosdc A-
1

sin A cosec A + cot A

(iüi) sin0+ cos =1-3 sine cos20
cos sitt? 8 cos
+
-sir 0
(iv) Cos +
+ sin 8 Cos 8-sin 0
Solution :

(i) LHS,
1+cos A

1++ cos A
1-cos A

1+ A^1 cos A
cos

cos? A,
Ir
(1+ cs AP
sin A'
(1+ cos A)?
sin A
R.H.S.
1+ cos
A

Hence proved.

1
(ü) cosec
A-cot A sin A

sin A COsec A+ cot A

1 1
Cosec A -cot A cosec A + cot A
2
sin At sin A
sin A
=
(cosec A + cot A) + (cosec A-cot A)

LHS. (ooses -cot A) (cosec A + cot A)

A

2 cosec 2 cosec A
Ã

cosec? A- cot A

1.
2
sin RHS.
Hence proved.

(ii) LHS, = sinf. + cos

- (sin? e+ (cos? 9)

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- (sin? 0+ cos² 0) (sin cost 0 -sin? cos?0)

0 +

= 1.{(sin? e +
(cos² 0)+2 sin² cos² 9
3 sin² cos? )
- (sin² 0 + cos² e)2-3 sin² cos²
=

=1-3 sin? cos² R.H.S. - sin 9

= cos 0+ sin cos3
(iv) L.HS. cos + sin 9 - sin 0
cos
(cos + sin 0) (cos +
sin- cos sin 0)
(cos + sin 0)
+ sin? 0 + sin 0 cos 0)
(cos -sin 9) (cos²
(cos -sin 9)
=1- sin cos +1+ sin0
cos 0

=2 = R.H.S. Hence proved.

Prove that sin? 5° + sin² 10°

Question 66.

sin² 85° + sin? 90° =9.

Solution: L.H.S.
= sin? 5° + sin 10° + sin? 15° + sin? 20 + sin? 25° +
+
sin230° + sin² 35° + sin² 40° + sin² 45° + sin² 50°
+ +
sin² 55°+ sin? 60+ sin² 65° + sin? 70 sin² 75°
+
sin² 80 + sin? 85° sin² 90°.
= (sin² 5° + sin? 85°) + (sin?10° + sin² 80) +
(sin? 15.+ sin? 75°) + (sin? 20° sin? 70) + (sin² 25°
+ sin² 65°) + (sin² 30° + sin² 60°) + (sin? 40 + sin?
50°) + (sin? 35° + sin? 55°) + sin? 45° + sin² 90°
= (sin? 5° + cos² 5°) + (sin² 10° +
os2 10°) +
+
(sin? 15° + cos² 15°) + (sin 20 + cos? 20°) (sin²
+
25° + cos? 25°) + (sin² 30 + cos² 30°) + (sin² 40°
1 2
cos² 40°) + (sin? 35° + cos? 35) +(12
+5
sin (90°- 0) = cos 0
"sin 90° 1 and sin 45°= 1
sin?e + cos?0 = 1]
1
=1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1++1
=9;-RHS. Hence proved.

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Question 67. If cos

a
9+ sin =1 andsin
a
0

- cos 8 =
1 prov that aa y²
b tba2
:
Solution It is given that:
cos + sin = 1 ...(A)

cos = 1
and a
sin 9- ...B)

On Squaring equation (A), we get

\2
cos 8 + sin e = (12

+
9.cos =1
ab sin
+ 2
sin²
cos²
...(C)
On squaring equation (B), we get
cos
sin @
= (1)2
a

sin? 0 +cos² -2.sin 8.cos 9

-1
..(D)
Adding (C) and (D), we get
8.cos
COS² +
sin +2*sin
b
y2
sin² 9 +
cos?
0.cos 0 = 1+1
-2 2sin
(sin? + cos? 0) +S(sin? +cos² 0) =
2

= 2
ax1+X1
+%-2.
Hence proved.

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Question 68. Prove that

1 1
Lsec - cos² cosec? 9-sin2 ASin 6.cos² 0
1-sin² 0.cos² 0

2+ sin² 0.cos²
Solution: L.H.S.

6.cos²
Lsec? -cos? cosec? 6- sinA Sin
1
sin² 0 cos2 0
1 1 -
cos 9 0
Lcos² sin² 0 sin²
1
1
e sin? 0.cos²
1-cos 0
1- sin
cos² sin²
cos² sin²
L1- cost e1-sin4
e
Sin² e cos² e
cos? 9 (1 - sin 0) + sin 9(1- cos* b)in² 9.cos² e
(1-cost X1- sin e)

cos 0 (1+ sin² 0) + sin e (1+ cos² 0)

cos? (1 + cos? 0)(1 + sin² 0)
|sin² cos² 9
sin²

cos + cos .sin? +

sin0.cos 0 sin 0 +
+ sin² 9.cos² e
+
1+ sin² cos²
(cost 0 + sin 0) + sin² 0.cos² 0 (sin? + cos² 0)

1+1+sin² 0.cos²
(cos² sin² 9)-2 sin? 0.cos² 0+ sin² 9.cos? x1
+

2+ sin? .cos? 9
(1)-2 sin² 9.cos² 0+ sin² 0.cos2
6

2+ sin? 0.cos² 0
1- sin? .cos² -R.H.S, Hence proved.
2+ sin? 6.cos?

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Question 69. Prove that
tan A cot A = sec A.cosec A+1.
1-cot A1- tanA
Solution: L.H.S.
sin A COs A
cos A sin A
cos A sin A
1 1
sin A cos A
sin A sin A Cos A cos A
cos A
sin -cos
A A +
sin A^ cos A - sin A

sin² A cos² A
cos A (sin A- cos A) + sin A
(cos A- sin A)
sin² A cos² A
cos A (sin A - cos A) sin A (sin A - cos A)
sin A-cos A
sin A.cos A.(sinA- cos A)
(sin A -cos A)(sin A + cos² A + sin A.cos A)
sin A.cos A.(sin A- cos A)
1+ sin A.cos
A
1 sin A.cos A
sin A.cos A sin A.cos A sin A.cos A
= cOsecA.sec +1= R.H.S.
A

Hence proved.

Figure Based Questions

Question 1. In figures, find the length CF.

30 D
2
cm

10 cm
Solution: BD = AF
BD = 10 cm
In BCD, we have
CD
tan 30°-= BD
1 CD
10
3
10 3
CD = Cm
3

10 3
CF = CD + DE = cm
3t2
10 3 +6
Cm. Ans.
3

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Question 2. With reference to the figure given alongside, a man stands on the ground at a
point A, which is on the same horizontal plane as B, the foot of a vertical pole BC. The height of
the pole is 10 m. The man's eye is 2 m above the ground. He observes the angle of elevation
at C, the top of the pole as x°, where tan x° = 2/5.

Calculate:
(i) The distance AB in m;
(ii) The angle of elevation of the top when he
is standing 15 m from the pole.
Give: your answer to the nearest degree. See
the figure alongside.

DAx*

CDE, we have
:
Solution (i) In right d,
DE
= cot r°
EC
AB 5
BC- BE 2

AB 5
2
10 -2
5
AB = 8 m=20 m.
2
(ü) When AB=15 m, then DE= 15
In right d, cDE, we have
EC 8
tan EDC = DE 15= 05333

From tables of natural tangents, we have

EDC = 282 nearest 28
(nearest degree)

Question 3. From the top of a tower 60 m high, the angles of depression of the top and
bottom of pole are observed to be 45° and 60° respectively. Find the height of the pole.

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8450 60 m

Solution : From the adjoining figure, in right

angled BED,
DE =
tan 45°
BE

DE = BE
.. (1)
In right-angled ACD,
CD
tan 60°
AC
60
3
AC

AC = 20 3
From (1), DE = BE = AC= 20 3
Now AB = CD- DE
= (60-20 3) m
= 20 (3- 3) m. Ans.

Question 4. In triangle ABC, AB = 12 cm, LB = 58°, the perpendicular from A to BC meets it

at D. The bisector of angle ABCmeets AD at E. Calculate:
() The length of BD;
(ii) The length of ED.

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Give your answers correct to one decimal place.

12 cm
E

580

Solution: (i) In night angled ABD,

BD
= cos 58°
BA
BD BA COs 58°
= 12 (0-5299) cm
= 63588 cm
(i) In right angled EBD,
ED = tan 29o
BD
ED = BD tan 29

= (63588) (0-5543) cm
- 3-52 cm. (approx.)

Question 5. From the top of a light house 100 m high the angles of depression of two ships on
opposite sides of it are 48° and 36° respectively. Find the distance between the two ships to
the nearest metre.

4836

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Solution : From rt. angle ADC,

A
48Y6

100 m

48
B

AD
tan 36°
CD
100
tan 36

100
tan 36°
100
0-7265
y=
m

137-646
From rt. angle ADB,
100 =
tan 48°

X
100
=1.1106
= 90-04 m.
Distance between the ships
= I+y
= 137-638 + 90-04
= 227-678 m.
- 228 m. (appro.)

Concept Based Questions

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Question 1. From a windowA, 10 m above the

x°, where tan x

5 ,
ground angle of elevation of the top Cof a tower is
and the angle of depression of

the foot A of the tower is y°, where tan y° = i!

calculate the height CD of the tower in metres.
Solution: Let h be the height of the tower.
Also AB ED = 10 m

10 |10 m

R
In A DAE,
=
DE
tan y° AE
1 10
4 AE
AE = 40 m
Now in A CAE,
CE
tan x= AE
5 CE
2
40
40 x5
CE =
2
= 100 m
Height of the towwer h = CE + ED
100 + 10= 110 m.

Question 2. From a light house, the angles of depression of two ships on opposite sides of the
light house were observed to be 30° and 45°. If the height of the light house is 90 metres and
the line joining the two ships passes through the foot of the light house, find the distance

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between the two ships, correct to two decimal places.

Solution: Let AB is the light house, C and D
are the position of two ships.
A

Light 90 m
house

30

From right angled A ABC,

AC
tan
30= BC

90 m
BC

BC = (90 x v3] m
BC = 155-88 m
Again from right angled A ACD,
AC
tan 45° = CD
90 m
1 CD
CD = 90 m
Hence, the distance between the two ships
= BC + CD = (155-88 + 90) m
= 245-88 m. Ans.

Question 3. A man on the deck of a ship is 10 m above water level. He observes that the
angle of elevation of the top of a cliff is 42° and the angle of depression of the base is 20°.
Calculate the distance of the cliff from the ship and the height of the cliff.

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Solution: Let the height of the cliff be h meters

x
and the distance of the cliff from the ship be
meters.

m
10

In right angled A QRS,

OR = ST= 10 m, T = RS =xm
RS
tan 70o
OR

2-747 =
10 m
m

I= 27-47
Hence, the distance of the cliff from the ship
= 27-47 m. Ans.
A
Again in right angled PRS,
PR
tan 42° = RS
PR
0-9004 = 27-47
PR = [0-9004 x 27-47] m
= 24-73 m
PQ = PR + RQ
= (24-73 + 10] m
34-73 m.

Hence the height of the cliff

= 34-73m. Ans.

Question 4. A man observes the angle of elevation of the top of a building to be 30°. He walks
towards it in horizontal line through its base. On covering 60 m the angle of elevation
a
changes to 60°. Find the height of the building correct to the nearest metre.

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Solution: Let the height be h

In A BCD, - tan 60°

h = V3x

30
60 m
h
In A ACD, tan 30°
x+60
h
x+ 60 V3
hV3 = x + 60
= 60
3x-x
- 60
2x
x=30
Now, h= y3x
h = 30 x V3
= 30 x 1-732

Height = 51-96 m

Question 5. A vertical tower stands on a horizontal plane and is surmounted by a flagstaff of

height 7 metres. At a point in a plane the angle of elevation of the bottom and the top of the
flagstaff are respectively 30° and 60°. Find the height of the tower.

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x m
Solution: Let the height of the tower be
and distance DC =ym

60
T30 90
D

ym

AB = height of flagstaff = 7 m
Zd, A BCD,
Now inrt
BC
tan 30°
CD
1

y= V3r ...)
Also in right Zd, A ACD,
AC
tan 60°
CD
x+7 V3

= v3y
r+7
= V3(V3x)
x+7 [from (1))

X+7 = 3x
2x = 7
7
35m. Ans.

Question 6. A pole being broken by the wind the top struck the ground at an angle of 30° and
at a distance of 8m from the foot of the pole. Find the whole height of the pole.

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Solution: Let ABCbe the pole. When broken at

"B by the wind, let its top A strike the ground such

that
2CAB= 30
AC =8 m

30
m

8
BC
In A ACB, tan 30° = AC
1 BC
8

BC =

Again In A ACB,
cos 30° AC
AB

8
2 AB
16
AB =
V3
pole = + BC
Height of the AC= AB
16 8

8\3 m or 13-86 m.

Question 7. The shadow of a vertical tower on a level ground increases by 10 m when the
altitude of the sun changes from 45° to 30°. Find the height of the tower, correct to two
decimal places.

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Solution:Let the height of tower be h

meter
and length of shadow y meter initially.
A

450
DI30 10 y
B

=
AB
In A ABC, tan 45
BC

1 =

y= h
.. (1)
AB
In A ABD, tan 30°
DB
1
V3 y+10
10 = hy3 ... (2)
y+

Put y = h in eqn. (i),

h+ 10 = N3
h(V3-1) = 10

10 (V3+1)
h =
(V3-1) (V3+1)
10
(3-1j(V3 +1)
10
2(V3+1)
= 5(1-732 + 1)
= 5x2-732
13-66 mneter

Question 8. A man on the top of vertical observation tower observes a car moving at a
uniform speed coming directly towards it. If it takes 12 minutes for the angle of depression to
change from 30° to 45°, how soon after this will the car reach the observation tower ? (Give
your answer Correct to nearest seconds).

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Solution: Here, ACB =30 and ADB = 45,

Let C denote the initial position of the car and D be
its position after 12 minutes. Let the speed of the
car be x metre/minute, then
CD = 12x metres
(. Distance = Speed x Time)
Let the car take t minutes to reach the tower
from D. Then,
DB = tx metres
A

30
h45 B
D 12x

Now in the right-angled triangles ACB,

AB
tan 30°
CB
A
1
+
WB CD DB
1 AB
12r + tx
12x + tx ... (1)
AB -
V3

Also, in the right-angled traingle ADB,

AB
tan 45°
DB

1 = AB
DB
AB = DB = tx ...(2)
From(1) and (2), we have
12 (V5+1)
12
t=
3-1 2
- 6(V3+ 1)

= 16.39

Time = 16.39 minutes

= 16 minutes 23 seconds. Ans.

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Question 9. TwO men on either side of a temple 75 m high observed the angle of elevation of
the top of the temple to be 30° and 60° respectively. Find te distance between the two men.

Solution :Given height of the temple AB – 75

Now in right Zd A ABC,

Temple

(Man)30° Man)
3

BC =
cot 30°
AB
= V3
BC V3
75
BC - 75V3 ...i)
Also in right Zd A ABD,
BD
= cot 60°
AB
BD 1

75

75
BD

- 25V3 ...(iü)
Now the distance between the two men = CD
= BC + BD
- 75V3 +25V3
= 100/3
Hence, the distance between two men
= 100V3 m.
= 173-2 m Ans.

Question 10. An aeroplane when 3,000 meters high passes vertically above another aeroplane
at an instance when their angles of elevation at the some observation point are 60° and 45°
respectively. How many meters higher is the one than the other.

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:
Solution Let P, and P, denote the positions of
the two planes. Then in right-angled A PAB,
PB = tan
AB
45°
PB= AB

45
60

In right-angled A PyAB,
P,B tan 60° = VB
AB
P,B
AB =
V3
3,000
V3
= 1,000 V3

:Vertical distance between the two planes is

P,P = P,B- P,B 3000- 1000V3
= 1,000 n.
(3-V3) Ans.

Question 11. From two points A and B on the same side of a building, the angles of elevation
of the top of the building are 30° and 60° respectively. If the height of the building is 10 m,
find the distance between and correct to two decimal places.
A B

Solution:
Let CD is the building A and B are two given
point using horizontally on the same side of
building.
D

10 m

C+
60°
+B
30°
-X A

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In A DBC,
DC
tan 60°
CB
10
...(1)
DC
In A DCA, tan 30°
CA
1 10
...(2)
I+y
10 we get
From (1) puty = n (2),

10
l0
V3
1 10 V3
V3x + 10
+
30 =V3x 10
20

x = 1155 m.
Hence, distance between two points A and B is
11-55 m. Ans.

Question 12. A man is standing on the deck of a ship, which is 10 m above water level. He
observes the angle of elevation of the top of a hill as 60° and the angle of depression of the
base of the hill as 30°. Calculate the distance of the hill from the ship and the height of hill.

Solution : Let AB be the height of the hill.

In rt Zd, A BCD,
CD =
tan 30°
DB
DB = 10 V3 m

Hil

30

N30
10

In rt ZdA AMC,
AM =
tan 60°
CM
AM = V3 CM
AM = V3 DB

-V3 x 10 3=30 m

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Thus, AB AM + MB
= (30 + 10) m = 40 m.
:. Height of the hill be 40 m. Ans.

Question 13. A round balloon of radius 'a'

subtends an angle 6 at the eye of the observer
while the angle of elevation of its centre is Prove .
that the height of the centre of the balloon is a sin ¢
cosee

Solution : Let C be the centre of the balloon, O

be the position of man's eye.
Let h be the height of the centre of the balloon
then ZAOB = 0
SO LBOC = 2C0A
= 0/2

a A

Jer2 h

In A OAC, sin 0/2 =

OC
OC = a cosec
h
In A COD, sin = OC
h= OC sin

a cosec .
h= sin
h - a sin cosec

Question 14. Vertical tower is 20m high. A man standing at some distance from the tower
knows that the cosine of the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 0.53. How far is he
standing from the foot of the tower?

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Solution:
Given, cos 0 - 0-53
Let the man is standing at a distance of 'x' m
from the foot of the tower
BC
AC 2 + 400

0-53 =
N+ 400

20m

(0-53) =
x² + 400
0-2809 x2 + 112-36

?-0-2809 x2 = 112:36
112-36
0-7191
x2 = 156-25
x 12-5 metres.

:. The man is standing from the foot of the

tower be 12-5 meter. Ans.

Question 15. Two person standing on the same side of a tower in a straight line with it
measure the angle of elevation of the top of the tower as 25° and 50° respectively. If the
height of the tower is 70 m find the distance between the two person.

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Solution : Let CD be the distance between the

two persons
In A ABC,
BC
cot 50° =
AB

70 m

625°
D-X+
BC
cot (90°- 40°) =
70
BO
tan 40° = 70
BC = 70 tan 40°
= 70x 0.8391 = 58.74 m
In A ABD,
BD
cot 25°
AB

=
BD
cot (90°-65°)
70
BD
tan 65°=
70
BD = 70 tan 65°
= 70 x 2.11451
m

=150.12
CD = 150.12- 58.74
= 91.38 m
. The distance between the two person be
91-38m. Ans.

Question 16. As observed from the top of a 80 m tall lighthouse, the angles of depression of
two ships on the same side of the light house in horizontal line with its base are 30° and 40°
respectively. Find the distance between the two ships. Give your answer correct to the nearest

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metre.
Solution: In fig. AB is 80 m tall light house, the
two ships are C and D.

80

640°
D B

In A ABC,
AB
tan 40°=
BC
AB
BC = tan 40°
80
BC
0-8391
95-34 n
AB
In ABD, tan 30° =
A

BD
AB 80
BD tan 30° 0-5774
= 138-55 m
Distance between two ships
DC = BD - BC
= 138-55-95-34
43-21 mn = 43 m. Ans.

Question 17. An aeroplane at an altitude of 250 m observes the angle of depression of two
Boats on the opposite banks of a river to be 45° and 60° respectively. Find the width of the
river. Write the answer correct to the nearest whole number.
Solution: Let the width of the river CD be x,

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250 m

60 45

AB
In A ABC, tan 600
BC

V3 = 250
BC
250
BC

...i)
AB
In A ABD, tan 45° =
BD
AB = BD = 250 ...(i1)
BD = BC + CD
(250
250 = N3+x
[using (i) and (i)]
(250
* = 250

= 250-- 83-33 x 1-732

= 250- 144-33
= 105-67 m
= 106 m
= 106 m (to the nearest whole
numbers)
Thus, width of the river is 106 m. Ans.

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Question 18. The angles of elevation of the top

of a tower from two points A and B at distance of a
and b respectively from the base and in the same
straight line with it are complementary. Prove that
the height of the tower is Vab.
Solution Let the height of the tower'0T = h
:

Let O be the base of tower.

Let A and B be two points on the same line
through the base such that
OA = a, OB= b
.
The angles at A and B are complementary
LTAO = a
then 2TBO = 90°
In rt Zd A OAT,
OT h
tan a = OA 4 ...(i)

In rt ZdA OBT,
OT
tan (90°-) = OB h
b
T

A
B

Cot o =
b
...ü)
Multiplying i) and (ii) we have
tan cot a ab

1 =
ah
h² = ab
h= Vab
Hence, the height of the tower = Vab. Ans.

Question 19. (i) The angle of elevation of a cloud from a point 200 metres above a lake is 30°
and the angle of depression of its reflection in the lake is 60°. Find the height of the cloud.
(ii) If the angle of elevation ofa cloud from a point h meters above a lake is a*and the angle of
depression of its reflection in the lake is |i. Prove that the height of the cloud is

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h (tan ß + tan a)
tan ß- tan a
Solution :Let P be the point of observation and
C, the position of cloud. CNI from C on the
surface of the lake and C' be the reflection of the
cloud in the ake so that

P30 60
200 m

CN = NC= x (say)
Then, PM = 200 m
AN = MP = 200 m
CA = CN– AN
= (-200) m
=
CA NC+ AN
= (r+200) m

Let PA = y m
Then in right Zd A PAC,
CA =
tan 30
PA

*- 200 1

y V3r- 200) ..i)

Also in right Zd A CAP,
CA = tan 60°
PA
x+ 200 V3

x+ 200 = V3y

x+ 200
y = ...(ü)
V3
From (i) and (iü),
x+ 200 =
V3(x- 200)

x+ 200 = 3x-200)

x+ 200 = 3x–600
2x = 800
* = 400 m
Hence, the height of
the cloud= 400 m. Ans.

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(i) Let LM be the upper surface of the lake and
A be a point such that AL = h.

LB

Let C be the position of the cloud and C'be its

reflection in the lake.
CM = MC=x(let)
Z BAC = and Z
BAC =B
Now in A CBA,
CB
tan a. = AB

x-h
tan a = AB

X-h
AB
tan . ...(1)

C'B
In C'BA, tan B
A

AB

tan ß x+h
AB
x+h
AB = ...(ii)
Btan
From (i) and (ii),
x+h
tan otan ß
x+h tan ß
Or
tan a.
App. componendo and tividendo
x+h+*-h tan ß + tan a
*+h-x+h tan ß- tan a
2x tan ß + tan a
2h tan ß-tan a
h (tan ß + tan a)
tan B- tan a
. Height of the cloud is
h (tan ß + tan a)
tan B-tan a
Hence proved.

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Question 20. From the top of a hill, the angles of depression of two consecutive kilometer
stones, due east are found to be 30° and 45° respectively. Find the distance of the twO stones
from the foot of the hill.

Solution:
Let AB be hill of which B is foot of hill and
D and C are two consecutive km stones.
DC = 1 km
= 1000 m
AB
In right angled A ABC,tan 45° =
BC

1 =

X = h ...4)
AB
In right angled A ABD,tan 30°= BD

V3 x+1000
x+1000 = hv3 ...(iüi)
A
45
30(3

D
30
1 km
45°
C

But from equation (i), x=h,

x+ 1000 = ry3
x(V3-1) = 1000
1000 X
N3+1
V3-1v3+1
1000(V3 +1)
2
500(V3 + 1)
= 500 x 2-732
= 1366 metre
= 1366 km
.. Ist
km stone is
1:366 km and IInd km stone
is 2:366 km from foot of hill. Ans.

Question 21. A man standing on the bank of a river observes that the angle of elevation of a
tree on the opposite bank is 60°. When he moves 50 m.,away from the bank, he finds the
angle of elevation to be 30°. Calculate:

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 Page 70 of 70

(i) The width of the river and

(ii) The height of the tree
Let H be height of tree
Solution :(i) Let height of the tree be H meter.
H
In rt dA ACD, tan 60° = CD

CD

B 30°
50 omC
H ...@)

In rt d AABD
= H
tan 30°
BD

H
BD

BD = V3H ...(ii)
BD -CD = 50
V3 H H
= 50 [Using (i) and (i1)]
1

3H-H = 50

2H = 50V3
s0N3_25N3
Or H= 2
H = 43-3 m
25 V3
(i) The width of the river CD= 25 m
V3
(iü) The height of the tree H= 43-3 m Ans.

@ICSE_2024_MATERIALS