ASSIGNMENT NO 1

Title :- Collect 10 examples based on real world

application of Logarithm.
Aim :- To study real life application of logarithm.
Course Outcome :- Apply the concept of algebra to
solve engineering related problems.

 What is real world application of logarithm ?

 Real-world applications of logarithms refer to the practical uses of logarithmic
functions in various fields to solve problems or model phenomena that involve
exponential relationships
.
 Here are 12 real-world applications of logarithms, along with
brief explanations for each :-

 Earthquake Measurement (Richter Scale) :-

Measures the magnitude of earthquakes logarithmically. Each

whole number increase on the scale represents a tenfold increase
in amplitude and about 31.6 times more energy release.
 pH Scale in Chemistry :-
 The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity. It is logarithmic,
where a change of one pH unit corresponds to a tenfold change in
hydrogen ion concentration.

 Sound Intensity (Decibels) :-

Sound levels are measured in decibels (dB), which use a
logarithmic scale. A 10 dB increase represents a tenfold
increase in intensity, affecting how we perceive loudness.

 Finance (Compound Interest) :-

Logarithms are used to determine the time needed to reach a
specific investment goal with compound interest. The formula
rearranges using logarithmic properties to solve for time.
 Population Growth :-
Logarithmic functions can model population growth,
especially in scenarios where populations grow exponentially,
allowing predictions about future population sizes.
 Data Science (Information Theory) :-
In information theory, logarithms quantify information
content. Shannon entropy, for example, measures the
uncertainty of a random variable using logarithmic
calculations.
 Radioactive Decay :-
The decay of radioactive substances follows a logarithmic
pattern. The remaining quantity after a certain time can be
calculated using logarithmic equations.
 Sound Frequency (Musical Intervals) :-
The frequency of musical notes is based on logarithmic scales.
An octave corresponds to a doubling of frequency, which is a
logarithmic relationship.
 Exponential Growth in Biology :-
In biology, many processes, such as bacterial growth, can be
modeled with exponential functions. Logarithms are used to
analyze the data and predict growth rates.

 Thermodynamics (Entropy) :-
In thermodynamics, entropy is a measure of disorder or
randomness in a system and is often expressed using
logarithmic functions to calculate changes in energy states.

 Computational Complexity (Big O Notation) :-

Logarithms are used in algorithm analysis, especially in time
complexity, to describe how the time to complete an algorithm
grows relative to the input size.

 Medicine (Pharmacokinetics) :-
In pharmacokinetics, the concentration of a drug in the
bloodstream over time often follows a logarithmic decline,
helping determine dosages and timing for medications
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 ASSIGNMENT NO :- 2
Title :- Represent the Graph of Trigonometric and
Logarithmic Functions.
Aim :- To study the functions using GeoGebra.
Course Outcome :- Utilize Trigonometric to solve
branch specific engineering problems.

 Trigonometric Functions 1.
Sine Function - f (x) = sin(x) X axis = 1 cm
Y axis = 1 cm Function
(Input) – f (x) = sin(x)
The sin function represents periodic oscillations and is widely used in
physics (wave behaviour), engineering, and signal processing. Its wave-
like structure and regular intervals reflect natural oscillations

 Interpretation of the Graphs 1

 Trigonometric Function
Sin Function
- f (x) = sin(x)

 Nature of the Graph:

 The sine function oscillates between -1 and 1, repeating every 2π
units. It is periodic, with a period of 2π, meaning the pattern repeats
every 2π units along the x-axis.

 Key points
The sine function passes through the origin (0, 0).
It reaches its maximum value of 1 at π/2 and minimum value
of -1 at 3π/2. 1.3

 Interpretation
The sine wave represents oscillatory motion, commonly seen in wave
phenomena like sound waves and light waves. Its regular intervals
reflect the concept of cycles and periodicity
 Cos Function – g (x) = cos (x)
X – axis = 1 cm
Y – axis = 1 cm

 Function (Input) - g (x) = cos (x)

The cos function represents periodic oscillations and is widely used in
physics (wave behaviour), engineering, and signal processing. Its wave-
like structure and regular intervals reflect natural oscillations

 Interpretation of the Graphs

 Trigonometric Function
Cosine Function - g (x) = cos(x)

 Nature of the Graph: The cosine function also oscillates between -1

and 1 with a period of2π, but it starts at its maximum value of 1 when
x=0.
 Key points
The cosine function reaches its peak at x=0 and at multiples of 2π
It reaches a minimum of -1 at x=π and repeats this cycle.

 Interpretation
Similar to the sine function, the cosine function represents cyclic
behaviour. In practical applications, it models waves, vibrations, and
circular motion.
 Graph of a Logarithmic Function
Logoarithmic function- h = In (x)
X axis = 1 cm
Y axis = 1 cm
 Function (Input) - h = In (x)
The logarithmic function grows slowly compared to linear or
exponential functions and is used in phenomena where values
increase quickly at first but level off over time (e.g., pH levels,
earthquake magnitudes, and financial growth).
 Interpretation of the Graphs
 Logarithmic Function
 Natural Logarithmic - h(x) = In(x)
 Nature of the Graph: The natural logarithm function is defined only
for positive x-values. As x approaches zero from the right, ln(x)
decreases towards negative infinity. As x increases, ln(x) grows
slowly without bound.
 Key points
The function crosses the x-axis at x=1, where ln (1) = 0.
It has a vertical asymptote at x=0x = 0x=0, meaning the graph
approaches negative infinity as xxx approaches zero from the right.
 Interpretation
The natural logarithm is used in growth processes, such as population
growth and radioactive decay. Its slow increase as x grows illustrates
diminishing returns, where larger inputs produce smaller incremental
outputs
 Logarithmic Function – k (x) = log10(x)
X axis = 1 cm
Y axis = 1 cm

 Function (Input) - k (x) = log10 (x)

The logarithmic function grows slowly compared to linear or
exponential functions and is used in phenomena where values increase
quickly at first but level off over time (e.g., pH levels, earthquake
magnitudes, and financial growth).

 Interpretation of the Graphs

 Logarithmic Function
 Common Logarithmic - k (x) = log10 (x)
 Nature of the Graph: Similar to the natural logarithm, the common
logarithm grows slowly as x increases. It is defined only for x>0 and
has a vertical asymptote at x=0.
 Key points
The function crosses the x-axis at x=1x = 1x=1, where log10(1) = 0.
It grows slower than linear functions but increases without bound as x
→∞

 Interpretation
The common logarithm is often used to measure orders of magnitude,
such as in the decibel scale for sound intensity or the Richter scale for
earthquake magnitude. Its gradual growthreflects how increases in
logarithmic scales correspond to exponential growth in real-world
phenomena
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ASSIGNMENT NO 3
Title :- Find the derivative of y=xsinx ,visualize the
graph using geogebra.
Aim :- To study and interpret graphs of functions
and their derivative using geogebra.
Course Outcome :- Apply differential calculus to
solve branch specific engineering problem.

 To find the derivative of the function y=xsinx y = x^{\sin

x}y=xsinx, we can use logarithmic differentiation. Here's how you
can do it step-by-step:

1. Take the natural logarithm of both sides:

 ln⁡y=ln⁡(xsin⁡x)=sin⁡x⋅ln⁡x\ln y = \ln(x^{\sin x}) = \sin x \cdot \ln
xlny=ln(xsinx)=sinx⋅lnx

2. Differentiate both sides

using implicit differentiation: 1ydydx=cos⁡x⋅ln⁡x+sin⁡x⋅1x\

frac{1}{y} \frac{dy}{dx} = \cos x \cdot \ln x + \sin x \cdot \frac{1}
{x}y1dxdy=cosx⋅lnx+sinx⋅x1

3. Multiply both sides by yyy:

dydx=y(cos⁡x⋅ln⁡x+sin⁡xx)\frac{dy}{dx} = y \left( \cos x \cdot \ln x
+ \frac{\sin x}{x} \right)dxdy=y(cosx⋅lnx+xsinx)

4. Substitute yyy back:

dydx=xsin⁡x(cos⁡x⋅ln⁡x+sin⁡xx)\frac{dy}{dx} = x^{\sin x} \left( \cos
x \cdot \ln x + \frac{\sin x}{x} \right)dxdy=xsinx(cosx⋅lnx+xsinx)

So, the derivative of y=xsin⁡xy = x^{\sin x}y=xsinx is:

dydx=xsin⁡x(cos⁡x⋅ln⁡x+sin⁡xx)\frac{dy}{dx} = x^{\sin x} \left( \cos x \

cdot \ln x + \frac{\sin x}{x} \right)dxdy=xsinx(cosx⋅lnx+xsinx)

 Visualizing the Function and Its Derivative

To visualize the function y=xsin⁡xy = x^{\sin x}y=xsinx and
its derivative, you can use software like Python with libraries such as
Matplotlib and NumPy

Here’s an example of it :-

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Define the function and its derivative

def f(x):

return x**np.sin(x)

def df(x):

return f(x) * (np.cos(x) * np.log(x) + np.sin(x) / x)

# Create an array of x values

x_values = np.linspace(0.1, 10, 400)

y_values = f(x_values)

dy_values = df(x_values)

# Plot the function and its derivative

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))

# Plot the function

plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)

plt.plot(x_values, y_values, label='$y = x^{\sin x}$', color='blue')

plt.title('Function $y = x^{\sin x}$')

plt.xlabel('x')

plt.ylabel('y')

plt.grid()

plt.legend()

# Plot the derivative

plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)

plt.plot(x_values, dy_values, label="$\\frac{dy}{dx}$", color='red')

plt.title('Derivative of $y = x^{\sin x}$')

plt.xlabel('x')

plt.ylabel("$\\frac{dy}{dx}$")

plt.grid()

plt.legend()

plt.tight_layout()

plt.show
 To find the derivative of \( y = x^{\
sin(x)} \), we can use logarithmic
differentiation:

Step 1: Take the natural logarithm of both sides

\[
\ln(y) = \ln\left(x^{\sin(x)}\right)
\]
Using the logarithmic property \( \ln(a^b) = b \ln(a) \), this
becomes:
\[
\ln(y) = \sin(x) \ln(x)
\]

### Step 2: Differentiate both sides with respect to \(x\)

Using the chain rule on the left side and the product rule
on the right side:
\[
\frac{1}{y} \frac{dy}{dx} = \cos(x) \ln(x) + \sin(x) \
cdot \frac{1}{x}
\]

### Step 3: Solve for \( \frac{dy}{dx} \)

Multiply through by \( y \) (which is \( x^{\sin(x)} \)):
\[
\frac{dy}{dx} = y \left[ \cos(x) \ln(x) + \frac{\sin(x)}
{x} \right]
\]
Substitute \( y = x^{\sin(x)} \) back into the equation:
\[
\frac{dy}{dx} = x^{\sin(x)} \left[ \cos(x) \ln(x) + \frac{\
sin(x)}{x} \right]
\]

### Final Answer:

\[
\boxed{\frac{dy}{dx} = x^{\sin(x)} \left[ \cos(x) \ln(x)
+ \frac{\sin(x)}{x} \right]}
\]
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 ASSIGNMENT NO 4
Title :- Collect 10 examples based on Real
world application of Standard deviation and
variance.
Aim :- To study Real world application of
Standard deviation and variance.
Course Outcome :- Use Statistical Method to crack
discipline.

 Finance and Investment:

Investors use standard deviation to measure the volatility of an
asset's return. A higher standard deviation indicates greater risk, helping investors
assess portfolio risk and make informed decisions.

 Quality Control in Manufacturing

Companies use variance to monitor product consistency. A low
standard deviation indicates that products are manufactured to a consistent
standard, while a high standard may signal the need for process improvements.

 Health and Medicine:

In clinical trials, researchers analyze the variance in patient
outcomes to determine the effectiveness of treatments. Understanding the
variability helps assess whether results are statistically significant.
 Education:
Use standard deviation to evaluate test scores and academic
performance. By understanding the spread of scores, educators can identify areas
where students may need additional support.

 Sports Analytics:
Coaches and analysts use standard deviation to assess player
performance metrics (like points scored or batting averages). This helps in
comparing players and making strategic decisions.

 Weather Forecasting:
Meteorologists calculate the standard deviation of temperatures
over time to understand climate variability. This helps predict extreme weather
events and assess climate change impacts.

 Marketing Research:
Companies analyze customer satisfaction surveys using standard
deviation to understand variations in responses. This helps in identifying trends
and areas for improvement in products or services.

 Real Estate:
Analysts use standard deviation to evaluate property values within a
neighborhood. A low standard deviation indicates that home prices are relatively
stable, while a high standard deviation suggests a wide range of values.

 Psychology:
Researchers use variance to assess the effectiveness of therapies by
analyzing the spread of scores on mental health assessments before and after
treatment.

 Transportation and Logistics:

 Companies analyze delivery times using standard deviation to improve
scheduling and efficiency. Understanding variability in delivery times can lead to
better resource allocation and customer satisfaction

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 ASSIGNMENT NO 5
Title :- Collect 10 examples based on real world
application of Derivatives
Aim :- To study real life application of Derivaties
Course Outcome :- Apply differential calculus to
solve branch specific engineering problem

 Physics - Motion Analysis:

 Application: In kinematics, derivatives are used to describe the
relationship between position, velocity, and acceleration.
 Detail: The position function s(t)s(t)s(t) describes the location of an object
over time. The first derivative v(t)=dsdtv(t) = \frac{ds}{dt}v(t)=dtds gives
the velocity, while the second derivative a(t)=dvdta(t) = \frac{dv}
{dt}a(t)=dtdv provides the acceleration. This is crucial in understanding how
objects move, which is fundamental in fields like engineering and space
exploration.

 Economics - Marginal Analysis:

 Application: Economists use derivatives to determine marginal costs and
revenues.
 Detail: The derivative of a cost function C(x)C(x)C(x) with respect to the
quantity produced xxx provides the marginal cost MC=dCdxMC = \
frac{dC}{dx}MC=dxdC. This helps businesses assess the cost implications
of producing additional units and aids in making production decisions to
maximize profit.
 Engineering - Structural Analysis:
 Application: Derivatives are essential in evaluating stresses and strains in
materials.
 Detail: In civil engineering, the derivative of the deflection of a beam with
respect to its position gives the slope of the beam. Engineers use this
information to ensure that structures can withstand loads without failing,
ensuring safety and functionality.

 Biology - Population Dynamics:

 Application: Derivatives are used to model the growth rates of
populations.
 Detail: The logistic growth model, described by P(t)=K1+K−P0P0e−rtP(t)
= \frac{K}{1 + \frac{K - P_0}{P_0} e^{-rt}}P(t)=1+P0K−P0e−rtK,
includes the derivative dPdt\frac{dP}{dt}dtdP to represent the rate of
change in population over time. This is critical for understanding species
conservation and managing ecosystems.

 Medicine - Pharmacokinetics:
 Application: In medicine, derivatives help in understanding how drugs are
absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted.
 Detail: The concentration of a drug in the bloodstream over time can be
modeled with a function C(t)C(t)C(t). The derivative dCdt\frac{dC}
{dt}dtdC shows how quickly the concentration changes, informing dosing
schedules to maintain effective drug levels without toxicity.

 Finance - Risk Management:

 Application: Derivatives are used in financial models to assess risk and
inform trading strategies.
 Detail: The Black-Scholes model for option pricing uses partial derivatives
to calculate the "Greeks," such as Delta (Δ\DeltaΔ), which measures the
sensitivity of the option's price to changes in the underlying asset's price.
This is crucial for traders in managing portfolio risk.

 Chemistry - Reaction Rates:

  Application: Derivatives are fundamental in studying the rates of chemical
reactions.
 Detail: The rate of change of concentration of reactants AAA in a reaction
A→BA \rightarrow BA→B can be expressed as −d[A]dt=k[A]n-\frac{d[A]}
{dt} = k[A]^n−dtd[A]=k[A]n, where kkk is the rate constant. This allows
chemists to determine how quickly reactions proceed and to optimize
conditions for desired reactions.

 Environmental Science - Pollution Modeling:

 Application: Derivatives help model changes in environmental pollutants
over time.
 Detail: The derivative dPdt\frac{dP}{dt}dtdP of pollutant concentration
P(t)P(t)P(t) can indicate the rate of change of pollution in a lake or
atmosphere. Understanding this helps policymakers implement regulations
to control emissions and protect ecosystems.

 Machine Learning - Optimization Algorithms:

 Application: Derivatives are used in training machine learning models
through optimization techniques.
 Detail: Gradient descent relies on calculating the gradient (a vector of
partial derivatives) of the loss function to update model parameters
iteratively. This helps minimize errors in predictions, essential for training
accurate models.

 Robotics - Motion Control:

 Application: Derivatives are used in robotics for motion planning and
control systems.
 Detail: When programming a robot, the derivative of the robot’s position
provides the velocity needed for movement. Controllers like PID
(Proportional-Integral-Derivative) use these derivatives to adjust the robot's
movements dynamically based on changes in its environment, ensuring
precision and responsiveness.
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