HEAT TRANSFER FORMULA

● Heat always moves from a warmer Q= [kA(Th-Tl)] / d

place to a cooler place. Where:
● Hot objects in a cooler room will cool Q= heat transfer rate
to room temperature. K= thermal conductivity
● Cold objects in a warmer room will A= cross sectional area
heat up to room temperature. Th= higher temperature
● Heat transfers in three ways: Tl= lower temperature
○ Conduction d= thickness
○ Convection
○ Radiation
CONVECTION
What happens to the particles in a
CONDUCTION liquid or a gas when you heat them?
When you heat a metal strip at ➢ The particles spread out and
one end, the heat travels to the other become less dense.
end.
➢ As you heat the metal, the particles
vibrate, these vibrations make the Fluid movement
adjacent particles vibrate, and so on
and so on, the vibrations are passed Cooler, more dense, fluids sink through
along the metal and so is the heat. warmer, less dense fluids.
➢ In effect, warmer liquids and gasses
The outer electrons of metal atoms rise up.
drift, and are free to move. When the metal ➢ Cooler liquids and gasses sink
is heated, this ‘sea of electrons’ gain kinetic
energy and transfer it throughout the metal.
Insulators, such as wood and plastic, Why is it windy at the seaside?
do not have this ‘sea of electrons’ which is ➢ The land is warmer than the sea.
why they do not conduct heat as well as ➢ The land warms the air above it, and
metals. it rises.
➢ The cold air from above the sea
Why does metal feel colder than wood, if moves in to take the place of warm
they are both at the same temperature? air that has risen.
➢ Metal is a conductor, wood is an
insulator. Metal conducts the heat Where is the freezer compartment put in
away from your hands. Wood does a fridge?
not conduct the heat away from your ➢ It is put at the top, because cool air
hands as well as the metal, so the sinks, so it cools the food on the way
wood feels warmer than the metal. down.
➢ It is warmer at the bottom, so this
warmer air rises and a convection
current is set up.
FORMULA: radiation the best. The shiny metal
container would be the coolest
Q= hA(Th-Tl) because it is the poorest at
Where: absorbing heat radiation.
Q= heat transfer rate
h= convection heat transfer
coefficient CONVECTION QUESTIONS
A= cross sectional area
Th= higher temperature Why does hot air rise and cold air sink?
Tl= lower temperature Cool air is more dense than warm
air, so the cool air ‘falls through’ the warm
air.
RADIATION
● Radiation travels in straight lines. Why are boilers placed beneath hot
● Radiation can travel through a water tanks in people’s homes?
vacuum. Hot water rises. So when the boiler
● Radiation does not require particles heats the water, and the hot water rises, the
to travel. water tank is filled with hot water.
● Radiation travels at the speed of
light. RADIATION QUESTIONS

Emission experiment Why are houses painted white in hot

Four containers were filled with countries?
warm water. Which container would have White reflects heat radiation and
the warmest water after ten minutes? keeps the house cooler.

➢ The shiny metal container would be Why are shiny foil blankets wrapped
the warmest after ten minutes around marathon runners at the end of a
because its shiny surface reflects race?
heat radiation back into the The shiny metal reflects the heat
container so less is lost. The dull radiation from the runner back in, this stops
black container would be the coolest the runner getting cold.
because it is the best at emitting
heat radiation.
ADDITIONAL QUESTION
Absorption experiment 1. Which of the following is not a
Four containers were placed method of heat transfer?
equidistant from a heater. Which
container would have the warmest water A. Radiation
after ten minutes? B. Insulation
C. Conduction
➢ The dull black container would be D. Convection
the warmest after ten minutes
because its surface absorbs heat
2. In which of the following are the
particles closest together?

A. Solid
B. Liquid
C. Gas
D. Fluid

3. How does heat energy reach the

Earth from the Sun?

A. Radiation
B. Conduction
C. Convection
D. Insulation

4. Which is the best surface for

reflecting heat radiation?

A. Shiny white
B. Dull white
C. Shiny black
D. Dull black

5. Which is the best surface for

absorbing heat radiation?

A. Shiny white
B. Dull white
C. Shiny black
D. Dull black
SAMPLE PROBLEM
CONDUCTION ( WALLS )

COMPOSITE PLANE WALLS

CONDUCTION THROUGH PIPE

CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

SPHERICAL COORDINATES
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