12 em QB Full Book Ghss Eriyur

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HIGHER SECONDARY SECOND YEAR

MATHEMATICS QUESTION BANK 2023-24
S.No Topic Name Page No of No of No of No of One

Number Theorems Examples Exercise mark
Problems questions
1 Applications of Matrices and Determinants 2 10 40 38 25
2 Complex Numbers 6 10 36 45 25
3 Theory of Equations 10 3 31 38 10
4 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 12 10 29 31 20
5 Two Dimensional Analytical Geometry II 15 6 41 39 25
6 Application of Vector Algebra 20 23 56 73 25
7 Applications of Differential Calculus 27 12 72 65 20
8 Differentials and Partial Derivatives 33 2 22 55 15
9 Applications of Integration 36 10 69 28 20
10 Ordinary Differential Equations 40 - 30 56 25
11 Probability Distributions 43 3 22 35 20
12 Discrete Mathematics 47 2 19 25 20
Total 91 467 528 250
No of Theorems No of examples No of exercise No of One mark

problems questions
Volume I 62 233 264 130
Volume II 29 234 264 120
Total 91 467 528 250
M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

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1.APPLICATION OF MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Theorem 1.1: For every square matrix 𝐴 of order 𝑛, 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐼𝑛 .
Theorem 1.2: If a square matrix has an inverse, then it is unique.
Theorem 1.3: Let 𝐴 be square matrix of order 𝑛. Then 𝐴−1 exists if and only if 𝐴 is non-singular.
1 1
Theorem 1.4: If 𝐴 is non-singular, then i)|𝐴−1 | = |𝐴| ii)(𝐴𝑇 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )𝑇 iii)(𝜆𝐴)−1 = 𝜆 𝐴−1 ,
where 𝜆 is a non-zero scalar.
Theorem 1.5(Left Cancellation Law): Let 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 be square matrices of order 𝑛. If 𝐴 is non-
singular and 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶, then 𝐵 = 𝐶.
Theorem1.6 (Right Cancellation Law): Let 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 be square matrices of order 𝑛. If 𝐴 is non-
singular and 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴, then 𝐵 = 𝐶.
Theorem 1.7(Reversal Law for Inverses): If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are non-singular matrices of the same order,
then the product 𝐴𝐵 is also non-singular and (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1𝐴−1 .
Theorem 1.8(Law of Double Inverse): If 𝐴 is non-singular, then 𝐴−1 is also non-singular and
(𝐴−1 )−1 = 𝐴.
Theorem 1.9: If 𝐴 is a non-singular square matrix of order 𝑛, then
1
(i) (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴−1 ) = |𝐴| 𝐴 (ii) |𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛−1
(iii) 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) = |𝐴|𝑛−2 𝐴 (iv) (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝜆𝐴) = 𝜆𝑛−1 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴) where 𝜆 is a nonzero scalar
2
(v) |𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)| = |𝐴|(𝑛−1) (vi) (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝑇 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴𝑇 )
Theorem 1.10: If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are any two non-singular square matrices of order 𝑛, then
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵)(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴).
8 −6 2
Ex:1.1 If 𝐴 = [−6 7 −4], verify that 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐼3 .
2 −4 3
𝑎 𝑏
Ex:1.2 If 𝐴 = [ ]is non-singular, find 𝐴−1
𝑐 𝑑
2 −1 3
Ex:1.3 Find the inverse of the matrix [−5 3 1].
−3 2 3
Ex:1.4If 𝐴 is a non-singular matrix of odd order, prove that |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| is positive.
7 7 −7
Ex:1.5 Find a matrix 𝐴 if 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [−1 11 7 ].
11 5 7
−1 2 2
Ex:1.6 If 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [ 1 1 2], find 𝐴−1.
2 2 1
Ex:1.7 If 𝐴 is symmetric, prove that 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 is also symmetric.
2 9
Ex:1.8 Verify the property (𝐴𝑇 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )𝑇 with 𝐴 = [ ]. Mar 2020- 3M
1 7
0 −3 −2 −3
Ex:1.9 Verify (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1 with 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ].Sep 2020 3M & July-2022 3M
1 4 0 −1
4 3
Ex:1.10 If 𝐴 = [ ], find 𝑥 and 𝑦 such that 𝐴2 + 𝑥𝐴 + 𝑦𝐼2 = 𝑂2 . Hence find 𝐴−1 .
2 5
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Ex:1.11 Prove that [ ] is orthogonal. Mar 2023- 2M
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
6 −3 𝑎
1
Ex:1.12 If 𝐴 = 7 [𝑏 −2 6] is orthogonal, find 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐, and hence 𝐴−1 .
2 𝑐 3
Exercise 1.1
2 3 1 2 2 1
−3 4 1
1. Find the adjoint of the following (i) [ ] (ii) [3 4 1] (iii)3 [−2 1 2]
6 2
3 7 2 1 −2 2

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5 1 1 2 3 1
−2 4
2. Find the inverse (if it exists) of the following (i) [ ] (ii) [1 5 1] (iii) [3 4 1]
1 −3
1 1 5 3 7 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
3. If 𝐹(𝛼) = [ 0 1 0 ], show that [𝐹(𝛼)]−1 = 𝐹(−𝛼). Mar 2023- 3M
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
5 3
4. If 𝐴 = [ ], show that 𝐴2 − 3𝐴 − 7𝐼2 = 𝑂2. Hence find 𝐴−1 .
−1 −2
−8 1 4
1
5. If 𝐴 = 9 [ 4 4 7], prove that 𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑇 .
1 −8 4
8 −4
6. If 𝐴 = [ ], verify that 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐼2 . Sep 2020 – 3M & Aug 2021- 3M
−5 3
3 2 −1 −3
7. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ], verify (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1 .
7 5 5 2
2 −4 2
8. If 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [−3 12 −7], find 𝐴.
−2 0 2
0 −2 0
9. If 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [ 6 2 −6], find 𝐴−1 .
−3 0 6
1 0 1
10. Find 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)) if 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [ 0 2 0].
−1 0 1
1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
11. 𝐴 = [ ], show that 𝐴𝑇 𝐴−1 = [ ].
−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
5 3 14 7
12. Find the matrix 𝐴 for which 𝐴 [ ]=[ ].
−1 −2 7 7
1 −1 3 −2 1 1
13. Given 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ] and 𝐶 = [ ], find a matrix 𝑋 such that 𝐴𝑋𝐵 = 𝐶.
2 0 1 1 2 2
0 1 1
1
14. If 𝐴 = [1 0 1], show that 𝐴−1 = 2 (𝐴2 − 3𝐼).
1 1 0
−1 −1
15. Decrypt the received encoded message [2 −3][20 4] with the encryption matrix [ ]
2 1
and the decryption matrix as its inverse, where the system of codes are described by the numbers 1 −
26 to the letters 𝐴 − 𝑍 respectively, and the number 0 to a blank space.
3 −1 2
Ex:1.13 Reduce the matrix [−6 2 4] to a row-echelon form.
−3 1 2
0 3 1 6
Ex:1.14 Reduce the matrix [−1 0 2 5] to a row-echelon form.
4 2 0 0
3 2 5 4 3 1 −2
Ex:1.15 Find the rank of each of the following matrices: (i) [1 1 2] (ii) [−3 −1 −2 4 ]
3 3 6 6 7 −1 2
Ex:1.16 Find the rank of the following matrices which are in row-echelon form :
6 0 −9
2 0 −7 −2 2 −1
(i) [0 3 1 ] (ii) [ 0 5 1 ] (iii) [0 2 0 ]
0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0
1 2 3
Ex:1.17 Find the rank of the matrix [2 1 4] by reducing it to an row-echelon form.
3 0 5
2 −2 4 3
Ex:1.18 Find the rank of the matrix [−3 4 −2 −1] by reducing it to an row-echelon form.
6 2 −1 7

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3 1 4
Ex:1.19 Show that the matrix [2 0 −1] is non-singular and reduce it to the identity matrix by
5 2 1
elementary row transformations.
0 5
Ex:1.20 Find the inverse of the non-singular matrix 𝐴 = [ ], by Gauss-Jordan method.
−1 6
2 1 1
Ex:1.21 Find the inverse of 𝐴 = [3 2 1] by Gauss-Jordan method.
2 1 2
Exercise 1.2
1.Find the rank of the following matrices by minor method:
−1 3 1 −2 3
2 −4 1 −2 −1 0
(i) [ ] (ii) [4 −7] (iii) [ ] (iv) [2 4 −6] July-2022 3M
−1 2 3 −6 −3 1
3 −4 5 1 −1
0 1 2 1
(v) [0 2 4 3] Aug 2021- 3M
8 1 0 2
2. Find the rank of the following matrices by row reduction method:
1 2 −1
1 1 1 3 3 −8 5 2
(i) [2 −1 3 4 ] (ii) [3 −1 2 ] May 2022 - 3M (iii)[ 2 −5 1 4 ]
1 −2 3
5 −1 7 11 −1 2 3 −2
1 −1 1
3. Find the inverse of each of the following by Gauss-Jordan method:
1 −1 0 1 2 3
2 −1
(i) [ ] (ii) [1 0 −1] (iii) [2 5 3]
5 −2
6 −2 −3 1 0 8
Ex:1.22 Solve the following system of linear equations, using matrix inversion method:
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5. May 2022 - 3M
Ex:1.23 Solve the following system of equations, using matrix inversion method:
2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 5, 𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = −4, 3𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 = 3.
−4 4 4 1 −1 1
Ex:1.24 If 𝐴 = [−7 1 3 ] and 𝐵 = [1 −2 −2], find the products 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐴 and hence
5 −3 −1 2 1 3
solve the system of equations 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 9, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1.
Exercise 1.3
1. Solve the following system of linear equations by matrix inversion method:
(i) 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = −2, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −3 (ii) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 8, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −2
(iii) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 9, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = −1
(iv) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2 = 0, 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 − 31 = 0, 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 13
−5 1 3 1 1 2
2. If 𝐴 = [ 7 1 −5] and 𝐵 = [3 2 1] , find the products 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐴 and hence solve the
1 −1 1 2 1 3
system of equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2.
3. A man is appointed in a job with a monthly salary of certain amount and a fixed amount of annual
increment. If his salary was Rs.19,800 per month at the end of the first month after 3 years of
service and Rs.23,400 per month at the end of the first month after 9 years of service, find his
starting salary and his annual increment. (Use matrix inversion method to solve the problem.)
4. Four men and 4 women can finish a piece of work jointly in 3 days while 2 men and 5 women can
finish the same work jointly in 4 days. Find the time taken by one man alone and that of one woman
alone to finish the same work by using matrix inversion method.
5. The prices of three commodities 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are Rs. x, y and z per units respectively. A person 𝑃
purchases 4 units of 𝐵 and sells 𝑡𝑤𝑜 units of 𝐴 and 5 units of C. Person 𝑄 purchases 2 units of 𝐶
and sells 3 units of 𝐴 and 𝑜𝑛𝑒 unit of 𝐵. Person 𝑅 purchases 𝑜𝑛𝑒 unit of 𝐴 and sells 3 unit of 𝐵 and
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𝑜𝑛𝑒 unit of C. In the process, 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝑅 earn Rs.15,000, Rs.1,000 and Rs.4,000 respectively. Find
the prices per unit of 𝐴, 𝐵 and C. (Use matrix inversion method to solve the problem.)
Ex:1.25 Solve, by Cramer’s rule, the system of equations
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 = 3, 2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = 17, 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 7.
Ex:1.26 In a T20 match, a team needed just 6 runs to win with 1 ball left to go in the last over. The
last ball was bowled and the batsman at the crease hit it high up. The ball traversed along a path in a
vertical plane and the equation of the path is 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 with respect to a xy-coordinate
system in the vertical plane and the ball traversed through the points(10,8), (20,16), (40,22), can you
conclude that Chennai Super Kings won the match? Justify your answer. (All distances are measured
in meters and the meeting point of the plane of the path with the farthest boundary line is (70,0).)
Exercise 1.4
1.Solve the following systems of linear equations by Cramer’s rule:
3 2
(i) 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 16 = 0, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 7 = 0 (ii) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12, + 3𝑦 = 13
𝑥
(iii)3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 11, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 9, 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 25 July-2022 5M
3 4 2 1 2 1 2 5 4
(iv) 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 − 1 = 0, + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2 = 0, −𝑦−𝑧+1 =0
𝑥 𝑥
1
2.In a competitive examination, one mark is awarded for every correct answer while mark is
4
deducted for every wrong answer. A student answered 100 questions and got 80 marks. How many
questions did he answer correctly? (Use Cramer’s rule to solve the problem).
3.A chemist has one solution which is 50% acid and another solution which is 25% acid. How much
each should be mixed to make 10 litres of a 40% acid solution? (Use Cramer’s rule to solve the
problem).
4.A fish tank can be filled in 10 minutes using both pumps 𝐴 and 𝐵 simultaneously. However, pump
𝐵 can pump water in or out at the same rate. If pump 𝐵 is inadvertently run in reverse, then the tank
will be filled in 30 minutes. How long would it take each pump to fill the tank by itself? (Use
Cramer’s rule to solve the problem).
5. A family of 3 people went out for dinner in a restaurant. The cost of two dosai, three idlies and two
vadais is 𝑅𝑠. 150. The cost of the two dosai, two idlies and four vadais is 𝑅𝑠. 200. The cost of five
dosai, four idlies and two vadais is 𝑅𝑠. 250. The family has 𝑅𝑠. 350 in hand and they ate 3 dosai and
six idlies and six vadais. Will they be able to manage to pay the bill within the amount they had?
Ex:1.27 Solve the following system of linear equations, by Gaussian elimination method :
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 25, 𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 13, 2𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
Ex:1.28 The upward speed 𝑣(𝑡)of a rocket at time t is approximated by 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐, 0 ≤ t ≤
100 where 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 are constants. It has been found that the speed at times 𝑡 = 3, 𝑡 = 6 and 𝑡 = 9
seconds are respectively, 64, 133 and 208 miles per second respectively. Find the speed at time 𝑡 =
15 seconds. (Use Gaussian elimination method.)
Exercise 1.5
1. Solve the following systems of linear equations by Gaussian elimination method:
(i) 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1
(ii)2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 22, 3𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 27, − 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2
2. If 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is divided by 𝑥 + 3, 𝑥 − 5 and 𝑥 − 1, the remainders are 21, 61 and 9
respectively. Find 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 (Use Gaussian elimination method).
3. An amount of Rs.65,000 is invested in three bonds at the rates of 6 %, 8% and 9% per annum
respectively.The total annual income is Rs.4,800. The income from the third bond is Rs.600 more
than that from the second bond. Determine the price of each bond. (Use Gaussian elimination
method.) (OR)
3. An amount of Rs.65,000 is invested in three bonds at the rates of 6 %, 8% and 10% per annum
respectively.The total annual income is Rs.5,000. The income from the third bond is Rs.800 more
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than that from the second bond. Determine the price of each bond. (Use Gaussian elimination
method.)
4. A boy is walking along the path 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 through the points (−6,8), (−2, −12) and (3,8).
He wants to meet his friend at 𝑃(7,60). Will he meet his friend? (Use Gaussian elimination method)
Mar 2023- 5M
Ex:1.29 Test for consistency of the following system of linear equations and if possible solve:
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 3, 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0
4 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 8, 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −1, 15𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 21
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −9, 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −18, 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 27 = 0
Ex:1.32 Test for consistency of the following system of linear equations
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −9, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6, 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7 Mar 2020-5M
Ex:1.33 Find the condition on 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 so that the following system of linear equations has one
parameter family of solutions: 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑎, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 𝑏, 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 𝑐.
Ex:1.34 Investigate for what values of λ and μ the system of linear equations
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 5 has (i) no solution (ii) a unique solution
(iii) an infinite number of solutions.
Exercise 1.6
1. Test for consistency and if possible, solve the following systems of equations by rank method.
(i) 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 7, 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
(ii) 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2, 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1, 7𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 5
(iii) 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5, 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4 Sep 2020 – 5M
(iv) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2, 6𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 6, 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4
2. Find the value of k for which the equations 𝑘𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 − 2𝑘𝑦 + 𝑧 = −2,
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧 = 1 have (i) no solution (ii) unique solution (iii) infinitely many solution
3. Investigate the values of λ and µ the system of linear equations
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 9, 7𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 8, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇 have
(i) no solution (ii) a unique solution (iii) an infinite number of solutions.
Ex:1.35 Solve the following system: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 0, 7𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 12𝑧 = 0
Ex:1.36 Solve the system: 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 − 11𝑦 + 14𝑧 = 0
Ex:1.37 Solve the system:
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0, 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 0, 6𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 0.
Ex:1.38 Determine the values of λ for which the following system of equations
(3𝜆 − 8)𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 + (3𝜆 − 8)𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + (3𝜆 − 8)𝑧 = 0 has a non-trivial
solution.
Ex:1.39 By using Gaussian elimination method, balance the chemical reaction equation:
𝐶5 𝐻8 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂.
Ex:1.40 If the system of equations 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0; 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0; 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑟𝑧 = 0 has a
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
non-trivial solution and 𝑝 ≠ 𝑎, 𝑞 ≠ 𝑏, 𝑟 ≠ 𝑐, then prove that 𝑝−𝑎 + 𝑞−𝑏 + 𝑟−𝑐 = 2.
Exercise 1.7
1. Solve the following system of homogenous equations.
(i) 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0, 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0, 5𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 23𝑧 = 0
(ii)2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0
2. Determine the values of λ for which the following system of equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0,
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 0, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 has (i) a unique solution (ii) a non-trivial solution.
3. By using Gaussian elimination method, balance the chemical reaction equation:
𝐶2 𝐻6 + 𝑂2 → 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2 .
Page |7
2. COMPLEX NUMBERS
Property 1: (The commutative property under addition)
For any two complex numbers 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 , we have 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 .
Property 2: (Inverse property under multiplication) Prove that the multiplicative inverse of a
𝑥 𝑦
nonzero complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is 𝑥 2+𝑦 2 − 𝑖 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2.
Property 3: For any two complex numbers 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 , prove that 𝑧̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧̅1 + 𝑧̅2
Property 4: For any two complex numbers 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 , prove that ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑧1 . 𝑧2 = 𝑧̅1 . 𝑧̅2
Property 5: A complex number 𝑧 is purely imaginary if and only if 𝑧 = −𝑧̅.
Property6:(Triangle inequality)
For any two complex number 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 , prove that |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 | ≤ |𝑧1 | + |𝑧2 |.
Property 7: For any two complex number 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 , prove that |𝑧1 𝑧2 | = |𝑧1 ||𝑧2 |
1
Property 8: If 𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃), then 𝑧 −1 = 𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
Property 9: If 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 ) and 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 ) then
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 (cos (𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ))
Property 10: If 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 ) and 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 ) then
𝑧1 𝑟1
= (cos(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )
𝑧 2 𝑟 2
Ex:2.1 Simplify: (i) 𝑖 7 (ii) 𝑖 1729 (iii) 𝑖 −1924 + 𝑖 2018 (iv) ∑102
𝑛=1 𝑖
𝑛
(v) 𝑖 𝑖 2 𝑖 3 ⋯ 𝑖 40
Exercise 2.1
1. Simplify (i) 𝑖 1947 + 𝑖 1950 (ii) 𝑖 1948
− 𝑖 −1869 (iii) ∑12
𝑛=1 𝑖
𝑛
1
(iv) 𝑖 59 + 𝑖 59 (v) 𝑖 𝑖 2 𝑖 3 ⋯ 𝑖 2000 (vi) ∑10
𝑛=1 𝑖
𝑛+50
Ex:2.2 Find the value of the real numbers 𝑥 and 𝑦, if the complex number (2 + 𝑖)𝑥 + (1 − 𝑖)𝑦 + 2𝑖 − 3
and 𝑥 + (−1 + 2𝑖)𝑦 + 1 + 𝑖 are equal.
Exercise 2.2
1. Evaluate the following if 𝑧 = 5 − 2𝑖 and 𝑤 = −1 + 3𝑖
(i) 𝑧 + 𝑤 (ii) 𝑧 − 𝑖𝑤 (iii) 2𝑧 + 3𝑤 (iv) 𝑧𝑤 (v) 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧𝑤 + 𝑤 2 (vi) (𝑧 + 𝑤)2
2. Given the complex number 𝑧 = 2 + 3𝑖, represent the complex numbers in Argand diagram
(i) 𝑧, 𝑖𝑧 and 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 (ii) 𝑧, −𝑖𝑧 , and 𝑧 − 𝑖𝑧 .
3. Find the value of the real numbers x and y, if the complex numbers (3 − 𝑖)𝑥 − (2 − 𝑖)𝑦 + 2𝑖 + 5
and 2𝑥 + (−1 + 2𝑖)𝑦 + 3 + 2𝑖 are equal.
Exercise 2.3
1. If 𝑧1 = 1 − 3𝑖, 𝑧2 = −4𝑖 and 𝑧3 = 5, show that (i) (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ) + 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 + (𝑧2 + 𝑧3 )
(ii) (𝑧1 . 𝑧2 ). 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 . (𝑧2 . 𝑧3 )
2. If 𝑧1 = 3, 𝑧2 = −7𝑖 and 𝑧3 = 5 + 4𝑖, show that (i) 𝑧1 . (𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ) = 𝑧1 . 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 . 𝑧3 July-2022 2M
(ii) (𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ). 𝑧3 = 𝑧1 . 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 . 𝑧3
3. If 𝑧1 = 2 + 5𝑖, 𝑧2 = −3 − 4𝑖 and 𝑧3 = 1 + 𝑖, find the additive and multiplicative inverse of 𝑧1 , 𝑧2
and 𝑧3 .
3+4𝑖
Ex:2.3 Write 5−12𝑖 in the 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 form, hence find its real and imaginary parts.
1+𝑖 3 1−𝑖 3
Ex:2.4 Simplify (1−𝑖) − (1+𝑖) into rectangular form. Mar-2020 – 2M
𝑧+3 1+4𝑖
Ex:2.5 If = , find the complex number 𝑧 in the rectangular form.
𝑧−5𝑖 2
𝑧1
Ex:26 If 𝑧1 = 3 − 2𝑖 and 𝑧2 = 6 + 4𝑖 find in the rectangular form.
𝑧2
Ex:2.7 Find 𝑧 −1, if 𝑧 = (3 + 2𝑖)(1 − 𝑖)
10 10 19+9𝑖 15 8+𝑖 15
Ex:2.8 Show that (i) (2 + 𝑖√3) + (2 − 𝑖√3) is real (ii) ( 5−3𝑖 ) − (1+2𝑖) is purely imaginary
Exercise 2.4

Page |8
10−5𝑖
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
1. Write the following in the rectangular form: (i) (5 + 9𝑖) + (2 − 4𝑖) (ii) ̅+ 1
(iii) 3𝑖
6+2𝑖 2−𝑖
2. If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, find the following in the rectangular form (i) 𝑅𝑒 (1𝑧) (ii) 𝑅𝑒(𝑖𝑧̅)
(iii) 𝐼𝑚(3𝑧 + 4𝑧̅ − 4𝑖)
𝑧
3. If 𝑧1 = 2 − 𝑖 and 𝑧2 = −4 + 3𝑖, find the inverse of 𝑧1 𝑧2 and 𝑍1
2
1 1 1
4. The complex numbers 𝑢, 𝑣 and 𝑤 are related by 𝑢 = 𝑣 + 𝑤. If 𝑣 = 3 − 4𝑖 and 𝑤 = 4 + 3𝑖, find 𝑢 in
rectangular form.
5. Prove the following properties: (i) 𝑧 is real if and only if 𝑧 = 𝑧̅
𝑧+𝑧̅ 𝑧−𝑧̅
(ii) 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) = and 𝐼𝑚(𝑧) = May 2022 - 2M
2 2𝑖
𝑛
6. Find the least value of the positive integer 𝑛 for which (√3 + 𝑖) (i) real (ii) purely imaginary
10 10
7. Show that (i) (2 + 𝑖√3) − (2 − 𝑖√3) is purely imaginary July-2022 5M
19−7𝑖 12 20−5𝑖 12
(ii) ( ) + ( 7−6𝑖 ) is real
9+𝑖
Ex:2.9 If 𝑧1 = 3 + 4𝑖, 𝑧2 = 5 − 12𝑖 and 𝑧3 = 6 + 8𝑖, find |𝑧1 |, |𝑧2 |, |𝑧3 |, |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 |, |𝑧2 − 𝑧3 |, |𝑧1 + 𝑧3 |
2+𝑖 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑖(2+𝑖)3
Ex:2.10 Find the following (i) | | (ii) |(1 + 𝑖)(2 + 3𝑖)(4𝑖 − 3)| (iii) | | (1+𝑖)2
−1+2𝑖
Ex:2.11 Which one of the points 𝑖, −2 + 𝑖 and 3 is farthest from the origin.
Ex:2.12 If 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 are complex numbers such that |𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 | = |𝑧3 | = |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = 1, find
1 1 1
the value of |𝑧 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 |.
1 2 3
Ex:2.13 If |𝑧| = 2, then show that 3 ≤ |𝑧 + 3 + 4𝑖| ≤ 7 Mar 2023- 2M
1 𝑖√3 1 𝑖√3
Ex:2.14 Show that the points 1, − 2 + and − 2 − are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
2 2
Aug 2021- 3M
Ex:2.15 Let 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 be complex numbers such that |𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 | = |𝑧3 | = 𝑟 > 0 and
𝑧1 𝑧2 +𝑧2 𝑧3 +𝑧3 𝑧1
𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ≠ 0. Prove that | | = 𝑟.
𝑧1 +𝑧2 +𝑧3
2
Ex:2.16 Show that the equation 𝑧 = 𝑧̅ has 4 solutions.
Ex:2.17 Find the square root of 6 − 8𝑖. July-2022 3M
Exercise 2.5
1. Find the modulus of the following complex numbers
2𝑖 2−𝑖 1−2𝑖
(i) 3+4𝑖 (ii) 1+𝑖 + (iii) (1 − 𝑖)10 (iv) 2𝑖(3 − 4𝑖)(4 − 3𝑖)
1−𝑖
2. For any two complex numbers 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 such that |𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 | = 1 and 𝑧1 𝑧2 ≠ −1 then show that
𝑧1 +𝑧2
is a real number.
1+𝑧1 𝑧2
3. Which one of the points 10 − 8𝑖, 11 + 6𝑖 is closest to 1 + 𝑖. May 2022 - 3M
4. If |𝑧| = 3, show that 7≤ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ≤ 13. 5. If |𝑧| = 1, show that 2 ≤ |𝑧 2 − 3| ≤ 4.
6. If |𝑧| = 2, show that 8≤ |𝑧 + 6 + 8𝑖| ≤ 12.
7. Let 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 are three complex numbers such that |𝑧1 | = 1, |𝑧2 | = 2, |𝑧3 | = 3 and
|𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = 1 . show that |9𝑧1 𝑧2 + 4𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 𝑧3 | = 6.
8. If the area of the triangle formed by the vertices 𝑧, 𝑖𝑧, , and 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 is 50 square units, find the value
of |𝑧| .
9. Show that the equation 𝑧 3 + 2𝑧̅ = 0 has five solutions.
10. Find the square roots of (i) 4 + 3 𝑖 (ii)−6 + 8 𝑖 (iii) – 5 − 12𝑖.
Ex:2.18 Given the complex number 𝑧 = 3 + 2𝑖, represent the complex numbers 𝑧, 𝑖𝑧,, and 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 in
one Argand plane. Show that these complex numbers form the vertices of an isosceles right triangle.
Ex:2.19 Show that |3𝑧 − 5 + 𝑖| = 4 represents a circle, and, find its centre and radius.
Ex:2.20 Show that |𝑧 + 2 − 𝑖| < 2 represents interior points of a circle. Find its centre and radius.
Ex:2.21 Obtain the Cartesian form of the locus of 𝑧 in each of the following cases.
Page |9
(i) |𝑧| = |𝑧 − 𝑖| (ii) |2𝑧 − 3 − 𝑖| = 3

Exercise 2.6
𝑧−4𝑖
1. If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is a complex number such that | | = 1, show that the locus of 𝑧 is real axis.
𝑧+4𝑖
Aug 2021- 5M
2𝑧+1
2. If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is a complex number such that 𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑖𝑧+1 ) = 0. show that the locus of 𝑧 is
2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0.
3. Obtain the Cartesian form of the locus of 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 in each of the following cases.
(i) [𝑅𝑒(𝑖𝑧)]2 = 3 (ii) 𝐼𝑚[(1 − 𝑖)𝑧 + 1] = 0
(iii) |𝑧 + 𝑖| = |𝑧 − 1| Sep 2020 – 2M & May 2022 - 5M (iv) 𝑧̅ = 𝑧 −1
4. Show that the following equations represent a circle, and, find its centre and radius.
(i) |𝑧 − 2 − 𝑖| = 3 (ii) |2𝑧 + 2 − 4𝑖| = 2 (iii) |3𝑧 − 6 + 12𝑖| = 8
5. Obtain the Cartesian equation for the locus of 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 in each of the following cases:
(i) |𝑧 − 4| = 16 (ii) |𝑧 − 4|2 − |𝑧 − 1|2 = 16
Ex:2.22 Find the modulus and principal argument of the following complex numbers.
(i) √3 + 𝑖 (ii) −√3 + 𝑖 (iii) −√3 − 𝑖 (iv) √3 − 𝑖
Ex:2.23 Represent the complex number (i) −1 − 𝑖 (ii) 1 + 𝑖√3 in polar form
2
Ex:2.24 Find the principal argument 𝐴𝑟𝑔 𝑧, when 𝑧 = − 1+𝑖√3.
3 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
Ex:2.25 Find the product of (cos 3 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 ).6(cos + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) in rectangular form.
2 6 6
9𝜋 9𝜋
2(cos+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
4 4
Ex:2.26 Find the quotient 3𝜋 3𝜋
in rectangular form.
4(cos(− )+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(− ))
2 2
𝑧−1 𝜋
Ex:2.27 If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and 𝑎𝑟𝑔 (𝑧+1) = 2 , then show that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1.
Exercise 2.7
1. Write in polar form of the following complex numbers
𝑖−1
(i) 2 + 𝑖2√3 (ii) 3 − 𝑖√3 (iii) −2 − 𝑖2 (iv) 𝜋 𝜋
cos +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
3 3
2. Find the rectangular form of the complex numbers
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 cos −𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
6 6
(i)(cos 6 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 ).(cos 12 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 12) (ii) 𝜋 𝜋
2(cos +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
3 3
3. If (𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 )(𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 ) ⋯ (𝑥𝑛 + 𝑖𝑦𝑛 ) = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 show that
𝑦 b
(i) (𝑥12 + 𝑦12 )(𝑥22 + 𝑦22 ) ⋯ (𝑥𝑛2 + 𝑦𝑛2 ) = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 (ii) ∑𝑛𝑟=1 tan−1 (𝑥𝑟 ) = tan−1 (a) + 2kπ, k ∈ 𝕫.
𝑟
1+𝑧
4. If = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃, show that 𝑧 = 𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃.
1−𝑧
5. If 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾 = 0, show that
(𝑖)𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝛾 = 3cos (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾) (ii)𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝛾 = 3sin (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾).
𝑧−𝑖 𝜋
6. If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and 𝑎𝑟𝑔 (𝑧+2) = then show that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2 = 0.
4
1 1
Ex:2.28 If 𝑧 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃), show that 𝑧 𝑛 + 𝑧 𝑛 = 2 cos 𝑛𝜃 and 𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑧 𝑛 = 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 18 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 30
Ex:2.29 Simplify (sin 6 + 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 ) Ex:2.30 Simplify (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃−𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃) .
31
Ex:2.31 Simplify (i) (1 + 𝑖)18 (ii) (−√3 + 3𝑖) Ex:2.32 Find the cube roots of unity.
Ex:2.33 Find the fourth roots of unity.
Ex:2.34 Solve the equation 𝑧 3 + 8𝑖 = 0,where 𝑧 ∈ ℂ. Mar 2023- 5M
Ex:2.35 Find the all cube roots of √3 + 𝑖.
Ex:2.36 Suppose 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle |𝑧| = 2.
If 𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖√3, then find 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 .
Exercise 2.8
P a g e | 10
𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔 2 𝑎+𝑏𝜔+𝑐𝜔 2
1. If 𝜔 ≠ 1 is a cube root of unity, then show that + 𝑐+𝑎𝜔+𝑏𝜔2 = −1.
𝑏+𝑐𝜔+𝑎𝜔 2
5 5 𝜋 𝜋 10
√3 𝑖 √3 𝑖 1+sin +𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠
10 10
2. Show that ( + ) + ( − ) = −√3. 3. Find the value of ( 𝜋 𝜋 )
2 2 2 2 1+sin −𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠
10 10
1 1
4. If 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 and 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = 𝑦 + 𝑦 , show that
𝑥 𝑦 1
(i) 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 2 cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) (ii) 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼 + 𝛽)
𝑥𝑚 𝑦𝑛 1
(iii) − 𝑥 𝑚 = 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑚𝛼 − 𝑛𝛽) (iv) 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 + 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 𝑛 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑚𝛼 + 𝑛𝛽) Mar 2020 – 5M
𝑦𝑛
5. Solve the equation 𝑧 3 + 27 = 0.
6. If 𝜔 ≠ 1 is a cube root of unity, then show that the roots of the equation (𝑧 − 1)3 + 8 = 0 are −1,
1 − 2𝜔, 1 − 2𝜔2 .
2𝑘𝜋 2𝑘𝜋
7. Find the value of ∑8𝑘=1 (cos + 𝑖 sin ).
9 9
8. If 𝜔 ≠ 1 is a cube root of unity, show that (i) (1 − 𝜔 + 𝜔2 )6 + (1 + 𝜔 − 𝜔2 )6 = 128
11
(ii) (1 + 𝜔)(1 + 𝜔2 )(1 + 𝜔4 )(1 + 𝜔8 ) ⋯ (1 + 𝜔2 ) = 1.
9. If 𝑧 = 2 − 2𝑖 find the rotation of 𝑧 by 𝜃 radians in the counter clockwise direction about the origin
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋
(i) 𝜃 = (ii) 𝜃 = (iii) 𝜃 =
3 3 2
4 1
10. Prove that the values of √−1 are ± (1 ± 𝑖).
√2
3. THEORY OF EQUATIONS
Theorem1: (The Fundamental theorem of Algebra) Every polynomial equation of degree 𝑛 ≥ 1
has atleast one root in ℂ.
Theorem2:(Complex conjugate root theorem) If a complex number 𝑧0 is a root of a polynomial
equation with real coefficients, then its complex conjugate 𝑧̅0 is also a root.
Theorem3:(Rational root theorem) Let 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎0 ≠ 0 be a
𝑝
polynomial with integer coefficients. If 𝑞 with (𝑝, 𝑞) = 1, is a root of the polynomial, then 𝑝 is a
factor of 𝑎0 and 𝑞 is a factor of 𝑎𝑛 .
Ex:3.1 If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of the quadratic equation 17𝑥 2 + 43𝑥 − 73 = 0, construct a quadratic
equation whose roots are 𝛼 + 2 and 𝛽 + 2.
Ex:3.2 If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of the quadratic equation 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 13 = 0, construct a quadratic
equation whose roots are 𝛼 2 and 𝛽 2 .
1
Ex:3.3 If 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, find the value of ∑ 𝛽𝛾 in
terms of the coefficients.
Ex:3.4 Find the sum of the squares of the roots of 𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0.
Ex:3.5 Find the condition that the roots of cubic equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 are in the ratio
𝑝: 𝑞: 𝑟.
Ex:3.6 Form the equation whose roots are the squares of the roots of the cubic equation
𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0.
Ex:3.7 If 𝑝 is real, discuss the nature of the roots of the equation 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝 + 2 = 0, in terms of
𝑝. Mar 2020 – 3M
Exercise 3.1
1. If the sides of a cubic box are increased by 1, 2,3 units respectively to form a cuboid, then the
volume is increased by 52 cubic units. Find the volume of the cuboid. Aug 2021- 3M
1
2. Construct a cubic equation with roots (i) 1,2 and 3 (ii) 1,1 and −2 (iii) 2, 2 and 1.
3. If 𝛼 , 𝛽 and 𝛾 are the roots of the cubic equation 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 = 0, form a cubic equation
1 1 1
whose roots are (i) 2 𝛼 , 2 𝛽 , 2 𝛾 (ii) , , (iii) − 𝛼 , − 𝛽 , − 𝛾
𝛼 𝛽 𝛾

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4. Solve the equation 3𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 − 6 = 0 if the product of two roots is 1.

5. Find the sum of squares of roots of the equation 2𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 3 = 0.
6. Solve the equation 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 24 = 0 if it is given that two of its roots are in the ratio 3 ∶ 2 .
7. If 𝛼, 𝛽 and 𝛾 are the roots of the polynomial equation 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0 , find the value of
𝛼
∑ in terms of the coefficients.
𝛽𝛾
8. If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 and 𝛿 are the roots of the polynomial equation 2𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 8 = 0, find a quadratic
equation with integer coefficients whose roots are 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 and 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿 . Sep 2020 – 2M
𝑝 𝑞 𝑛
9. If 𝑝 and 𝑞 are the roots of the equation 𝑙𝑥 2 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛 = 0 , show that √𝑞 + √𝑝 + √ 𝑙 = 0.
Mar 2023- 2M
10. If the equations 𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑝′𝑥 + 𝑞′ = 0 have a common root, show that it must
𝑝𝑞 ′ − 𝑝′𝑞 𝑞−𝑞′
be equal to or .
𝑞−𝑞′ 𝑝′ −𝑝
11. A 12 metre tall tree was broken into two parts. It was found that the height of the part which was
left standing was the cube root of the length of the part that was cut away. Formulate this into a
mathematical problem to find the height of the part which was left standing.
Ex:3.8 Find the monic polynomial equation of minimum degree with real coefficients having 2 − √3𝑖
as a root.
Ex:3.9 Find a polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational coefficients, having 2 − √3 as a
root. May 2022 - 2M
√2
Ex:3.10 Form a polynomial equation with integer coefficients with √ as a root.
√3
Ex:3.11 Show that the equation 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7 = 0 cannot be satisfied by any real values of 𝑥.
Ex:3.12 If 𝑥 2 + 2(𝑘 + 2)𝑥 + 9𝑘 = 0 has equal roots, find 𝑘.
Ex:3.13 Show that, if 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 are rational, the roots of the equation 𝑥 2 − 2𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 + 2𝑞𝑟 − 𝑟 2 = 0
are rational.
Ex:3.14 Prove that a line cannot intersect a circle at more than two points.
Exercise 3.2
1. If 𝑘 is real, discuss the nature of the roots of the polynomial equation 2𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 , in terms
of 𝑘.
2. Find a polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational coefficients, having 2 + √3𝑖 as a root.
3. Find a polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational coefficients, having 2𝑖 + 3 as a root.
4. Find a polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational coefficients, having √5 − √3as a root.
5. Prove that the straight line and parabola cannot intersect at more than two points.
Ex:3.15 If 2 + 𝑖 and 3 − √2 are roots of the equation 𝑥 6 − 13𝑥 5 + 62𝑥 4 − 126𝑥 3 + 65𝑥 2 + 127𝑥 −
140 = 0. Find all roots.
Ex:3.16 Solve the equation 𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 2 + 20 = 0.
Ex:3.17 Solve the equation 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 33𝑥 + 35 = 0.
Ex:3.18 Solve the equation 2𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 18 = 0.
Ex:3.19 Obtain the condition that the roots of 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 are in A.P. Sep 2020 – 3M
Ex:3.20 Find the condition that the roots of 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0 are in G.P. assume 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 ≠ 0
Ex:3.21 If the roots of 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 are in H.P. prove that 9𝑝𝑞𝑟 = 2𝑞 3 + 27𝑟 2 .
Ex:3.22 It is known that the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 24 = 0 are in A.P. Find its roots.
Exercise 3.3
3 2
1. Solve the cubic equation 2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 18𝑥 + 9 = 0 if sum of two of its roots vanishes.
2. Solve the equation 9𝑥 3 − 36𝑥 2 + 44𝑥 − 16 = 0 if the roots form an arithmetic progression.
3. Solve the equation 3𝑥 3 − 26𝑥 2 + 52𝑥 − 24 = 0 if its roots form a geometric progression.
4. Determine 𝑘 and solve the equation 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 if one of its roots is twice the sum of
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the other two roots.

5. Find all zeros of the polynomial 𝑥 6 − 3𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 4 + 22𝑥 3 − 39𝑥 2 − 39𝑥 + 135, if it is known that
1 + 2𝑖 and √3 are two of its zeros.
6. Solve the cubic equations: (i) 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 = 3 May 2022 - 3M (ii) 8𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3 = 0
7. Solve the equation : 𝑥 4 − 14𝑥 2 + 45 = 0.
Ex:3.23 Solve the equation (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) + 19 = 0.
Ex:3.24 Solve the equation (2𝑥 − 3)(6𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 2) − 5 = 0.
Exercise 3.4
1. Solve: (i) (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 + 4) = 504 (ii) (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) = 16
2. Solve: (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 + 3) + 20 = 0.
Ex:3.25 Solve the equation 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 20 = 0.
Ex:3.26 Find the roots of 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 = 0.
Ex:3.27 Solve the equation 7𝑥 3 − 43𝑥 2 = 43𝑥 − 7.
Ex:3.28 Solve the equation 𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 3 + 26𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 1 = 0.
Ex:3.29 Find solution, if any, of the equation 2 cos 2 𝑥 − 9 cos 𝑥 + 4 = 0.
Exercise 3.5
2
1. Solve the following equations (i) sin 𝑥 − 5 sin 𝑥 + 4 = 0 (ii) 12𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 = 29𝑥 2 − 4
2. Examine for the rational roots of (i) 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 1 = 0 (ii) 𝑥 8 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 0
3 −3
𝑥 𝑎 𝑏 6𝑎
3. Solve: 8𝑥 2𝑛 − 8𝑥 2𝑛 = 63 4. Solve: 2√𝑎 + 3√𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
4 3 2 4 3
5. Solve the equations: (i) 6𝑥 − 35𝑥 + 62𝑥 − 35𝑥 + 6 = 0 (ii) 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 1 = 0
6. Find all real numbers satisfying 4𝑥 − 3(2𝑥+2 ) + 25 = 0.
1
7. Solve the equation 6𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 − 38𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 if it is known that 3 is a solution Mar 2023-5M
Ex:3.30Show that the polynomial 9𝑥 9 + 2𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 2 has at least six imaginary roots
Ex:3.31 Discuss the nature of the roots of the following polynomials
(𝑖)𝑥 2018 + 1947𝑥1950 + 15𝑥 8 + 26𝑥 6 + 2019 (𝑖𝑖)𝑥 5 − 19𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 11
Exercise 3.6
1.Discuss the maximum possible number of positive and negative roots of the polynomial equation
9𝑥 9 − 4𝑥 8 + 4𝑥 7 − 3𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 2 = 0 .
2. Discuss the maximum possible number of positive and negative zeros of the polynomials
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 and 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 16. Also draw rough sketch of the graphs.
3. Show that the equation 𝑥 9 − 5𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1 = 0 has atleast 6 imaginary solutions.
4. Determine the number of positive and negative roots of the equation 𝑥 9 − 5𝑥 8 − 14𝑥 7 = 0.
5. Find the exact number of real zeros and imaginary of the equation 𝑥 9 + 9𝑥 7 + 7𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 3 + 3𝑥.
4.INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Property 1:
𝜋 𝜋
(i) sin−1 (sin 𝜃) = 𝜃 ,if 𝜃 ∈ [− 2 , 2 ] (ii) cos −1 (cos 𝜃) = 𝜃 ,if 𝜃 ∈ [0, 𝜋]
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(iii) tan−1(tan 𝜃) = 𝜃 ,if 𝜃 ∈ (− 2 , 2 ) (iv) cosec −1(cosec 𝜃) = 𝜃 ,if 𝜃 ∈ [− 2 , 2 ] \{0}
𝜋
(v) sec −1(sec 𝜃) = 𝜃 ,if 𝜃 ∈ [0, 𝜋]\ {2 } (vi) cot −1 (cot 𝜃) = 𝜃 ,if 𝜃 ∈ (0, 𝜋)
Property 2:
(i) sin(sin−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 , if 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 1] (ii) cos(cos −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 , if 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 1]
(iii) tan(tan−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 , if 𝑥 ∈ ℝ (iv) cosec(cosec −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 , if 𝑥 ∈ ℝ\(−1, 1)
(v) sec(sec −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 , if 𝑥 ∈ ℝ\(−1, 1) (vi) cot(cot −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 , if 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
Property 3: (Reciprocal inverse identities)
1 1
(i) sin−1 ( ) = cosec −1 𝑥, if 𝑥 ∈ ℝ\(−1, 1) (ii) cos−1 ( ) = sec −1 𝑥, if 𝑥 ∈ ℝ\(−1, 1)
𝑥 𝑥

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1 cot −1 𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
(iii) tan−1 (𝑥) = { −1
−𝜋 + cot 𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
Property 4: (Reflection Identities)
(i) sin−1 (−𝑥) = − sin−1 𝑥 , if 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 1] (ii) tan−1(−𝑥) = − tan−1 𝑥 , if 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
(iii) cosec −1 (−𝑥) = − cosec −1 x , if |𝑥| ≥ 1 or 𝑥 ∈ ℝ\(−1, 1)
(iv) cos −1(−𝑥) = 𝜋 − cos−1 𝑥 , if 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 1] (v) cot −1(−𝑥) = 𝜋 − cot −1 𝑥 , if 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
(vi)sec −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − sec −1 x , if |𝑥| ≥ 1 or 𝑥 ∈ ℝ\(−1, 1)
Property 5: (Cofunction Inverse Identities)
𝜋 𝜋
(i) sin−1 𝑥 + cos −1 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 1] (ii) tan−1 𝑥 + cot −1 𝑥 = 2 , if 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝜋
(iii) cosec −1 x + sec −1 x = , if |𝑥| ≥ 1 or 𝑥 ∈ ℝ\(−1, 1)
2
Property 6:
(i) sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 𝑦 = sin−1(𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2 ), where either 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1 or 𝑥𝑦 < 0
(ii) sin−1 𝑥 − sin−1 𝑦 = sin−1 (𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2 ), where either 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1 or 𝑥𝑦 > 0
(iii) cos−1 𝑥 + cos −1 𝑦 = cos −1 (𝑥𝑦 − √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2 ), if 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 0
(iv) cos −1 𝑥 − cos −1 𝑦 = cos −1 (𝑥𝑦 + √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2 ), if 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦
𝑥+𝑦
(v) tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 (1−𝑥𝑦) , if 𝑥𝑦 < 1
𝑥−𝑦
(vi)tan−1 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 (1+𝑥𝑦) , if 𝑥𝑦 > −1
Property 7:
2𝑥 1−𝑥 2
(i) 2 tan−1 𝑥 = tan−1 (1−𝑥 2) , |𝑥| < 1 (ii) 2 tan−1 𝑥 = cos −1 (1+𝑥 2) , 𝑥 ≥ 0
2𝑥
(iii) 2 tan−1 𝑥 = sin−1 (1+𝑥 2 ) , |𝑥| ≤ 1
Property 8:
1 1 1
(i) sin−1 (2𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2 ) = 2 sin−1 𝑥 if |𝑥| ≤ or − ≤𝑥≤
√2 √2 √2
−1 −1 1
(ii) sin (2𝑥√1 − 𝑥2) = 2 cos 𝑥 if ≤𝑥≤1
√2
Property 9:
(i) sin−1 𝑥 = cos−1 √1 − 𝑥 2 , if 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 (ii) sin−1 𝑥 = −cos−1 √1 − 𝑥 2 ,if −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
𝑥
(iii) sin−1 𝑥 = tan−1 (√1−𝑥 2) , if −1 < 𝑥 < 1 (iv) cos −1 𝑥 = sin−1 √1 − 𝑥 2 , if 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
(v) cos−1 𝑥 = 𝜋 − sin−1 √1 − 𝑥 2 , if −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
𝑥 1
(vi) tan−1 𝑥 = sin−1 (√1+𝑥2 ) = cos−1 (√1+𝑥 2),if 𝑥 > 0
Property 10:
1 1 1
(i) 3 sin−1 𝑥 = sin−1(3𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 ) , 𝑥 ∈ [− 2 , 2] (ii) 3 cos−1 𝑥 = cos −1 (4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥) , 𝑥 ∈ [2 , 1]
1
Ex:4.1 Find the principal value of sin−1 (− 2) (in radians and degree).
Ex:4.2 Find the principal value of sin−1(2), if it exists.
1 𝜋 5𝜋
Ex:4.3 Find the principal value of (i) sin−1 ( ) (ii) sin−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 (− 3 )) (iii) sin−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 6 ))
√2
Ex:4.4 Find the domain of sin−1(2 − 3𝑥 2 ).
Exercise 4.1
1. Find all the values of 𝑥 such that (i) −10𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10𝜋 and sin 𝑥 = 0 (ii) −3𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3𝜋 and
sin 𝑥 = −1
1
2. Find the period and amplitude of (i) 𝑦 = sin 7𝑥 (ii) 𝑦 = − sin (3 𝑥) (iii) 𝑦 = 4 sin(−2𝑥)
1
3. Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = sin (3 𝑥) for 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 6𝜋

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2𝜋 5𝜋
4. Find the value of (i) sin−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 3 )) (ii) sin−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4 )) Mar-2020 2M
5. For what value of 𝑥 does sin 𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥 ? Aug 2021- 2M
𝑥 2 +1 𝜋
6. Find the domain of the following (i) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin−1 ( ) (ii) 𝑔(𝑥) = 2 sin−1(2𝑥 − 1) − 4
2𝑥
5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋
7. Find the value of sin−1 (sin cos 9 + cos sin 9 ) July-2022 5M
9 9
√3 2+sin 𝑥
Ex:4.5 Find the principal value of cos −1 ( 2 ) Ex:4.7 Find the domain of cos −1 ( )
3
1 𝜋 7𝜋
Ex:4.6 Find (i) cos−1 (− ) (ii) cos−1 (cos (− 3 )) (iii) cos −1 (cos ( 6 ))
√2
Exercise 4.2
1. Find all the values of 𝑥 such that (i) −6𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 6𝜋 and cos 𝑥 = 0 (ii) −5𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5𝜋 and
cos 𝑥 = 1.
𝜋 𝜋
2. State the reason for cos−1 [cos (− 6 )] ≠ − 6 .
3. Is cos −1(−𝑥) = 𝜋 − cos−1 (𝑥) true? Justify your answer.
1
4. Find the principal value of cos −1 (2)
1 1 1
5. Find the value of (i) 2 cos −1 (2) + sin−1 (2) (ii) cos−1 (2) + sin−1(−1)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(iii) cos−1 (cos 7 cos 17 − sin 7 sin 17)
|𝑥|−2 1−|𝑥|
6. Find the domain of (i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) (ii) 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥
3 4
𝜋
7. For what value of 𝑥, the inequality 2 < 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (3𝑥 − 1) < 𝜋 holds? Mar 2023- 3M
4 4
8. Find the value of (i) cos (cos − 1 (5) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (5))
4𝜋 5𝜋
(ii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 3 )) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 4 )) Aug 2021- 5M
Ex:4.8 Find the principal value of tan−1(√3) Sep 2020 – 2M & May 2022 - 2M
3𝜋
Ex:4.9 Find (i) tan−1(−√3) (ii) tan−1 (tan ) (iii) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(tan−1(2019))
5
1 1
Ex:4.10 Find the value of tan−1 (−1) + cos −1 (2) + sin−1 (− 2)
𝑥
Ex:4.11 Prove that tan(sin−1 𝑥) = √1−𝑥 2 , −1 < 𝑥 < 1.
Exercise 4.3
1 𝜋
1. Find the domain of the following functions: (i) tan−1(√9 − 𝑥 2 ) (ii) 2 tan−1(1 − 𝑥 2 ) − 4
5𝜋 𝜋
2. Find the value of (i) tan−1 (tan ) (ii) tan−1 (tan (− 6 ))
4
7𝜋
3. Find the value of (i) tan (tan−1 ( 4 )) (ii) tan(tan−1(1947)) (iii) tan(tan−1(−0.2021))
−1 1 1 1 4
4. Find the value of (i) tan (cos (2) − sin−1 (− 2)) (ii) sin (tan−1 (2) − cos−1 (5))
4 3
(iii) cos (sin−1 (5) − tan−1 (4))
Ex:4.12 Find the principal value of (i) cosec −1 (−1) (ii) sec −1(−2)
2√3 1
Ex:4.13 Find the value of sec −1 (− ). Ex:4.14 If cot −1 (7) = 𝜃, then find the value of cos 𝜃.
3
1
Ex:4.15 Show that cot −1 (√𝑥 2 ) = sec −1 𝑥 , |𝑥| > 1.
−1
Exercise 4.4
2
1. Find the principal value of (i) sec −1 ( ) (ii) cot −1 (√3) (iii) cosec −1 (−√2)
√3
1
2. Find the value of (i) tan−1 (√3) − sec −1(−2) (ii) sin−1(−1) + cos −1 ( ) + cot −1 (2)
2
√3
(iii) cot −1 (1) + sin−1 (− 2 ) − sec −1(−√2) May 2022 - 5M

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𝜋 3𝜋
Ex:4.16 Prove that 2 ≤ sin−1 𝑥 + 2 cos −1 𝑥 ≤ 2
13𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
Ex:4.17 Simplify (i) cos −1 (cos ( )) (ii) tan−1 (tan ( 4 )) (iii)sec −1 (sec ( 3 ))
3
(iv) sin−1 (sin 10)
𝜋 1 1 1
Ex:4.18 Find the value of (i) sin [ 3 − sin−1 (− 2)] (ii) cos [2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (8)]
1 2𝑎 1 1−𝑎2
(iii) tan [2 sin−1 (1+𝑎2) + 2 cos−1 (1+𝑎2)]
𝑥 3 5
Ex:4.19 Prove that 𝑡𝑎𝑛(sin−1 𝑥) = √1−𝑥 2 for |𝑥| < 1. Ex:4.20 Evaluate sin (sin−1 (5) + sec −1 (4))
1 1 𝜋 1 1 31
Ex:4.21 Prove that (i) tan−1 (2) + tan−1 (3) = (ii) 2 tan−1 (2) + tan−1 (7) = tan−1 (17)
4
Ex:4.22 If cos−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑦 + cos −1 𝑧 = 𝜋 and 0 < 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 < 1, show that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 1.
Mar 2023- 5M
Ex:4.23 If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , ⋯ , 𝑎𝑛 is an arithmetic progression with common difference 𝑑. Prove that
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑎𝑛 −𝑎1
tan [tan−1 ( ) + tan−1 ( ) + ⋯ + tan−1 ( )] =
1+𝑎1 𝑎2 1+𝑎2 𝑎3 1+𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛 1+𝑎1 𝑎𝑛
−1 1−𝑥 1
Ex:4.24 Solve tan (1+𝑥) = 2 tan−1 𝑥 for 𝑥 > 0 Ex:4.25 Solve sin−1 𝑥 > cos−1 𝑥.
√1−𝑥 2
Ex:4.26 Show that cot(sin−1 𝑥) = , −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 and 𝑥 ≠ 0.
𝑥
𝜋 𝑥−1 𝑥+1 𝜋
Ex:4.27 Solve tan−1 2𝑥 + tan−1 3𝑥 = 4 , if 6𝑥 2 < 1. Ex:4.28 Solve tan−1 (𝑥−2) + tan−1 (𝑥+2) = 4
−1 𝑥 3
Ex:4.29 Solve cos (sin (√1+𝑥2 )) = sin {cot −1 (4)}.
Exercise 4.5
1. Find the value, if it exists. If not, give the reason for non-existence.
5𝜋
(i) sin−1 (cos 𝜋) (ii) tan−1 (sin (− )) (iii) sin−1(sin 5)
2
2. Find the value of the expression in terms of 𝑥, with the help of a reference triangle.
1
(i) sin(cos−1(1 − 𝑥)) (ii) cos(tan−1(3𝑥 − 1)) (iii) tan (sin−1 (𝑥 + 2))
√3 3 4
3. Find the value of (i) sin−1 (cos (sin−1 ( 2 ))) (ii) cot (sin−1 5 + sin−1 5)
3 3
(iii)tan (sin−1 5 + cot −1 2)
2 7 1 3 12 16
4. Prove that (i) tan−1 11 + tan−1 24 = tan−1 2 (ii) sin−1 5 − cos −1 13 = sin−1 65
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧−𝑥𝑦𝑧
5. Prove that tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 𝑧 = tan−1 [1−𝑥𝑦−𝑦𝑧−𝑧𝑥].
6. If tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 + tan−1 𝑧 = 𝜋, show that 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧.
2𝑥 3𝑥−𝑥 3 1 𝑥 𝑥−𝑦
7. Prove that tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 1−𝑥 2 = tan−1 1−3𝑥 2 , |𝑥| < . 8. Simplify: tan−1 𝑦 − tan−1 𝑥+𝑦.
√3
5 12 𝜋 1−𝑎2 1−𝑏 2
9. Solve: (i) sin−1 + sin−1 = (ii) 2 tan−1 𝑥 = cos −1 2 − cos
−1
, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0
𝑥 𝑥 2 1+𝑎 1+𝑏 2
𝜋
(iii) 2 tan−1(cos 𝑥) = tan −1 (2
cosec 𝑥) (iv) cot −1 𝑥 − cot −1(𝑥 + 2) = 12 , 𝑥 > 0
10. Find the number of solution of the equation tan−1 (𝑥 − 1) + tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 (𝑥 + 1) = tan−1(3𝑥)
5.TWO DIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
Theorem 1: The circle passing through the points of intersection (real or imaginary) of the line 𝑙𝑥 +
𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 and the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is the circle of the form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 +
2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 + 𝜆(𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛) = 0, 𝜆 ∈ ℝ1 .
Theorem 2: The equation of a circle with (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) as extremities of one of the diameters
of the circle is (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑥 − 𝑥2 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )(𝑦 − 𝑦2 ) = 0
Theorem 3: The position of a point 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) with respect to a given circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 +
𝑐 = 0 in the plane containing the circle is outside or on or inside the circle according as

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> 0, 𝑜𝑟
𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 {= 0 , 𝑜𝑟
< 0,
2 2 2
Theorem 4: From any point outside the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎 two tangents can be drawn.
Theorem 5: The sum of the focal distances of any point on the ellipse is equal to length of the major
axis.
Theorem 6: Three normals can be drawn to a parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 from a given point, one of which is
always real.
Ex:5.1 Find the general equation of a circle with centre (−3, −4) and radius 3 units.
Ex:5.2 Find the equation of the circle described on the chord 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 5 = 0 of the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 as diameter.
Ex:5.3 Determine whether 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0 is the equation of a diameter of the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 for all possible values of 𝑐.
Ex:5.4 Find the general equation of the circle whose diameter is the line segment joining the points
(−4, − 2) and (1, 1).
Ex:5.5 Examine the position of the point (2 ,3)with respect to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 12 = 0
Ex:5.6 The line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 meets the coordinate axes at 𝐴 and 𝐵. Find the equation of the
circle drawn on 𝐴𝐵 as diameter.
Ex:5.7 A line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 10 = 0 cuts a chord of length 6 units on a circle with centre of the circle
(2, 1). Find the equation of the circle in general form.
Ex:5.8 A circle of radius 3 units touches both the axes. Find the equations of all possible circles
formed in the general form.
Ex:5.9 Find the centre and radius of the circle 3𝑥 2 + (𝑎 + 1)𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 𝑎 + 4 = 0.
Ex:5.10 Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (1, 1), (2, − 1) and (3, 2). Mar2020-5M
Ex:5.11 Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25 at 𝑃(−3, 4).
Ex:5.12 If 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 𝑐 is a tangent to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9 , find 𝑐 Mar 2023- 2M
Ex:5.13 A road bridge over an irrigation canal has two semi circular vents each with a span of 20𝑚
and the supporting pillars of width 2𝑚. Use Fig to write the equations that represent the semi-vertical
vents.
Exercise 5.1
1. Obtain the equation of the circles with radius 5𝑐𝑚 and touching 𝑥 −axis at the origin in general
form.
2. Find the equation of the circle with centre (2, −1) and passing through the point (3, 6) in standard
form.
3. Find the equation of circles that touch both the axes and pass through (−4, −2) in general form.
4. Find the equation of the circle with centre (2, 3) and passing through the intersection of the lines
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 1 = 0 and 4𝑥 + 𝑦 − 27 = 0 .
5. Obtain the equation of the circle for which (3, 4) and (2, −7) are the ends of a diameter.
6. Find the equation of the circle through the points (1, 0), (−1, 0) and (0, 1).
7. A circle of area 9𝜋 square units has two of its diameters along the lines 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1.
Find the equation of the circle. Sep 2020 – 3M
8. If 𝑦 = 2√2𝑥 + 𝑐 is a tangent to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 , find the value of 𝑐.
9. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 8 = 0 at (2, 2).
10. Determine whether the points (−2, 1), (0, 0) and (−4, −3) lie outside, on or inside the circle

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𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 5 = 0.
11. Find centre and radius of the following circles.
(i) 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 0 (ii)𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 0 July-2022 3M
(iii) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3 = 0 (iv) 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2 = 0
12. If the equation 3𝑥 2 + (3 − 𝑝)𝑥𝑦 + 𝑞𝑦 2 − 2𝑝𝑥 = 8𝑝𝑞 represents a circle, find 𝑝 and 𝑞. Also
determine the centre and radius of the circle.
Ex:5.14 Find the length of Latus rectum of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥.
𝑥2 𝑦2
Ex:5.15 Find the length of Latus rectum of the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1.
Ex:5.16 Find the equation of the parabola with focus (−√2, 0) and directrix 𝑥 = √2 May 2022 - 5M
Ex:5.17 Find the equation of the parabola whose vertex is (5, −2) and focus (2, −2).
Ex:5.18 Find the equation of the parabola with vertex (−1, −2), axis parallel to y-axis and passing
through (3, 6). Mar 2023- 3M
Ex:5.19 Find the vertex, focus, directrix, and length of the latusrectum of the parabola
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 1 = 0.
Ex:5.20 Find the equation of the ellipse with foci (±2, 0) , vertices (±3, 0).
1
Ex:5.21 Find the equation of the ellipse whose eccentricity is , one of the foci is (2, 3)and a
2
directrix is 𝑥 = 7.Also find the length of the major and minor axes of the ellipse.
Ex:5.22 Find the foci, vertices and length of major and minor axis of the conic
4𝑥 2 + 36𝑦 2 + 40𝑥 − 288𝑦 + 532 = 0.
Ex:5.23 For the ellipse 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 24𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 21 = 0, find the centre, vertices, and the foci. Also
prove that the length of latus rectum is 2.
Ex:5.24 Find the equation of the hyperbola with vertices (0, ±4) and foci (0, ±6)
Ex:5.25 Find the vertices, foci for the hyperbola 9𝑥 2 − 16𝑦 2 = 144.
Ex:5.26 Find the centre, foci, and eccentricity of the hyperbola 11𝑥 2 − 25𝑦 2 − 44𝑥 + 50𝑦 − 256 = 0
Sep 2020 – 5M
Ex:5.27 The orbit of Halley’s Comet is an ellipse 36.18 astronomical units long and by 9.12
astronomical units wide. Find its eccentricity.
Exercise 5.2
1. Find the equation of the parabola in each of the cases given below:
(i) focus (4, 0)and directrix 𝑥 = −4. Aug 2021- 3M
(ii) passes through (2, −3) and symmetric about 𝑦 −axis.
(iii)vertex (1, −2) and focus (4, −2) (iv) end points of latus rectum (4, −8) and (4, 8)
2. Find the equation of the ellipse in each of the cases given below:
1
(i) foci (±3, 0), 𝑒 = 2 (ii) foci (0, ±4) and end points of major axis are (0, ±5)
3
(iii) length of latus rectum 8, eccentricity = 5 , centre (0, 0) and major axis on 𝑥 −axis.
(iv) length of latus rectum 4, distance between foci 4√2, centre (0, 0) and major axis as 𝑦 − axis.
3. Find the equation of the hyperbola in each of the cases given below:
3
(i) foci (±2, 0) eccentricity = 2
(ii) Centre (2, 1), one of the foci (8, 1) and corresponding directrix 𝑥 = 4
(iii) passing through (5, −2) and length of the transverse axis along 𝑥 −axis and of length 8 units.
4. Find the vertex, focus, equation of directrix and length of the latus rectum of the following:
(i) 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 (ii) 𝑥 2 = 24𝑦 (iii) 𝑦 2 = −8𝑥
(iv)𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 17 = 0 (v) 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 − 8𝑥 + 12 = 0
5. Identify the type of conic and find centre, foci, vertices, and directrices of each of the following:
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑥2
(i) 25 + = 1 July-2022 5M (ii) + 10 = 1 (iii) 25 − 144 = 1 (iv) 16 − =1
9 3 9

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𝑥2 𝑦2 2𝑏 2
6. Prove that the length of the latus rectum of the hyperbola 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 is .
𝑎
7. Show that the absolute value of difference of the focal distances of any point P on the hyperbola is
the length of its transverse axis.
8. Identify the type of conic and find centre, foci, vertices, and directrices of each of the following:
(𝑥−3)2 (𝑦−4)2 (𝑥+1)2 (𝑦−2)2
(i) + =1 (ii) + =1
225 289 100 64
(𝑥+3)2 (𝑦−4)2 (𝑦−2)2 (𝑥+1)2
(iii) − =1 (iv) − =1
225 64 25 16
2 2
(v) 18𝑥 + 12𝑦 − 144𝑥 + 48𝑦 + 120 = 0 Mar 2023- 5M
(vi) 9𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 36𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 18 = 0
Ex:5.28 Identify the type of the conic for the following equations: (i) 16𝑦 2 = −4𝑥 2 + 64
(ii) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = −4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 (iii) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3 (iv) 4𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 − 16𝑥 + 18𝑦 − 29 = 0
Exercise 5.3
1. Identify the type of the conic section for the following equations: (i) 2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 7
(ii) 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 10 = 0 (iii) 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 14 (iv) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
(v) 11𝑥 2 − 25𝑦 2 − 44𝑥 + 50𝑦 − 256 = 0 (vi) 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4 = 0
Ex:5.29 Find the equations of tangent and normal to the parabola 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5 = 0 at (1, −3).
𝜋
Ex:5.30 Find the equations of tangent and normal to the ellipse 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 32 when 𝜃 = 4 .
Exercise 5.4
1. Find the equations of the two tangents that can be drawn from (5, 2)to the ellipse 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑦 2 = 14.
𝑥2 𝑦2
2. Find the equations of tangents to the hyperbola 16 − 64 = 1 which are parallel to 10𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 9 = 0
3. Show that the line 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 = 0 is a tangent to the ellipse 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 12. Also find the
coordinates of the point of contact.
4. Find the equation of the tangent to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 perpendicular to 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3 = 0
5. Find the equation of the tangent at 𝑡 = 2 to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 . (Hint: use parametric form)
𝜋
6. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to hyperbola 12𝑥 2 − 9𝑦 2 = 108 at 𝜃 = 3 . (Use
parametric form).
7. Prove that the point of intersection of the tangents at ‘𝑡1 ’ and ‘𝑡2 ’on the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is
[𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2 , 𝑎(𝑡1 + 𝑡2 )].
8. If the normal at the point ‘𝑡1 ’ on the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 meets the parabola again at the point ‘𝑡2 ’,
2
then prove that 𝑡2 = − (𝑡1 + 𝑡 ).
1
Ex:5.31 A semielliptical archway over a one-way road has a height of 3m and a width of 12𝑚. The
truck has a width of 3𝑚 and a height of 2.7𝑚. Will the truck clear the opening of the archway?
Ex:5.32 The maximum and minimum distances of the Earth from the Sun respectively are 152 ×
106 𝑘𝑚 and 94.5 × 106 𝑘𝑚. The Sun is at one focus of the elliptical orbit. Find the distance from the
Sun to the other focus. May 2022 - 5M & Mar 2023- 3M
Ex:5.33 A concrete bridge is designed as a parabolic arch. The road over bridge is 40𝑚 long and the
maximum height of the arch is 15𝑚. Write the equation of the parabolic arch. Mar2020-3M
Ex:5.34 The parabolic communication antenna has a focus at 2𝑚 distance from the vertex of the
antenna. Find the width of the antenna 3𝑚 from the vertex. July-2022 5M
1
Ex:5.35 The equation 𝑦 = 32 𝑥 2 models cross sections of parabolic mirrors that are used for solar
energy. There is a heating tube located at the focus of each parabola; how high is this tube located
above the vertex of the parabola?
Ex:5.36 A search light has a parabolic reflector (has a cross section that forms a ‘bowl’). The
parabolic bowl is 40𝑐𝑚 wide from rim to rim and 30𝑐𝑚 deep. The bulb is located at the focus. (i)

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What is the equation of the parabola used for reflector? (ii) How far from the vertex is the bulb to be
placed so that the maximum distance covered?
𝑥2 𝑦2
Ex:5.37 An equation of the elliptical part of an optical lens system is + = 1. The parabolic part
16 9
of the system has a focus in common with the right focus of the ellipse .The vertex of the parabola is at
the origin and the parabola opens to the right. Determine the equation of the parabola.
Ex:5.38 A room 34𝑚 long is constructed to be a whispering gallery. The room has an elliptical
ceiling, as shown in Fig. If the maximum height of the ceiling is 8𝑚, determine where the foci are
located.
(𝑥−11)2 𝑦2
Ex:5.39 If the equation of the ellipse is + 64 = 1 (𝑥 and 𝑦 are measured in centimeters) where
484
to the nearest centimeter, should the patient’s kidney stone be placed so that the reflected sound hits
the kidney stone?
Ex:5.40 Two coast guard stations are located 600𝑘𝑚 apart at points 𝐴(0, 0) and 𝐵(0, 600). A
distress signal from a ship at 𝑃 is received at slightly different times by two stations. It is determined
that the ship is 200𝑘𝑚 farther from station 𝐴 than it is from station 𝐵. Determine the equation of
hyperbola that passes through the location of the ship.
Ex:5.41 Certain telescopes contain both parabolic mirror and a hyperbolic mirror. In the telescope, the
parabola and hyperbola share focus 𝐹1 which is 14𝑚 above the vertex of the parabola. The
hyperbola’s second focus 𝐹2 is 2𝑚 above the parabola’s vertex. The vertex of the hyperbolic mirror is
1𝑚 below 𝐹1 . Position a coordinate system with the origin at the centre of the hyperbola and with the
foci on the y-axis. Then find the equation of the hyperbola.
Exercise 5.5
1. A bridge has a parabolic arch that is 10m high in the centre and 30𝑚 wide at the bottom. Find the
height of the arch 6𝑚 from the centre, on either sides.
2. A tunnel through a mountain for a four lane highway is to have a elliptical opening. The total width
of the highway (not the opening) is to be 16𝑚, and the height at the edge of the road must be
sufficient for a truck 4𝑚 high to clear if the highest point of the opening is to be 5𝑚 approximately.
How wide must the opening be?
3. At a water fountain, water attains a maximum height of 4𝑚 at horizontal distance of 0.5𝑚 from its
origin. If the path of water is a parabola, find the height of water at a horizontal distance of 0.75𝑚
from the point of origin.
4. An engineer designs a satellite dish with a parabolic cross section. The dish is 5𝑚 wide at the
opening, and the focus is placed 1.2𝑚 from the vertex (a) Position a coordinate system with the origin
at the vertex and the 𝑥 −axis on the parabola’s axis of symmetry and find an equation of the parabola.
(b) Find the depth of the satellite dish at the vertex.
5. Parabolic cable of a 60𝑚 portion of the roadbed of a suspension bridge are positioned as shown
below. Vertical Cables are to be spaced every 6m along this portion of the roadbed. Calculate the
lengths of first two of these vertical cables from the vertex.

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𝑥2 𝑦2
6. Cross section of a Nuclear cooling tower is in the shape of a hyperbola with equation 302 − 442 = 1.
The tower is 150𝑚 tall and the distance from the top of the tower to the centre of the hyperbola is half
the distance from the base of the tower to the centre of the hyperbola. Find the diameter of the top and
base of the tower
7. A rod of length 1.2𝑚 moves with its ends always touching the coordinate axes. The locus of a point
P on the rod, which is 0.3𝑚 from the end in contact with 𝑥 −axis is an ellipse. Find the eccentricity.
Sep 2020 – 5M
8. Assume that water issuing from the end of a horizontal pipe, 7.5𝑚 above the ground, describes a
parabolic path. The vertex of the parabolic path is at the end of the pipe. At a position 2.5𝑚 below the
line of the pipe, the flow of water has curved outward 3𝑚 beyond the vertical line through the end of
the pipe. How far beyond this vertical line will the water strike the ground? Mar 2020-5M
9. On lighting a rocket cracker it gets projected in a parabolic path and reaches a maximum height of
4𝑚 when it is 6𝑚 away from the point of projection. Finally it reaches the ground 12𝑚 away from the
starting point. Find the angle of projection. Aug 2021- 5M
10. Points 𝐴 and 𝐵 are 10𝑘𝑚 apart and it is determined from the sound of an explosion heard at those
points at different times that the location of the explosion is 6 𝑘𝑚 closer to 𝐴 than 𝐵. Show that the
location of the explosion is restricted to a particular curve and find an equation of it.
6. APPLICATION OF VECTOR ALGEBRA
Theorem1: If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑏3 𝑘̂ , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ = 𝑐1 𝑖̂ + 𝑐2 𝑗̂ + 𝑐3 𝑘̂, then
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
(𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗). 𝑐⃗ = |𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3 |
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐3
Theorem 2: For any three vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑐⃗, (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗). 𝑐⃗ = 𝑎⃗. (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗)
Theorem 3: The scalar triple product preserves addition and scalar multiplication
(i) [(𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗), 𝑐,
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑⃗ ] = [𝑎⃗, 𝑐,
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑⃗ ] + [𝑏, 𝑐,
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑⃗] (ii) [𝜆𝑎⃗, ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏, 𝑐⃗] = 𝜆[𝑎⃗, ⃗𝑏,
⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗], ∀ 𝜆 ∈ ℝ
(iii) [𝑎⃗, (𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗), 𝑑⃗] = [𝑎⃗,
⃗𝑏,
⃗⃗ 𝑑⃗] + [𝑎⃗, 𝑐,
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑⃗] ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗] = 𝜆[𝑎⃗, 𝑏,
(iv) [𝑎⃗, 𝜆𝑏, ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗], ∀ 𝜆 ∈ ℝ
(v) [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, (𝑐⃗ + 𝑑⃗)] = [𝑎⃗,
⃗𝑏,
⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗] + [𝑎⃗, ⃗𝑏,
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑⃗] (vi) [𝑎⃗, ⃗𝑏,
⃗⃗ 𝜆𝑐⃗] = 𝜆[𝑎⃗, 𝑏,⃗⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗], ∀ 𝜆 ∈ ℝ
Theorem 4: The scalar triple product of three non-zero vectors is zero if, and only if, the three vectors
are coplanar.
Theorem 5: Three vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are coplanar if, and only if, there exist scalars 𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ such that at
least one of them is non-zero and 𝑟𝑎⃗ + 𝑠𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑡𝑐⃗ = 0.
Theorem 6: If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ and 𝑝⃗, 𝑞⃗, 𝑟⃗ are any two system of three vectors, and if 𝑝⃗ = 𝑥1 𝑎⃗ + 𝑦1 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑧1 𝑐⃗,
𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑧1
𝑞⃗ = 𝑥2 𝑎⃗ + 𝑦2 𝑏 + 𝑧2 𝑐⃗ and 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥3 𝑎⃗ + 𝑦3 𝑏 + 𝑧3 𝑐⃗, then [𝑝⃗, 𝑞⃗, 𝑟⃗] = |𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2 | [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗]
⃗⃗ ⃗
⃗
𝑥3 𝑦3 𝑧3
Theorem 7: The vector triple product satisfies the following properties:
(𝑎 𝑎2 × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) 𝑎1 × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎2 × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗), (𝜆𝑎⃗) × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = 𝜆 (𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗)) , 𝜆 ∈ ℝ
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎⃗ × ((𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 × 𝑐⃗) + 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏
𝑏2 ) × 𝑐⃗) = 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 × 𝑐⃗), 𝑎⃗ × ((𝜆𝑏⃗⃗ ) × 𝑐⃗) = 𝜆 (𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗)) , 𝜆 ∈ ℝ
⃗⃗⃗𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × (𝑐⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗))

𝑐2 = 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗)
𝑐1 + 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗), 𝑎 × (𝑏⃗⃗ × (𝜆𝑐⃗)) = 𝜆 (𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗)) , 𝜆 ∈ ℝ
𝑐2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Theorem 8: For any three vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ we have 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = (𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑐⃗)𝑏⃗⃗ − (𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ )𝑐⃗
Theorem 9: (Jacobi’s Identity)For any three vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ we have 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) + 𝑏⃗⃗ × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗) +
𝑐⃗ × (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) = ⃗0⃗.
Theorem 10:(Lagrange’s Identity) For any four vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗ we have
⃗
(𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) ∙ (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = |𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑐⃗ 𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑑 |
𝑏⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑐⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑⃗
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Theorem 11: The vector equation of a straight line passing through a fixed point with position vector
𝑎⃗ and parallel to a given vector 𝑏⃗⃗ is 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑡𝑏⃗⃗, where 𝑡 ∈ ℝ.
Theorem 12: The parametric form of vector equation of a line passing through two given points
whose position vectors are 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ respectively is 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑡(𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗), where 𝑡 ∈ ℝ.
Theorem 13: The shortest distance between the two parallel lines 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑠𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑟⃗ = 𝑐⃗ + 𝑡𝑏⃗⃗ is given
⃗⃗|
|(𝑐−𝑎⃗⃗)×𝑏
by 𝑑 = ⃗⃗|
|𝑏
where |𝑏⃗⃗| ≠ 0.
Theorem 14: The shortest distance between the two skew lines 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑠𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑟⃗ = 𝑐⃗ + 𝑡𝑑⃗ is given
|(𝑐−𝑎⃗⃗)×(𝑏⃗⃗×𝑑⃗)|
by 𝛿 = |𝑏⃗⃗×𝑑⃗|
where |𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑑⃗| ≠ 0.
Theorem 15: The equation of the plane at a distance 𝑝 from the origin and perpendicular to the unit
normal vector 𝑑̂ is 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑑̂ = 𝑝.
Theorem 16: The general equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑 = 0 of first degree in 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 represents a plane.
Theorem 17: If three non-collinear points with position vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are given, then the vector
equation of the plane passing through the given points in parametric form is 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑠(𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗) +
𝑡(𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗), where ⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 ≠ ⃗0⃗, 𝑐⃗ ≠ ⃗0⃗ and 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ.
Theorem 18: The acute angle 𝜃 between the two planes 𝑟⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛1 = 𝑝1 and 𝑟⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛2 = 𝑝2 is given by
|𝑛
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗∙𝑛
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|
𝜃 = cos −1 (|𝑛⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗||𝑛
1 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|
)
1 2
Theorem 19:The acute angle 𝜃 between the two planes 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 + 𝑑1 = 0 and
|𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2 +𝑐1 𝑐2 |

𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 + 𝑑2 = 0 is given by 𝜃 = cos −1 ( ).
√𝑎12 +𝑏12 +𝑐12 √𝑎22 +𝑏22 +𝑐22
Theorem 20: The perpendicular distance from a point with position vector 𝑢
⃗⃗ to the plane 𝑟⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑝 is
|𝑢
⃗⃗∙𝑛
⃗⃗−𝑝|
given by 𝛿 = |𝑛
⃗⃗|
Theorem 21: The distance between two parallel planes 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 + 𝑑1 = 0 and 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 +
|𝑑1 −𝑑2 |
𝑑2 = 0 is given by .
√𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
Theorem 22: The vector equation of a plane which passes through the line of intersection of the
planes 𝑟⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑛2 = 𝑑2 is given by (𝑟⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛1 = 𝑑1 and 𝑟⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑛1 − 𝑑1 ) + 𝜆(𝑟⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛2 − 𝑑2 ) = 0, where 𝜆 ∈ ℝ.
Theorem 23: The position vector of the point of intersection of the straight line 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑡𝑏⃗⃗ and the
𝑝−(𝑎⃗⃗∙𝑛 ⃗⃗)
plane ⃗⃗⃗𝑟 ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑝 is 𝑎⃗ + ( ⃗𝑏⃗∙𝑛
⃗⃗
) 𝑏⃗⃗ , provided 𝑏⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗ ≠ 0
Ex:6.1 (Cosine formulae)With usual notations, in any triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, prove the following by vector
method. (i) 𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴 (ii) 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑐𝑎 cos 𝐵 (iii) 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
Ex:6.2 With usual notations, in any triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, prove the following by vector method.
(i) 𝑎 = 𝑏 cos 𝐶 + 𝑐 cos 𝐵 (ii) 𝑏 = 𝑐 cos 𝐴 + 𝑎 cos 𝐶 (iii) 𝑐 = 𝑎 cos 𝐵 + 𝑏 cos 𝐴
Ex:6.3 By vector method, prove that cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽. Mar2020-5M
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Ex:6.4 With usual notations, in any triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, prove by vector method that = sin 𝐵 = sin 𝐶 .
sin 𝐴
Sep 2020 – 3M
Ex:6.5 Prove by vector method that sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽.
Ex:6.6 (Apollonius's theorem): If 𝐷 is the midpoint of the side 𝐵𝐶 of a triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, show by vector
2 2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐴𝐶
method that |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = 2 (|𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗| + |𝐵𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | ).
Ex:6.7 Prove by vector method that the perpendiculars (attitudes) from the vertices to the opposite
sides of a triangle are concurrent.
Ex:6.8 In triangle, 𝐴𝐵𝐶, the points 𝐷, 𝐸, 𝐹 are the midpoints of the sides 𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐴 and 𝐴𝐵 respectively.
1
Using vector method, show that the area of ∆𝐷𝐸𝐹 is equal to 4 (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶).
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Ex:6.9 A particle acted upon by constant forces 2𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ and −𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ is displaced from the
point (4, −3, − 2) to the point (6,1, −3). Find the total work done by the forces.
Ex:6.10 A particle is acted upon by the forces 3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ is displaced from the point
(1,3, −1) to the point (4, −1, 𝜆 ) .If the work done by the forces is 16 units, find the value of 𝜆.
Ex:6.11 Find the magnitude and the direction cosines of the torque about the point (2, 0, − 1) of a
force 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ whose line of action passes through the origin. Mar2020 2M & May 2022 - 3M
Exercise 6.1
1. Prove by vector method that if a line is drawn from the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord,
then the line is perpendicular to the chord.
2. Prove by vector method that the median to the base of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular to the
base.
3. Prove by vector method that an angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
4. Prove by vector method that the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.
5. Using vector method, prove that if the diagonals of a parallelogram are equal, then it is a rectangle.
6. Prove by vector method that the area of the quadrilateral 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 having diagonals 𝐴𝐶and 𝐵𝐷is
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐷|.
2
7. Prove by vector method that the parallelograms on the same base and between the same parallels are
equal in area.
8. If 𝐺 is the centroid of a ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, prove that
1
(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓∆ 𝐺𝐴𝐵) = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐺𝐵𝐶) = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐺𝐶𝐴) = 3 (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶) .
9. Using vector method, prove that cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽. Sep2020 5M, July2022
5M, Aug 2021- 5M Mar 2023- 5M
10. Prove by vector method that sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽. May 2022 5M
11. A particle acted on by constant forces 8𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂ and 6𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ is displaced from the point
(1,2,3) to the point (5,4,1). Find the total work done by the forces. July-2022 3M
12. Forces of magnitudes 5√2 and 10√2 units acting in the directions 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ and 10𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 8𝑘̂ ,
respectively, act on a particle which is displaced from the point with position vector 4𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ to
the point with position vector 6𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂.Find the work done by the forces.
13. Find the magnitude and direction cosines of the torque of a force represented by 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂
about the point with position vector 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ acting through a point whose position vector is 4𝑖̂ +
2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂.
14. Find the torque of the resultant of the three forces represented by −3𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂, 4𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂ + 12𝑘̂
and 4𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ acting at the point with position vector 8𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ , about the point with position vector
̂
18𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 9𝑘.
Ex:6.12 If 𝑎⃗ = −3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, 𝑐⃗ = 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ , find 𝑎⃗ ∙ (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗)
Ex:6.13 Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are given by the vectors 2𝑖̂ −
3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂, 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂.
Ex:6.14 Show that the vectors 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂, 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ are coplanar.
Ex:6.15 If 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂, 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 𝑖̂ + 𝑚𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ are coplanar, find the value of 𝑚.
Ex:6.16 Show that the four points (6, −7, 0), (16, −19, −4), (0, 3, −6), (2, −5, 10) lie on a same
plane.
Ex:6.17 If the vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are coplanar, then prove that the vectors 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗, ⃗⃗⃗𝑏 + 𝑐⃗, ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 + 𝑎⃗ are also
coplanar.
Ex:6.18 If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are three vectors, prove that [𝑎⃗ + 𝑐⃗, 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗] = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗].
Exercise 6.2

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1. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂, ⃗⃗⃗𝑐 = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , find 𝑎⃗ ∙ (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗).
2. Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are represented by the vectors
−6𝑖̂ + 14𝑗̂ + 10𝑘̂, 14𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂ and 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂.
3. The volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are 7𝑖̂ + 𝜆𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ , 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂,
−3𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ is 90 cubic units. Find the value of 𝜆.
4. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are three non-coplanar vectors represented by concurrent edges of a parallelepiped of
volume 4 cubic units, find the value of (𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗) ∙ (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) + (𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗) ∙ (𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗) + (𝑐⃗ + 𝑎⃗) ∙ (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ ).
5. Find the altitude of a parallelepiped determined by the vectors 𝑎⃗ = −2𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂
and 𝑐⃗ = −3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ if the base is taken as the parallelogram determined by ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 and 𝑐⃗.
6. Determine whether the three vectors 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘, 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘 and 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ are coplanar.
̂ ̂
Aug 2021- 2M
7. Let 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ and 𝑐⃗ = 𝑐1 𝑖̂ + 𝑐2 𝑗̂ + 𝑐3 𝑘̂ . If 𝑐1 = 1 and 𝑐2 = 2 ,find 𝑐3 such that, 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗
and 𝑐⃗ are coplanar.
8. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + (1 − 𝑥)𝑘̂, 𝑐⃗ = 𝑦𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑗̂ + (1 + 𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑘̂, show that [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] depends on
neither 𝑥 nor 𝑦.
9. If the vectors 𝑎𝑖̂ + 𝑎𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂ , 𝑖̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑐𝑖̂ + 𝑐𝑗̂ + 𝑏𝑘̂ are coplanar, prove that 𝑐 is the geometric mean
of 𝑎 and b.
10. Let 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ be three non-zero vectors such that 𝑐⃗⃗⃗ is a unit vector perpendicular to both 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗. If
𝜋 1 2 2
the angle between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ is 6 , show that [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] = 4 |𝑎⃗|2 |𝑏⃗⃗| .
2
Ex:6.19 Prove that [𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗] = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] .
Ex:6.20 Prove that (𝑎⃗ ∙ (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗)) 𝑎⃗ = (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑎⃗ × 𝑐⃗).
Ex:6.21 For any four vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗ we have
(𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑐⃗ − [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗]𝑑⃗ = [𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑏⃗⃗ − [𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑎⃗
Ex:6.22 If 𝑎⃗ = −2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂, 𝑐⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, find (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × 𝑐⃗ and 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗).
State whether they are equal.
Ex:6.23 If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂, 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂, 𝑐⃗ = 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and 𝑑⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , verify that
(i)(𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ , 𝑑⃗]𝑐⃗ − [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗]𝑑⃗ (ii)(𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = [𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑏⃗⃗ − [𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑎⃗
Exercise 6.3
1. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂, 𝑐⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , find (i) (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × 𝑐⃗ (ii) 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗)
⃗⃗ × (𝑎⃗ × 𝑘
2. For any vector 𝑎⃗, prove that 𝑖⃗ × (𝑎⃗ × 𝑖⃗) + 𝑗⃗ × (𝑎⃗ × 𝑗⃗) + 𝑘 ⃗⃗ ) = 2𝑎⃗.
3. Prove that [𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗] = 0.
4. If 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂, 𝑐⃗ = −𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂, verify that
(i) (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × 𝑐⃗ = (𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑐⃗)𝑏⃗⃗ − (𝑏⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑐⃗)𝑎⃗ (ii) 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = (𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑐⃗)𝑏⃗⃗ − (𝑎⃗ ∙ 𝑏⃗⃗ )𝑐⃗
5. 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗⃗ = −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂, 𝑐⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ then find the value of (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) ∙ (𝑎⃗ × 𝑐⃗)
6. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗ are coplanar vectors, then show that (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = ⃗0⃗
7. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, 𝑐⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = 𝑙𝑎⃗ + 𝑚𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑛𝑐⃗, find the
values of 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛.
1
8. If 𝑎̂, 𝑏̂, 𝑐̂ are three unit vectors such that 𝑏̂ and 𝑐̂ are non-parallel and 𝑎̂ × (𝑏̂ × 𝑐̂ ) = 2 𝑏̂ , find the
angle between 𝑎̂ and 𝑐̂ . Sep 2020 – 2M
Ex:6.24 A straight line passes through the point (1, 2, −3) and parallel to 4𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 7𝑘̂ . Find (i) vector
equation in parametric form (ii) vector equation in non-parametric form (iii) Cartesian equations of the
straight line.
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Ex:6.25 The vector equation in parametric form of a line is 𝑟⃗ = (3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂) .
Find (i) the direction cosines of the straight line (ii) vector equation in non-parametric form of the line
(iii) Cartesian equations of the line.
Ex:6.26 Find the vector equation in parametric form and Cartesian equations of the line passing
–𝑥−2 𝑦+3 2𝑧−6
through (−4, 2, −3) and is parallel to the line = =
4 −2 3
Ex:6.27 Find the vector equation in parametric form and Cartesian equations of a straight passing
through the points (−5, 7, − 4) and (13, −5, 2). Find the point where the straight line crosses the 𝑥𝑦-
plane. Mar2020-3M
𝑥+3 𝑦−1
Ex:6.28 Find the angle between the straight line =
= −𝑧 with coordinate axes. Mar2023- 3M
2 2
Ex:6.29 Find the acute angle between the lines 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) and the straight
line passing through the points (5,1,4) and (9,2,12).
𝑥−4 𝑦 𝑧+1 𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧−2
Ex:6.30 Find the acute angle between the straight lines = = and = = and state
2 1 −2 4 −4 2
whether they are parallel or perpendicular. July-2022 2M
Ex:6.31 Show that the straight line passing through the points 𝐴 (6, 7, 5) and 𝐵(8, 10, 6) is
perpendicular to the straight line passing through the points 𝐶(10, 2, −5) and 𝐷(8, 3, −4).
𝑥−1 2−𝑦 𝑧−4 𝑥−3 𝑦−3 5−𝑧
Ex:6.32 Show that the lines = = and = = are parallel.
4 6 12 −2 3 6
Exercise 6.4
1. Find the non-parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of the straight line passing
through the point with position vector 4𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 7𝑘̂ and parallel to the vector 2𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂.
2. Find the parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of the straight line passing
𝑥−1 𝑦+3 8−𝑧
through the point (−2,3,4) and parallel to the straight line = = .
−4 5 6
3. Find the points where the straight line passes through (6, 7, 4) and (8, 4, 9) cuts the 𝑥𝑧 and 𝑦𝑧
planes.
4. Find the direction cosines of the straight line passing through the points (5, 6, 7) and (7, 9, 13).
Also, find the parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of the straight line passing
through two given points.
5. Find the acute angle between the following lines.
(i) 𝑟⃗ = (4𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂), 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂) + 𝑠(−𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ )
(ii)
𝑥+4 𝑦−7 𝑧+5
= = , 𝑟⃗ = 4𝑘̂ + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) (iii)2𝑥 = 3𝑦 = −𝑧 and 6𝑥 = −𝑦 = −4𝑧
3 4 5
6. The vertices of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 are 𝐴(7, 2, 1), 𝐵(6, 0, 3), and 𝐶(4, 2, 4) . Find ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶
7. If the straight line joining the points (2, 1, 4) and ( 𝑎 − 1, 4, − 1) is parallel to the line joining the
points (0, 2, 𝑏 − 1) and (5, 3, −2), find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏.
𝑥−5 2−𝑦 1−𝑧 2𝑦+1 1−𝑧
8. If the straight lines 5𝑚+2 = = and 𝑥 = = are perpendicular to each other, find the
5 −1 4𝑚 −3
value of 𝑚.
9. Show that the points (2, 3, 4), (−1, 4, 5) and (8, 1, 2) are collinear.
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−4 𝑦−1
Ex:6.33 Find the point of intersection of the lines = = and = = 𝑧.
2 3 4 5 2
Ex:6.34 Find the parametric form of a vector equation of a straight line passing through the point of
𝑥−2 𝑦−4 𝑧+3
intersection of the straight lines 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) and = = , and 1 2 4
perpendicular to both straight lines.
Ex:6.35 Determine whether the pair of straight lines 𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂),
𝑟⃗ = (2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂) + 𝑠(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂) are parallel. Find the shortest distance between them.
Ex:6.36 Find the shortest distance between the two given straight lines

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𝑥−3 𝑦 𝑧+2
𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(−2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂) and = −1 = .
2 2
Ex:6.37 Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (−1, 2, 3) to the
straight line 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂). Also, find the shortest distance from the point to
the straight line.
Exercise 6.5
1. Find the parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of a straight line passing
through(5, 2, 8) and is perpendicular to the straight lines 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(2𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) and 𝑟⃗ =
(2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂).
2. Show that the lines 𝑟⃗ = (6𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) + 𝑠(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂) and 𝑟⃗ = (3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ )
are skew lines and hence find the shortest distance between them.
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧−1 𝑥−3 𝑦−𝑚
3. If the two lines = = and = = 𝑧 intersect at a point, find the value of 𝑚.
2 3 4 1 2
𝑥−3 𝑦−3 𝑥−6 𝑧−1
4. Show that the lines = , 𝑧 − 1 = 0 and = , 𝑦 − 2 = 0, intersect. Also find the point
3 −1 2 3
of intersection.
5. Show that the straight lines 𝑥 + 1 = 2𝑦 = −12𝑧 and 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2 = 6𝑧 − 6 are skew and hence find
the shortest distance between them.
6. Find the parametric form of vector equation of the straight line passing through (−1, 2, 1) and
parallel to the straight line 𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) and hence find the shortest distance
between the lines.
𝑥+1 𝑦−3 𝑧−1
7. Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (5, 4, 2) to the line = = . Also,
2 3 −1
find the equation of the perpendicular.
Ex:6.38 Find the vector and Cartesian form of the equations of a plane which is at a distance of 12
units from the origin and perpendicular to 6𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ .
Ex:6.39 If the Cartesian equation of a plane is 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −8 , find the vector equation of the
plane in the standard form.
Ex:6.40 Find the direction cosines of the normal to the plane and length of the perpendicular from the
origin to the plane 𝑟⃗ ∙ (3𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 12𝑘̂) = 5.
Ex:6.41 Find the vector and Cartesian equations of the plane passing through the point with position
vector 4𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ and normal to vector 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
Ex:6.42 A variable plane moves in such a way that the sum of the reciprocals of its intercepts on the
coordinate axes is a constant. Show that the plane passes through a fixed point.
Exercise 6.6
1. Find the vector equation of a plane which is at a distance of 7 units from the origin having
3, −4, 5 as direction ratios of a normal to it. Mar 2023- 2M
2. Find the direction cosines of the normal to the plane 12𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 65. Also,find the non
parametric form of vector equation of a plane and the length of the perpendicular to the plane from the
origin.
3. Find the vector and Cartesian equations of the plane passing through the point with position vector
2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and normal to the vector 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂.
4. A plane passes through the point (− 1, 1, 2) and the normal to the plane of magnitude 3√3 makes
equal acute angles with the coordinate axes. Find the equation of the plane.
5. Find the intercepts cut off by the plane 𝑟⃗ ∙ (6𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂) = 12 on the coordinate axes.
6. If a plane meets the coordinate axes at 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 such that the centriod of the triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is the point
(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤), find the equation of the plane.
Ex:6.43 Find the non-parametric form of vector equation, and Cartesian equation of the plane passing
through the point (0, 1, −5) and parallel to the straight lines 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂) + 𝑠(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂)

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and 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂). Mar2020-5M

Ex:6.44 Find the vector parametric, vector non-parametric and Cartesian form of the equation of the
plane passing through the points (−1, 2, 0), (2, 2, −1) and parallel to the straight line
𝑥−1 2𝑦+1 𝑧+1
= = .
1 2 −1
Exercise 6.7
1. Find the non-parametric form of vector equation, and Cartesian equation of the plane passing
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧−3 𝑥+3 𝑦−3 𝑧+1
through the point (2, 3, 6) and parallel to the straight lines = = and = = .
2 3 1 2 −5 −3
2. Find the parametric form of vector equation, and Cartesian equations of the plane passing through
the points (2, 2, 1), (9, 3, 6)and perpendicular to the plane 2𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 9. May 2022 - 5M
3. Find parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of the plane passing through the
points(2, 2, 1), (1, − 2, 3) and parallel to the straight line passing through the points (2, 1, −3) and
(−1, 5, −8).
4. Find the non-parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equation of the plane passing
through the point (1, −2, 4) and perpendicular to the plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 11 and parallel to the line
𝑥+7 𝑦+3 𝑧
= = 1. Sep 2020 – 5M
3 −1
5. Find the parametric form of vector equation, and Cartesian equations of the plane containing the
line 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂) and perpendicular to plane 𝑟⃗ ∙ (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) = 8.
Mar 2023- 5M
6. Find the parametric vector, non-parametric vector and Cartesian form of the equations of the plane
passing through the three non-collinear points (3, 6, −2), (−1, −2, 6), and (6, 4, −2).
7. Find the non-parametric form of vector equation, and Cartesian equations of the plane
𝑟⃗ = (6𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) + 𝑠(−𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) + 𝑡(−5𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂).
𝑥−3 𝑦−4 𝑧+3
Ex:6.45 Verify whether the line = = lies in the plane 5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 8.
−4 −7 12
Ex:6.46 Show that the lines 𝑟⃗ = (−𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂) + 𝑠(3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ ) and 𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂) +
𝑡(𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂) are coplanar. Also, find the non-parametric form of vector equation of the plane
containing these lines.
Exercise 6.8
1. Show that the straight lines 𝑟⃗ = (5𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂) + 𝑠(4𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂) and 𝑟⃗ = (8𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) +
𝑡(7𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂) are coplanar. Find the vector equation of the plane in which they lie.
𝑥−2 𝑦−3 𝑧−4 𝑥−1 𝑦−4 𝑧−5
2. Show that the lines = = and = = are coplanar. Also, find the plane
1 1 3 −3 2 1
containing these lines.
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−3 𝑦−2 𝑧−1
3. If the straight lines = = and = = are coplanar, find the distinct real
1 2 𝑚2 1 𝑚2 2
values of 𝑚.
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧 𝑥+1 𝑦+1 𝑧
4. If the straight lines = = 2 and = = 𝜆 are coplanar, find 𝜆 and equations of the
2 𝜆 5 2
planes containing these two lines.
Ex:6.47 Find the acute angle between the planes 𝑟⃗ ∙ (2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) = 11 and 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 15.
Ex:6.48 Find the angle between the straight line 𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) and the plane 2𝑥 −
𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5.
Ex:6.49 Find the distance of a point (2, 5, −3) from the plane 𝑟⃗ ∙ (6𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) = 5.
Ex:6.50 Find the distance of the point (5, −5, −10) from the point of intersection of a straight line
passing through the points 𝐴(4, 1, 2) and 𝐵(7, 5, 4) with the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5.
Ex:6.51 Find the distance between the parallel planes 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 1 = 0 and 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 4𝑧 + 5 = 0
Ex:6.52 Find the distance between the planes 𝑟⃗ ∙ (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂) = 6 and 𝑟⃗ ∙ (6𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂) = 27.
Ex:6.53 Find the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes
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𝑟⃗ ∙ (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) + 1 = 0 and 𝑟⃗ ∙ (2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) = 2 and the point (−1, 2, 1).
Ex:6.54 Find the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 + 7 = 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 5 = 0 and is perpendicular to the plane 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 − 5 = 0.
Ex:6.55 Find the image of the point whose position vector is 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ in the plane
𝑟⃗ ∙ (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂) = 38.
Ex:6.56 Find the coordinates of the point where the straight line 𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ )
intersects the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 5 = 0.
Exercise 6.9
1. Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes
𝑟⃗ ∙ (2𝑖̂ − 7𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂) = 3 and 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 11 = 0 , and the point (−2, 1, 3) .
2.Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2
2
and 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 11 = 3 , and at a distance √3 from the point (3, 1, −1).
3. Find the angle between the line 𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂) and the plane
𝑟⃗ ∙ (6𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) = 8.
4. Find the angle between the planes 𝑟⃗ ∙ (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂) = 3 and 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2.
5. Find the equation of the plane which passes through the point (3, 4, −1) and is parallel to the plane
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 + 7 = 0. Also, find the distance between the two planes.
6. Find the length of the perpendicular from the point (1, −2, 3) to the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5
𝑦
7. Find the point of intersection of the line 𝑥 − 1 = 2 = 𝑧 + 1 with the plane 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2. Also,
find the angle between the line and the plane.
8. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular and length of the perpendicular from the point
(4, 3, 2) to the plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2.
7. APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Theorem 1: Intermediate Value Theorem. Theorem 2: Rolle’s Theorem
Theorem 3: Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem (or) Rotated Rolle’s Theorem.
Theorem 4: If 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous in [𝑎, 𝑏] and differentiable in (𝑎, 𝑏) and if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0, ∀ 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏),
then for 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏], such that 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 we have, 𝑓(𝑥1 ) < 𝑓(𝑥2 ).
Theorem 5: Taylor’s Series and Maclaurin’s Series
Theorem 6: Limit of a composite function theorem.
Theorem 7: Extreme Value Theorem. Theorem 8: Fermat Theorem.
Theorem 9: First Derivative test. Theorem 10: Test of Concavity.
Theorem 11: Test for Points of Inflection. Theorem 12: The Second derivative test.
2
Ex:7.1 For the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ [0,2] compute the average rate of changes in the subintervals
[0, 0.5], [0.5, 1], [1, 1.5], [1.5, 2] and the instantaneous rate of changes at the points 𝑥 =0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.
Ex:7.2 The temperature T in Celsius in a long rod of length 10m, insulated at both ends, is a function
of length 𝑥 given by 𝑇 = 𝑥(10 − 𝑥). Prove that the rate of change of temperature at the midpoint of
the rod is zero.
Ex:7.3 A person learnt 100 words for an English test. The number of words the person remembers in t
days after learning is given by 𝑊(𝑡) = 100 × (1 − 0.1𝑡)2 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 10. What is the rate at which the
person forgets the words 2 days after learning?
𝑡3
Ex:7.4 A particle moves so that the distance moved is according to the law 𝑠(𝑡) = − 𝑡 2 + 3. At
3
what time the velocity and acceleration are zero respectively?
Ex:7.5 A particle is fired straight up from the ground to reach a height s feet in t seconds, where
𝑠(𝑡) = 128𝑡 − 16𝑡 2 . (i) Compute the maximum height of the particle reached. (ii) What is the
velocity when the particle hits the ground? July-2022 5M
Ex:7.6 A particle moves along a horizontal line such that its position at any time 𝑡 ≥ 0 is given by

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𝑠(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 − 6𝑡 2 + 9𝑡 + 1, where s is measured in meters and t in seconds. (i) At what time the
particle is at rest? (ii) At what time the particle changes its direction? (iii) Find the total distance
travelled by the particle in the first 2 seconds?
Ex:7.7 If we blow air into a balloon of spherical shape at a rate of 1000𝑐𝑚3 per second, at what rate
the radius of the balloon changes when the radius is 7cm? Also compute the rate at which the surface
area changes.
Ex:7.8 The price of a product is related to the number of units available (supply) by the equation 𝑃𝑥 +
3𝑃 − 16𝑥 = 234, where P is the price of the product per unit in Rupees(Rs) and x is the number of
units. Find the rate at which the price is changing with respect to time when 90 units are available
and the supply is increasing at a rate of 15units/week.
Ex:7.9 Salt is poured from a conveyer belt at a rate of 30 cubic meter per minute forming a conical
pile with a circular base whose height and diameter of base are always equal. How fast is the height of
the pile increasing when the pile is 10 metre high?
Ex:7.10 A road running north to south crosses a road going east to west at the point P. Car A is
driving north along the first road, and car B is driving east along the second road. At a particular time
car A is 10 kilometers to the north of P and travelling at 80km/hr, while car B is 15 kilometers to the
east of P and travelling at 100km/hr. How fast is the distance between the two cars changing?
Exercise 7.1
1. A particle moves along a straight line in such a way that after t seconds its distance from the origin
is 𝑠 = 2𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 meters. (i) Find the average velocity between 𝑡 = 3 and 𝑡 = 6 seconds. (ii) Find the
instantaneous velocities at 𝑡 = 3 and 𝑡 = 6 seconds.
2. A camera is accidentally knocked off an edge of a cliff 400 ft high. The camera falls a distance of
𝑠 = 16𝑡 2 in t seconds. (i) How long does the camera fall before it hits the ground? (ii) What is the
average velocity with which the camera falls during the last 2 seconds? (iii) What is the instantaneous
velocity of the camera when it hits the ground? Aug 2021- 5M
3. A particle moves along a line according to the law 𝑠(𝑡) = 2𝑡 3 − 9𝑡 2 + 12𝑡 − 4, where 𝑡 ≥ 0. (i)At
what times the particle changes direction? (ii)Find the total distance travelled by the particle in the first
4 seconds? (iii)Find the particle’s acceleration each time the velocity is zero.
4. If the volume of a cube of side length 𝑥 is 𝑣 = 𝑥 3 . Find the rate of change of the volume with
respect to 𝑥 when 𝑥 = 5 units.
5. If the mass 𝑚(𝑥) (in kilograms) of a thin rod of length 𝑥 (in meters) is given by, 𝑚(𝑥) = √3𝑥 then
what is the rate of change of mass with respect to the length when it is 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑥 = 27 meters.
6. A stone is dropped into a pond causing ripples in the form of concentric circles. The radius 𝑟 of the
outer ripple is increasing at a constant rate at 2cm per second. When the radius is 5cm find the rate of
changing of the total area of the disturbed water?
7. A beacon makes one revolution every 10 seconds. It is located on a ship which is anchored 5km
from a straight shore line. How fast is the beam moving along the shore line when it makes an angle of
45𝑜 with the shore?
8. A conical water tank with vertex down of 12 meters height has a radius of 5 meters at the top. If
water flows into the tank at a rate 10 cubic m/min, how fast is the depth of the water increases when
the water is 8 meters deep?
9. A ladder 17 meter long is against the wall. The base of the ladder is pulled away from the wall at a
rate of 5m/s. When the base of the ladder is 8 meters from the wall, (i) how fast is the top of the ladder
moving down the wall? (ii) at what rate, the area of the triangle formed by the ladder, wall, and the
floor, is changing?
10. A police jeep, approaching an orthogonal intersection from the northern direction, is chasing a
speeding car that has turned and moving straight east. When the jeep is 0.6 km north of the
intersection and the car is 0.8 km to the east. The police determine with a radar that the distance

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between them and the car is increasing at 20 km/hr. If the jeep is moving at 60km/hr at the instant of
measurement, what is the speed of the car? Mar2020-5M
2
Ex:7.11 Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2 at the point (1,2).
Mar 2023- 2M
Ex:7.12 Find the points on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 at which the tangent is parallel to the line
𝑦 = 𝑥. May 2022 - 2M
Ex:7.13 Find the equation of the tangent and normal at any point to the Lissajous curve given by 𝑥 =
2𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 and 𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ.
Ex:7.14 Find the angle between 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)2.
Ex:7.15 Find the angle between the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 at their points of intersection (0,0) and
(1,1). May 2022 - 5M
Ex:7.16 Find the angle of intersection of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 with the positive 𝑥-axis.
Ex:7.17 If the curves 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 1 and 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 = 1 intersect each other orthogonally then,
1 1 1 1
show that − = − .
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
Ex:7.18 Prove that the ellipse 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 8 and the hyperbola 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 = 4 intersect orthogonally.
Mar 2023- 5M
Exercise 7.2
1. Find the slope of the tangent to the following curves at the respective given points.
𝜋
(i) 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 1 (ii) 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡 at 𝑡 = 2 .
2. Find the point on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4 at which the tangent is parallel to the line 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7.
Aug 2021- 3M
3. Find the points on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 3 where the normal is parallel to the line
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1729.
4. Find the points on the curve 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 5 for which the tangent is horizontal.
5. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curves at the given points on the curve
(i) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4 at (1,0) July-2022 2M (ii) 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑒 𝑥 at (0,2)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(iii) 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 at ( 2 , 2 ) (iv) 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 at 𝑡 = 3 .
6. Find the equations of the tangents to the curve 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 3 for which the tangent is orthogonal with
the line 𝑥 + 12𝑦 = 12.
𝑥+1
7. Find the equations of the tangents to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥−1 which are parallel to the line 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 6.
8. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve given by 𝑥 = 7𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ at
any point on the curve.
9. Find the angle between the rectangular hyperbola 𝑥𝑦 = 2 and the parabola 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 = 0.
10. Show that the two curves 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 and 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 2 where 𝑐, 𝑟 are constants, cut orthogonally.
Ex:7.19 Compute the value of ‘c’ satisfied by the Rolle’s theorem for the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)2 , 𝑥 ∈ [0,1].
1
Ex:7.20 Find the value in the interval (2 , 2) satisfied by the Rolle’s theorem for the function
1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ [2 , 2]. Mar2020-2M
𝑥 2 +6
Ex:7.21 Compute the value of ‘c’ satisfied by the Rolle’s theorem for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
5𝑥
in the interval [2,3].
Ex:7.22 Without actually solving show that the equation 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 2 = 0 has only one real root in
the interval (0,1).
Ex:7.23 Prove using Rolle’s theorem that between any two distinct real zeros of the polynomial
𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 there is a zero of the polynomial 𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1.

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Ex:7.24 Prove that there is a zero of the polynomial, 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 12 in the interval (2,7)
given that 2 and 7 are the zeros of the polynomial 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 − 11𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 + 28.
Ex:7.25 Find the values in the interval (1,2) of the mean value theorem satisfied by the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 for 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2.
Ex:7.26 A truck travels on a toll road with a speed limit of 80 km/hr. The truck completes a 164 km
journey in 2 hours. At the end of the toll road the trucker is issued with a speed violation notice.
Justify this using the Mean Value Theorem.
Ex:7.27 Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) is a differentiable function for all 𝑥 with 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≤ 29 and 𝑓(2) = 17. What is
the maximum value of 𝑓(7)?
Ex:7.28 Prove, using mean value theorem, that |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽| ≤ |𝛼 − 𝛽|, 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ ℝ.
Ex:7.29 A thermometer was taken from a freezer and placed in a boiling water. It took 22 seconds for
the thermometer to raise from −10𝑜 𝐶 to 100𝑜 𝐶. Show that the rate of change of temperature at some
time 𝑡 is 5𝑜 𝐶 per second.
Exercise 7.3
1. Explain why Rolle’s theorem is not applicable to the following functions in the respective intervals.
1
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| , 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 1] (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ [0, 𝜋] (iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ [2,7]..
2. Using the Rolle’s theorem, determine the values of 𝑥 at which the tangent is parallel to the 𝑥-axis
for the following functions:
𝑥 2 −2𝑥 𝑥
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ [0, 1] (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 6] (iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 3 , 𝑥 ∈ [0, 9]
𝑥+2
3. Explain why Lagrange’s mean value theorem is not applicable to the following functions in the
𝑥+1
respective intervals: (i) 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 2] (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = |3𝑥 + 1|, 𝑥 ∈ [−1,3]
𝑥
4. Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem determine the values of 𝑥 at which the tangent is parallel to
the secant line at the end points of the given interval
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 2, 𝑥 ∈ [−2,2] (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 7), 𝑥 ∈ [3,11]
1
5. Show that the value in the conclusion of the mean value theorem for (i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 on the closed
𝑎+𝑏
interval of the positive numbers [𝑎, 𝑏] is √𝑎𝑏. (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 on any interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is .
2
6. A race car driver is racing at 20𝑡ℎ km. If his speed never exceeds 150 km/hr, what is the maximum
distance he can cover in the next two hours.
7. Suppose that for a function 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≤ 1 for all 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4. Show that 𝑓(4) − 𝑓(1) ≤ 3.
8. Does there exist a differentiable function 𝑓(𝑥) such that 𝑓(0) = −1, 𝑓(2) = 4 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≤ 2 for all
𝑥. Justify your answer.
−𝜋
9. Show that there lies a point on the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)𝑒 2 , −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0 where tangent drawn is
parallel to the 𝑥-axis.
10. Using mean value theorem prove that for , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0, |𝑒 −𝑎 − 𝑒 −𝑏 | < |𝑎 − 𝑏|.
Ex:7.30 Expand log(1 + 𝑥) as a Maclaurin’s series upto 4 non-zero terms for −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1.
−𝜋 𝜋
Ex:7.31 Expand 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 in ascending powers of 𝑥 upto 5𝑡ℎ power for 2 < 𝑥 < 2 .
1
Ex:7.32 Write the Taylor series expansion of about 𝑥 = 2 by finding the first three non-zero terms.
𝑥
Exercise 7.4
1. Write the Maclaurin series expansion of the following functions:
(i) 𝑒 𝑥 (ii) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (iii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (iv) log(1 − 𝑥) ; −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 1 (v) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ; −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 (vi) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
2. Write down the Taylor series expansion, of the function 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 about 𝑥 = 1 upto three non-zero
terms for 𝑥 > 0.
𝜋
3. Expand 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 in ascending powers 𝑥 − 4 upto three non-zero terms.
4. Expand the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 in powers of 𝑥 − 1.

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𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2 𝑥 𝑛 −𝑎𝑛
Ex:7.33 Evaluate lim (𝑥 2−4𝑥+3) Ex:7.34 Compute the limit lim ( )
𝑥→1 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
sin 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑥
Ex:7.35 Evaluate the limit lim ( ) Sep 2020 – 2M Ex:7.36 Evaluate the lmit lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 2
1−cos 𝑚𝜃 log (1−𝑥)
Ex:7.37 If lim ( 1−cos 𝑛𝜃 ) = 1, then prove that 𝑚 = ±𝑛. Ex:7.38 Evaluate lim− ( cot (𝜋𝑥) ).
𝜃→0 𝑥→1
1 1
Ex:7.39 Evaluate lim+ (𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 −1). Ex:7.40 Evaluate lim+𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥. July-2022 3M
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
𝑥 2 +17𝑥+29 𝑒𝑥
Ex:7.41 Evaluate lim ( ). Ex:7.42 Evaluate lim (𝑥 𝑚 ) , 𝑚 ∈ 𝑁. Aug 2021- 2M
𝑥→∞ 𝑥4 𝑥→∞
1
Ex:7.43 Using the L’Hopital rule, prove that lim+(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑒. 𝑥
𝑥→0
1 1
Ex:7.44 Evaluate lim (1 + 2𝑥) 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 . Ex:7.45 Evaluate lim 𝑥 1−𝑥 .
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→1
Exercise 7.5
Evaluate the following limits, if necessary use L’Hospital rule:
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2𝑥 2 −3 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
1. lim 2. lim May 2022 - 3M 3. lim 4. lim
𝜋−
5. lim 𝑒 −𝑥 √𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+3 𝑥→∞ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑥→ tan 𝑥 𝑥→∞
2
1 1 2 𝑥 1 𝑥
6. lim (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥) 7. lim+ (𝑥 2−1 − 𝑥−1) 8. lim+ 𝑥 𝑥 9. lim (1 + 𝑥) 10. lim𝜋(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→1 𝑥→0 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→
2
1
11. lim+ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑥2
𝑥→0
12. If an initial amount 𝐴0 of money is invested at an interest rate 𝑟 compounded 𝑛 times a year, the
𝑟
value of the investment after 𝑡 years is 𝐴 = 𝐴0 (1 + 𝑛)𝑛𝑡 . If the interest is compounded
continuously,(that is as 𝑛 → ∞), show that the amount after 𝑡 years is 𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 𝑟𝑡 .
Ex:7.46 Prove that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2 is strictly increasing in the interval (2,7) and strictly
decreasing in the interval (−2,0).
Ex:7.47 Prove that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 is strictly increasing in (2, ∞).
Ex:7.48 Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 on [−3,2].
Ex:7.49 Find the absolute extrema of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 on the closed interval [0,2𝜋].
Ex:7.50 Find the intervals of monotonicity and hence find the local extrema for the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4.
Ex:7.51 Find the intervals of monotonicity and hence find the local extrema for the function
2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 .
Ex:7.52 Prove that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 is increasing on the real line. Also discuss for the
existence of local extrema.
𝑥
Ex:7.53 Discuss the monotonicity and local extrema of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = log(1 + 𝑥) − 1+𝑥 , 𝑥 >
𝑥
−1 and hence find the domain where, log(1 + 𝑥) > 1+𝑥.
Ex:7.54 Find the intervals of monotonicity and local extrema of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 3𝑥.
1
Ex:7.55 Find the intervals of monotonicity and local extrema of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 1+𝑥 2 .
𝑥
Ex:7.56 Find the intervals of monotonicity and local extrema of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 1+𝑥 2 .
Exercise 7.6
1. Find the absolute extrema of the following functions on the given closed interval.
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 10; [1,2] Sep 2020 – 3M (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 ; [−1,2]
4 1
𝜋
(iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 3 ; [−1,1] (iv) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥; [0, 2 ]
2. Find the intervals of monotonicities and hence find the local extremum for the following functions:
𝑥 𝑒𝑥
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−5 (iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 1−𝑒 𝑥

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𝑥3
(iv) 𝑓(𝑥) = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 (v) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 5, 𝑥 ∈ (0,2𝜋)
3
Ex:7.57 Determine the intervals of concavity of the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥 − 5), 𝑥 ∈ ℝ and,
points of inflection if any.
Ex:7.58 Determine the intervals of concavity of the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.
Ex:7.59 Find the local extremum of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 32𝑥.
Ex:7.60 Find the local extrema of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 6 − 6𝑥 4 . May 2022 - 5M
Ex:7.61 Find the local maximum and minimum of the function 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 on the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10.
Exercise 7.7
1. Find intervals of concavity and points of inflexion for the following fuctions:
1
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 − 4)3 (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋 (iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
2. Find the local extrema for the following fuctions using second derivative test:
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = −3𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 3 (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 (iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 −2𝑥
3. For the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1 find the intervals of monotonicity, local extrema,
intervals of concavity and points of inflexion.
Ex:7.62 We have a 12 square unit piece of thin material and want to make an open box by cutting
small squares from the corners of our material and folding the sides up. The question is, which cut
produces the box of maximum value?
Ex:7.63 Find the points on the unit circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 nearest and farthest from (1,1).
Ex:7.64 A steel plant is capable of producing 𝑥 tonnes per day of a low-grade steel and 𝑦 tonnes per
40−5𝑥
day of a high-grade steel, where 𝑦 = . If the fixed market price of low-grade steel is half that of
10−𝑥
high-grade steel, then what should be optimal productions in low-grade steel and high-grade steel in
order to have maximum receipts.
Ex:7.65 Prove that among all the rectangles of the given area square has the least perimeter.
Exercise 7.8
1. Find two positive numbers whose sum is 12 and their product is maximum.
2. Find two positive numbers whose product is 20 and their sum is minimum. Aug 2021- 5M
3. Find the smallest positive value of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 given that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10.
4. A garden is to be laid out in a rectangular area and protected by wire fence. What is the largest
possible area of the fenced garden with 40 meters of wire.
5. A rectangular page is to contain 24 𝑐𝑚2 of print. The margins at the top and bottom of the page are
1.5 cm and the margins at other sides of the page is 1 cm. What should be the dimensions of the page
so that the area of the paper used is minimum.
6. A farmer plans to fence a rectangular pasture adjacent to a river. The pasture must contain 1,80,000
sq.mtrs in order to provide enough grass for herds. No fencing is needed along the river. What is the
length of the minimum needed fencing material?
7. Find the dimensions of the rectangle with maximum area that can be inscribed in a circle of radius
10 cm.
8. Prove that among all the rectangles of the given perimeter, the square has the maximum area.
Sep 2020 – 5M & July-2022 5M
9. Find the dimensions of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a semi circle of radius 𝑟 cm.
10. A manufacturer wants to design an open box having a square base and a surface area of 108 sq.cm.
Determine the dimensions of the box for the maximum volume.
11. The volume of a cylinder is given by the formula 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ. Find the greatest and least values of
𝑉 if 𝑟 + ℎ = 6.
12. A hollow cone with base radius 𝑎 cm and height 𝑏 cm is placed on a table. Show that the volume
4
of the largest cylinder that can be hidden underneath is times volume of the cone.
9

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1
Ex:7.66 Find the asymptotes of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 .
𝑥 2 −6𝑥+7
Ex:7.67 Find the slant (oblique) asymptote for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = .
𝑥+5
2𝑥 2 −8
Ex:7.68 Find the asymptotes of the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −16.
Ex:7.69 Sketch the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6.
Ex:7.70 Sketch the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 − 9.
𝑥 2 −3𝑥 3𝑥
Ex:7.71 Sketch the curve 𝑦 = Ex:7.72 Sketch the graph of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 −1
𝑥−1
Exercise 7.9
1. Find the asymptotes of the following curves:
𝑥2 𝑥2 3𝑥 𝑥 2 −6𝑥−1 𝑥 2 +6𝑥−4
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −1 (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1 (iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 (iv) 𝑓(𝑥) = (v) 𝑓(𝑥) =
+2 𝑥+3 3𝑥−6
2. Sketch the graphs of the following functions:
−1 𝑥 2 +1 1 𝑥3
(i) 𝑦 = (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 2) (ii) 𝑦 = 𝑥√4 − 𝑥 (iii) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 −4 (iv) 𝑦 = 1+𝑒 −𝑥 (v) 𝑦 = 24 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
3
8.DIFFERENTIALS AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
Theorem 8.1: Clairaut’s Theorem. Theorem 8.2: Euler’s Theorem.
Ex:8.1 Find the linear approximation for 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 + 𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ −1, at 𝑥0 =3. Use the linear
approximation to estimate 𝑓(3.2).
Ex:8.2 Use linear approximation to find an approximate value of √9.2 without using a calculator.
Ex:8.3 Let us assume that the shape of a soap bubble is a sphere. Use linear approximation to
approximate the increase in the surface area of a soap bubble as its radius increases from 5cm to
5.2cm. Also, calculate the percentage error.
Ex:8.4 A right circular cylinder has radius 𝑟 = 10𝑐𝑚 and height ℎ = 20𝑐𝑚. Suppose that the radius
of the cylinder is increased from 10𝑐𝑚 to 10.1𝑐𝑚 and the height does not change. Estimate the
change in the volume of the cylinder. Also, calculate the relative error and percentage error.
Exercise 8.1
3
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 Find the linear approximation at 𝑥 = 27 . Use the linear approximation to
3
approximate √27.2
2
2. Use the linear approximation to find the approximate values of (i)(123)3 Mar 2023- 3M
4 3
(ii) √15 (iii) √26
3. Find the linear approximation for the following functions at the indicated points.
𝑥
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 + 12, 𝑥0 = 2 (ii) 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 9, 𝑥0 = −4 (iii) ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥+1 , 𝑥0 = 1
4. The radius of a circular plate is measured as 12.65cm instead of the actual length 12.5cm. Find the
following in calculating the area of the circular plate: (i) Absolute error (ii) Relative error (iii)
Percentage error.
5. A sphere is made of ice having radius 10cm. Its radius decreases from 10cm to 9.8cm. Find
approximations for the following: (i) change in the volume (ii) change in the surface area
6. The time T, taken for a complete oscillation of a single pendulum with length 𝑙, is given by the
𝑙
equation 𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑔 , where 𝑔 is a constant. Find the approximate percentage error in the calculated
value of T corresponding to an error of 2 percent in the value of 𝑙.
1
7. Show that the percentage error in the 𝑛𝑡ℎ root of a number is approximately 𝑛 times the percentage
error in the number.
Ex:8.5 Let 𝑓, 𝑔: (𝑎, 𝑏) → ℝ be differentiable functions. Show that 𝑑(𝑓𝑔) = 𝑓𝑑𝑔 + 𝑔𝑑𝑓.
Ex:8.6 Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + sin 𝑥. Calculate the differential 𝑑𝑔. Aug 2021- 2M
Ex:8.7 If the radius of a sphere, with radius 10𝑐𝑚, has to decrease by 0.1𝑐𝑚, approximately how
much will its volume decrease?
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Exercise 8.2
1. Find differential 𝑑𝑦 for each of the following functions:
2
(1−2𝑥)3 2 −5𝑥+7
(i) 𝑦 = (ii) 𝑦 = (3 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)3 (iii) 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos (𝑥 2 − 1)
3−4𝑥
2. Find 𝑑𝑓 for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 and evaluate it for
(i) 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑑𝑥 = 0.1 Mar2020 2M & May 2022 - 2M (ii) 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑑𝑥 = 0.02 July-2022 2M
3. Find ∆𝑓 and 𝑑𝑓 for the function 𝑓 for the indicated values of 𝑥, ∆𝑥 and compare
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 ; 𝑥 = 2, ∆𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 0.5 (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3; 𝑥 = −0.5, ∆𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 0.1
4. Assuming 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑒 = 0.4343, find an approximate value of 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 1003.
5. The trunk of a tree has diameter 30cm. During the following year, the circumference grew 6cm. (i)
Approximately, how much did the tree’s diameter grow? (ii) What is the percentage increase in area of
the tree’s cross-section?
6. An egg of a particular bird is very nearly spherical. If the radius to the inside of the shell is 5mm
and radius to the outside of the shell is 5.3mm, find the volume of the shell approximately.
7. Assume that the cross section of the artery of human is circular. A drug is given to a patient to dilate
his arteries. If the radius of an artery is increased from 2mm to 2.1mm, how much is cross-sectional
area increased approximately? May 2022 - 3M
8. In a newly developed city, it is estimated that the voting population (in thousands) will increase
according to 𝑉(𝑡) = 30 + 12𝑡 2 − 𝑡 3 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 8 where 𝑡 is the time in years. Find the approximate
1
change in voters for the time change from 4 to 4 6 year.
9. The relation between the number of words 𝑦 a person learns in 𝑥 hours is given by 𝑦 = 52√𝑥 ,
0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 9. What is the approximate number of words learned when 𝑥 changes from (i) 1 to 1.1 hour?
(ii) 4 to 4.1 hour?
10. A circular plate expands uniformly under the influence of heat. If it’s radius increases from 10.5cm
to 10.75cm, then find an approximate change in the area and the approximate percentage change in the
area. July-2022 3M
11. A coat of paint of thickness 0.2cm is applied to the faces of a cube whose edge is 10cm. Use the
differentials to find approximately how many cubic centimetres of paint is used to paint this cube.
Also calculate the exact amount of paint used to paint this cube.
3𝑥−5𝑦+8
Ex:8.8 Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 . Show that 𝑓 is continuous on ℝ2 .
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +1
𝑥𝑦
Ex:8.9 Consider 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 if (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0) and 𝑓(0,0) = 0. Show that 𝑓 is not continuous at
(0,0) and continuous at all other points of ℝ2 .
2𝑥 2 𝑦
Ex:8.10 Consider 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 if (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0) and 𝑔(0,0) = 0. Show that g is continuous on ℝ2 .
Exercise 8.3
3𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑦
1. Evaluate lim 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦), if the limit exists, where 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2+3.
(𝑥,𝑦)→(1,2)
𝑥 3 +𝑦 2
2. Evaluate lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥+𝑦+2) if the limit exists.
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)
𝑦 2 −𝑥𝑦
3. Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = for (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0). Show that lim 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0.
√𝑥−√𝑦 (𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)
𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
4. Evaluate lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ), if the limit exists.
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0) 𝑦
𝑥2𝑦
5. Let 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4+𝑦 2 for (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0) and 𝑔(0,0) = 0. (i)Show that lim 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 along
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)
𝑘
every line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥, 𝑚 ∈ ℝ. (ii) Show that lim 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1+𝑘 2 along every parabola
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)
2
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 , 𝑘 ∈ ℝ\{0}.
𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
6. Show that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = is continuous at every (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 .
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𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
7. Let 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = , for 𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑔(0,0) = 1. Show that 𝑔 is continuous at (0,0).
𝑥
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
Ex:8.11 Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 if 𝑥𝑦 ≠ 0 and 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 if 𝑥𝑦 = 0. (i) Calculate: (0,0), (0,0). (ii)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Show that 𝑓 is not continuous at (0,0).
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
Ex:8.12 Let 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 + 7 for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 . Calculate 𝜕𝑥 (−1,3) and 𝜕𝑦 (−2,1).
3 +5𝑦 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓
Ex:8.13 Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = sin(𝑥𝑦 2 ) + 𝑒 𝑥 for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 . Calculate 𝜕𝑥 , , and .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝑒𝑦 𝜕2𝑤 𝜕2𝑤
Ex:8.14 Let 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 +1 for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 . Calculate 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 and .
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
Ex:8.15 Let 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 −2𝑦 cos (2𝑥) for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 . Prove that 𝑢 is a harmonic function in ℝ2 .
Exercise 8.4
1. Find the partial derivatives of the following functions at the indicated points.
(i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 2, (2, −5) (ii) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 2, (1, −2)
𝜋
(iii) ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑧 2 𝑥, (2, 4 , 1) (iv) 𝐺(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥+3𝑦 log (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ), (−1,1)
2. For each of the following functions find the 𝑓𝑥, 𝑓𝑦 and show that 𝑓𝑥𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 .
3𝑥 𝑥
(i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (ii) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑦) (iii)𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = cos (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑦)
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈
3. If 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = + 3𝑧 2 𝑦, find 𝜕𝑥 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 .
𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈
4. If 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = log (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 ), find 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 . Mar 2020-3M
5. For each of the following functions find the 𝑔𝑥𝑦 , 𝑔𝑥𝑥 , 𝑔𝑦𝑦 and 𝑔𝑦𝑥 .
(𝑖)𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 (ii) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = log (5𝑥 + 3𝑦) (iii) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 7𝑦 + cos (5𝑥)
1 𝜕2𝑤 𝜕2𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤
6. Let 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = , (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ≠ (0,0,0). Show that + 𝜕𝑦 2 + = 0.
√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕2𝑉 𝜕2𝑉
7. If 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦), then prove that 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦 2 = 0.
𝜕2𝑤 𝜕2𝑤
8. If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 + sin(𝑥𝑦), then prove that 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦.
𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣
9. If 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧, show that 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 = 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑦.
10. A firm produces two types of calculators each week, 𝑥 number of type A and 𝑦 number of type B.
The weekly revenue and cost functions (in rupees) are 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦) = 80𝑥 + 90𝑦 + 0.04𝑥𝑦 − 0.05𝑥 2 −
0.05𝑦 2 and 𝐶(𝑥, 𝑦) = 8𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 2000 respectively. (i) Find the profit function 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) (ii) Find
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
(1200,1800) and (1200,1800) and interpret these results.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Ex:8.16 If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑧 2 𝑥, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ, find the differential 𝑑𝑤.
Ex:8.17 Let 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ . Find the linear approximation for 𝑈 at
(2, −1,0).
Exercise 8.5
3 2
1. If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 , 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, Find the linear approximation for 𝑤 at (1, −1).
2. Let 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 4 , 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, Find the linear approximation for 𝑧 at (2, −1).
1
3. If 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 4 𝑦 2 + 7, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, find the differential 𝑑𝑣.
4. Let 𝑊(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ. Find the linear approximation at (2, −1,0).
5. Let 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ ℝ. Find the differential 𝑑𝑉.
𝜕𝐹 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝐹 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝐹
Ex:8.18 Verify 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 = for the function 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 and 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡,
𝑑𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑡 ∈ [0,2𝜋].
𝑑𝑔
Ex:8.19 Let (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑥 + sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) , 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 3𝑡 , 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 , 𝑡 ∈ ℝ. Find .
𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔
Ex:8.20 Let 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑦 + 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 = 2𝑟 − 𝑠, 𝑦 = 𝑟 2 + 2𝑠, 𝑟, 𝑠 ∈ ℝ. Find , .
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠

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Exercise 8.6
𝑑𝑢
1. If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 4 , 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 and 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, find and evaluate it at 𝑡 = 0.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
2. If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 3 , 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 , 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑒 , find 2𝑡
.
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑤
3. If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, find .
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑈
4. If 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦𝑧, 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑡𝜖ℝ. Find .
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑤
5. If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦) = 6𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 , 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑠 , 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐬 , 𝑠 ∈ ℝ, find , and evaluate at 𝑠 = 0.
𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
6. If 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥𝑦), 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ. Find 𝜕𝑠 and 𝜕𝑡 at 𝑠 = 𝑡 = 1.
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑈
7. Let 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦, where 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑠 2 𝑡 , 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ. Find , and evaluate them at
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡
𝑠 = 𝑡 = 1.
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
8. Let 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3 , where 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒 −𝑡 , 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ. Find and .
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑊 𝜕𝑊
9. W(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥, 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 , 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑣, 𝑢, 𝑣 ∈ ℝ. Find , , and evaluate
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
1
them at (2 , 1).
𝑥 2 +5𝑥𝑦−10𝑦 2
Ex:8.21 Show that 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = is a homogeneous function of degree 1.
3𝑥+7𝑦
𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
Ex:8.22 If 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ), Show that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑢.
√𝑥+√ 𝑦
Exercise 8.7
1. In each of the following cases, determine whether the following function is homogeneous or not. If
it is so, find the degree.
6𝑥 2 𝑦 3 −𝜋𝑦 5 +9𝑥 4 𝑦
(i) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 6𝑥 3 + 7 (ii) ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2020𝑥 2 +2019𝑦 2
√3𝑥 2 +5𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 𝑦 2 −2𝑧 2
(iii) 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (iv) 𝑈(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ).
4𝑥+7𝑦 𝑥𝑦
2. Prove that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 is homogeneous; what is the degree? Verify Euler’s
3
Theorem for 𝑓.
𝑦
3. Prove that 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 ) is homogeneous; what is the degree? Verify Euler’s Theorem for 𝑔.
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 3
4. If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = , prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 𝑢.
√𝑥+𝑦
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
5. If 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ), prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 1.
𝑥+𝑦
5𝑥 3 𝑦 4 +7𝑦 2 𝑥𝑧 4 −75𝑦 3 𝑧 4 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
6. If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ), find 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 .
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
9.APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
Theorem 9.1: First Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus.
Theorem 9.2: Second Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus.
𝑏 𝑏 2𝑎 𝑎
Property6: ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 Property7:∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥)]𝑑𝑥.
𝑎 𝑎
Property8: If 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function, then ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑎
Property9: If 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function, then ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0.
2𝑎 𝑎
Property10: If 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥), then ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
2𝑎
Property11: If 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥), then ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0.
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Property12: ∫0 𝑥𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥. if 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥).
Define: Gamma Integral Prove that (n + 1) = nn.
0.5
Ex:9.1 Estimate the value of ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 using the Riemann sums corresponding to 5 subintervals of
equal width and applying (i) left-end rule (ii) right-end rule (iii) the mid-point rule.
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Exercise 9.1
1.5
1. Find an approximate value of ∫1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 by applying the left-end rule with the partition
{1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5}.
1.5
2. Find an approximate value of ∫1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 by applying the right-end rule with the partition
{1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5}.
1.5
3. Find an approximate value of ∫1 (2 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 by applying the mid-point rule with the partition
{1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5}.
1 1
Ex:9.2 Evaluate ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥 , as the limit of a sum. Ex:9.3 Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥, as the limit of a sum.
4
Ex:9.4 Evaluate ∫1 (2𝑥 2 + 3)𝑑𝑥, as the limit of a sum.
Exercise 9.2
1 2
1. Evaluate the following integrals as the limit of sums: (i) ∫0 (5𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫1 (4𝑥 2 − 1)𝑑𝑥
3 1 2𝑥+7
Ex:9.5 Evaluate ∫0 (3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥. Ex:9.6 Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥.
5𝑥 2 +9
1
Ex:9.7 Evaluate ∫0 [2𝑥]𝑑𝑥 where [∙] is the greatest integer function.
𝜋
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 9 1
Ex:9.8 Evaluate ∫03 𝑑𝑥. May 2022 - 3M Ex:9.9 Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥.
1+𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑥+√𝑥
𝜋
2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Ex:9.10 Evaluate ∫1 (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
𝑑𝑥. Ex:9.11 Evaluate: ∫02 (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(2+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑑𝜃.
1 𝜋
√2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
Ex:9.12 Evaluate: ∫0 3 𝑑𝑥. Ex:9.13 Evaluate: ∫0 (√𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + √𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥.
2
(1−𝑥 2 )2
1.5 2
Ex:9.14 Evaluate: ∫0 [𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥, where [𝑥] is the greatest integer function.
𝜋
4 𝑑𝑥 1
Ex:9.15 Evaluate: ∫−4|𝑥 + 3| 𝑑𝑥. Ex:9.16 Show that ∫02 4+5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 3 log 𝑒 2.
𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜋 1
Ex:9.17 Prove that ∫04 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 = 4 . Ex:9.19 Evaluate: ∫04 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝜋
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎
Ex:9.18 Prove that ∫04 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥+𝑏2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑏), where 𝑎, 𝑏 > 0.
𝜋
𝜋
Ex:9.20 Show that ∫0 𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫02 𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥, where 𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) is a function of 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.
𝜋 𝑥
Ex:9.21 Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥.
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2𝜋 𝜋
Ex:9.22 Show that ∫0 𝑔(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑔(𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥, where 𝑔(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) is a function of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.
2𝑎 𝑎
Ex:9.23 If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑥), then prove that ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
𝜋
𝑙𝑜𝑔2
2
Ex:9.24 Evaluate: ∫−𝜋 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Ex:9.25 Evaluate: ∫−𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑒 −|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥.
2
𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)
Ex:9.26 Evaluate: ∫0 𝑑𝑥. May 2022 - 5M
𝑓(𝑥)+𝑓(𝑎−𝑥)
𝜋⁄4 𝜋
Ex 9.27: Prove that ∫0 log (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 8 𝑙𝑜𝑔2.
1 𝜋
Ex 9.28: Show that ∫0 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1 − 𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 2. Sep 2020 – 5M
3 √𝑥 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
Ex 9.29: Evaluate ∫2 𝑑𝑥. Ex 9.30: Evaluate ∫−𝜋 1+𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Mar 2020-5M
√5−𝑥+√𝑥
Exercise 9.3
1. Evaluate the following definite integrals:
4 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 1 1−𝑥
(i) ∫3 Sep 2020 – 2M (ii) ∫−1 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+5 (iii) ∫0 √1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Aug 2021- 5M
𝑥 2 −4
𝜋⁄2 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝜋⁄2 1 1−𝑥 2
(iv) ∫0 𝑒𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 (v) ∫0 √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃𝑑𝜃 (vi) ∫0 (1+𝑥2 )2
𝑑𝑥
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2. Evaluate the following integrals using properties of integration:

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5 𝑒 𝑥 −1 𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄4
(i) ∫−5 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 +1) 𝑑𝑥 (ii)∫−𝜋⁄2(𝑥 5 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 (iii) ∫−𝜋⁄4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 3+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2𝜋 1
(iv) ∫0 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔 (3−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (v) ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (vi) ∫0 |5𝑥 − 3|𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 1 log (1+𝑥) 𝜋 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
(vii) ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 √𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 √𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (viii) ∫0 𝑑𝑥 (ix) ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
3𝜋⁄8 1 𝜋
(x) ∫𝜋⁄8 𝑑𝑥 (xi) ∫0 𝑥[𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
1+√ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝜋
Ex:9.31 Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, where 𝑛 is a positive integer.
1
Ex:9.32 Evaluate: ∫0 𝑒 −2𝑥 (1 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥.
2𝜋
Ex:9.33 Evaluate: ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, where 𝑛 is a positive integer.
1
Ex:9.34 Evaluate: ∫−1 𝑒 −𝜆𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥.
Exercise 9.4
Evaluate the following:
1
1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 𝜋⁄2
√2 𝑒
1. ∫0 𝑥 3 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2. ∫0 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 3. ∫ 0 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 4. ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∞ 1
Ex:9.35 Evaluate ∫𝑏 𝑑𝑥, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ. Mar 2023- 2M
𝑎2 +𝑥 2
𝜋⁄2 𝑑𝑥
Ex:9.36 Evaluate ∫0 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥+5𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥.
Exercise 9.5
𝜋⁄2 𝑑𝑥 𝜋⁄2 𝑑𝑥
1. Evaluate the following: (i) ∫0 1+5𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 (ii) ∫0 5+4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
4
|𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝑥 7| 𝑑𝑥.
𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄2
Ex:9.37 Evaluate ∫0 (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥. Ex:9.38 Evaluate ∫0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 3
𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄2
Ex:9.39 Find the values of the following: (i) ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (ii)∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5 4 4
2𝑎 1
Ex:9.40 Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 2 √2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥. Ex:9.41 Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 5 (1 − 𝑥 2 )5 𝑑𝑥.
1
Ex:9.42 Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 3 (1 − 𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥.
Exercise 9.6
𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄4
1. Evaluate the following: (i) ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛10 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (iii) ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋⁄6 𝜋⁄2 2𝜋 𝑥 𝜋⁄2
(iv) ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (v) ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (vi) ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 4 𝑑𝑥 (vii) ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1
(viii) ∫0 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥
∞
Ex:9.43 Prove that ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛!, where 𝑛 is a positive integer.
∞ ∞ 2
Ex:9.44 Evaluate ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥, where 𝑎 > 0. Ex:9.45 Show that Γ(𝑛) = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥.
∞ 𝑥𝑛
Ex:9.46 Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥, where 𝑛 is a positive integer ≥ 2.
𝑛𝑥
Exercise 9.7
∞ 𝜋⁄ 𝑒 −𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
1. Evaluate the following: (i) ∫0 𝑥 5 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠6 𝑥
∞ 2
2. If ∫0 𝑒 −𝛼𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 32, 𝛼 > 0, find 𝛼.
Ex:9.47 Find the area of the region bounded by the line 6𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 30, 𝑥 -axis and the lines 𝑥 = −1
and 𝑥 = 3.
Ex:9.48 Find the area of the region bounded by the line 7𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 35, 𝑥 -axis and the lines 𝑥 = −2
and 𝑥 = 3.
𝑥2 𝑦2
Ex:9.49 Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1. July-2022 5M
Ex:9.50 Find the area of the region bounded between the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 and its latus rectum.
Ex:9.51 Find the area of the region bounded by the 𝑦- axis and the parabola 𝑥 = 5 − 4𝑦 − 𝑦 2 .

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Ex:9.52 Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑥- axis, the sine curve 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, the lines 𝑥 = 0 and
𝑥 = 2𝜋.
Ex:9.53 Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑥-axis, the curve 𝑦 = |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥|, the lines 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 =
𝜋. Mar 2020-5M
Ex:9.54 Find the area of the region bounded between the parabolas 𝑦 = 4𝑥 and 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦.
2
Ex:9.55 Find the area of the region bounded between the parabola 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 and the curve 𝑦 = |𝑥|.
𝜋 5𝜋
Ex:9.56 Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, the lines 𝑥 = and 𝑥 = .
4 4
Ex:9.57 The region enclosed by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 is divided into two segments by the line
𝑥 = ℎ. Find the area of the smaller segment.
Ex:9.58 Find the area of the region in the first quadrant bounded by the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥, the line
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3 and 𝑦-axis.
Ex:9.59 Find, by integration, the area of the region bounded by the lines 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 15, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0
and the 𝑥-axis.
Ex:9.60 Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by triangle ABC, whose vertices A,B
and C are (−1,1), (3,2) and (0,5) respectively.
Ex:9.61 Using integration, find the area of the region which is bounded by 𝑥-axis, the tangent and
normal to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 drawn at (1, √3).
Exercise 9.8
1. Find the area of the region bounded by 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6 = 0, 𝑥 = −3, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 –axis. Aug 2021-
5M & May2022-5M
2. Find the area of the region bounded by 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0, 𝑦 = −1, 𝑦 = 3 and 𝑦 –axis.
3. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 2 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥-axis, 𝑥 = −3, and 𝑥 = 3.
4. Find the area of the region bounded by the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 and the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥.
5. Find the area of the region bounded between the curves 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 and the lines 𝑥 =
0, and 𝑥 = 𝜋.
𝜋
6. Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 and the lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 0.
7. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2.
8. Father of a family wishes to divide his square field bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑦 = 0
along the curve 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦 into three equal parts for his wife, daughter and son. Is it
possible to divide? If so, find the area to be divided among them.
9. The curve 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 1 has a minimum point at P. A point Q on the curve is such that the
slope of PQ is 2. Find the area bounded by the curve and the chord PQ.
10. Find the area of the region common to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 and the parabola 𝑦 2 = 6𝑥.
Ex:9.62 Find the volume of a sphere of radius 𝑎.
Ex:9.63 Find the volume of a right-circular cone of base radius 𝑟 and height ℎ.
Ex:9.64 Find the volume of the spherical cap of height ℎ cut of from a sphere of radius 𝑟.
Ex:9.65 Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region bounded by the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ,
𝑥-axis, ordinates 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1 about 𝑥-axis.
Ex:9.66 Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region bounded by the ellipse
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ 𝑏2 = 1, 𝑎 > 𝑏 about the major axis.
𝑎2
Ex:9.67 Find, by integration, the volume of the solid generated by revolving about 𝑦-axis the region
bounded between the parabola 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 + 1, the 𝑦-axis, and the lines 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑦 = −1.
3
bounded between the curve 𝑦 = 4 √𝑥 2 − 16 , 𝑥 ≥ 4, the 𝑦-axis, and the lines 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑦 = 6.
bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 2.

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Exercise 9.9
1. Find, by integration, the volume of the solid generated by revolving about the 𝑥-axis, the region
enclosed by 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1.
2. Find, by integration, the volume of the solid generated by revolving about the 𝑥-axis, the region
enclosed by 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 , 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1.
3. Find, by integration, the volume of the solid generated by revolving about 𝑦 -axis the region
enclosed by 𝑥 2 = 1 + 𝑦 and 𝑦 = 3.
4. The region enclosed between the graphs of 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is denoted by R, Find the volume
generated when R is rotated through 360𝑜 about 𝑥-axis.
5. Find, by integration, the volume of the container which is in the shape of a

right circular conical frustum as shown in the above figure.
6. A watermelon has an ellipsoid shape which can be obtained by revolving an ellipse with major-axis
20cm and minor-axis 10cm about its major-axis. Find its volume using integration.
10. ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Ex:10.1 Determine the order and degree (if exists) of the following differential equations:
3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 7 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑2 𝑦
(i) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 5 (ii) (𝑑𝑥 4 ) + 4 (𝑑𝑥 ) + 6𝑦 = 5𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 (iii) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 3 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑑𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 2
(iv) 3 𝑑𝑥 2 = [4 + (𝑑𝑥 ) ] (v) 𝑑𝑦 + (𝑥𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
Exercise 10.1
1. For each of the following differential equations, determine its order, degree (if exists)
2
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦 3 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑2 𝑦
(i) + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 (ii) ( 3
) −3 2
+5 +4 =0 (iii) ( 2
) + ( ) = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
1
3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 2 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(iv)√𝑑𝑥 − 4 𝑑𝑥 − 7𝑥 = 0 (v) 𝑦 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
(vi) 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + [1 + (𝑑𝑥 ) ] (vii) (𝑑𝑥 2 ) = √1 + 𝑑𝑥
( )+( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(viii) 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑑𝑥 ) (ix) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 5 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 3 (x) 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦(𝑑𝑥)
Exercise 10.2
1. Express each of the following physical statements in the form of differential equation.
(i) Radium decays at a rate proportional to the amount Q present.
(ii)The population P of a city increases at a rate proportional to the product of population and to the
difference between 5,00,000 and the population.
(iii) For a certain substance, the rate of change of vapour pressure P with respect to temperature T is
proportional to the vapour pressure and inversely proportional to the square of the temperature.
(iv) A saving amount pays 8% interest per year, compounded continuously. In addition, the income
from another investment is credited to the amount continuously at the rate of Rs400 per year.
2. Assume that a spherical rain drop evaporates at a rate proportional to its surface area. Form a
differential equation involving the rate of change of the radius of the rain drop.
Ex:10.2 Find the differential equation for the family of all straight lines passing through the origin.
Ex:10.3 Form the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants 𝐴 and 𝐵 from
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.
Ex:10.4 Find the differential equation of the family of circles passing through the points (𝑎, 0) and
(−𝑎, 0).
Ex:10.5 Find the differential equation of the family of parabolas 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥, where 𝑎 is an arbitrary
constant. Mar 2020-2M

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Ex:10.6 Find the differential equation of the family of all ellipses having foci on the 𝑥-axis and centre
at the origin.
Exercise 10.3
1. Find the differential equation of the family of (i) all non-vertical lines in a plane (ii) all non-
horizontal lines in a plane.
2. Find the differential equation of all straight lines touching the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2.
3. Find the differential equation of the family of circles passing through the origin and having their
centres on the 𝑥-axis.
4. Find the differential equation of the family of all the parabolas with latus rectm 4𝑎 and whose axes
are parallel to the 𝑥-axis.
5. Find the differential equation of the family of parabolas with vertex at (0, −1) and having axis
along the 𝑦-axis.
6. Find the differential equations of the family of all the ellipses having foci on the 𝑦-axis and centre at
the origin.
7. Find the differential equation corresponding to the family of curves represented by the equation 𝑦 =
𝐴𝑒 8𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −8𝑥 , where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are arbitrary constants.
8. Find the differential equation of the curve represented by 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥 2 .
𝑑𝑦
Ex:10.7 Show that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 , where 𝑟 is a constant, is a solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥
−𝑦 .
7 1
Ex:10.8 Show that 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚, 𝑚 ≠ 0 is a solution of the differential equation 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 7 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 0.
2
Ex:10.9 Show that 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐶𝑒 −𝑥 is a solution of the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
+ 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 3 = 0.
𝑑𝑥
Ex:10.10 Show that 𝑦 = acos(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥), 𝑥 > 0 is a solution of the differential equation
𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0.
Exercise 10.4
1. Show that each of the following expressions is a solution of the corresponding given differential
equation. (i) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 ; 𝑥𝑦 ′ = 2𝑦 (ii) 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 −𝑥 ; 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 = 0 July-2022 2M
2. Find the value of 𝑚 so that the function 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 is a solution of the given differential equation.
(i) 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0 (ii) 𝑦 ′′ − 5𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = 0
3. The slope of the tangent to the curve at any point is the reciprocal of four times the ordinate at that
point. The curve passes through (2,5). Find the equation of the curve.
𝑑2 𝑦
4. Show that 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛 is a solution of the differential equation 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) − 1 = 0.
𝑏
5. Show that 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 0 is a solution of the differential equation 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 0.
6. Show that 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑏, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are arbitrary constants, is a solution of the differential
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
equation 𝑑𝑥 2 + 3 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
2
7. Show that the differential equation representing the family of curves 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎 (𝑥 + 𝑎3 ), where 𝑎 is
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 5
a positive parameter, is (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ) = 8 (𝑦 𝑑𝑥 ) .
𝑑2 𝑦
8. Show that 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 is a solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑏 2 𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑦
Ex:10.11 Solve: (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑦 2 . May 2022 - 5M
Ex:10.12 Find the particular solution of (1 + 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 satisfying the condition 𝑦(1) = 2.
𝑑𝑦
Ex:10.13 Solve: 𝑦 ′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1). Ex:10.14 Solve: 𝑑𝑥 = √4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1.
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−𝑦+5 𝑑𝑦
Ex:10.15 Solve: 𝑑𝑥 = 2(𝑥−𝑦)+7. Ex:10.16 Solve: 𝑑𝑥 = (3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4)2 .
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Exercise 10.5
1. If 𝐹 is the constant force generated by the motor of an automobile of mass 𝑀, its velocity 𝑉 is given
𝑑𝑉
by 𝑀 = 𝐹 − 𝑘𝑉, where 𝑘 is a constant. Express 𝑉 in terms of 𝑡 given that 𝑉 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0.
𝑑𝑡
Mar2020- 5M
𝑑𝑣 𝑣2
2. The velocity 𝑣, of a parachute falling vertically satisfies the equation 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔 (1 − 𝑘 2 ), where 𝑔
and 𝑘 are constants. If 𝑣 and 𝑥 are both initially zero, find 𝑣 in terms of 𝑥.
𝑦−1
3. Find the equation of the curve whose slope is 𝑥 2 +𝑥 and which passes through the point (1,0).
4. Solve the following differential equations:
𝑑𝑦 1−𝑦 2
(i) 𝑑𝑥 = √1−𝑥 2 Aug 2021-2M & May 2022 - 2M (ii) 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(iii) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦(0) = 1 (iv) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑦 Sep 2020 – 5M
(v) (𝑒 𝑦 + 1)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 Aug 2021- 5M
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(vi) (𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦)𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑦) = 𝑛𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 (vii) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥√25 − 𝑥 2 = 0
(viii) 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 Mar 2023 -3M
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(ix) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝑦) (x) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
Ex:10.17 Solve (𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Ex:10.18 Solve (𝑦 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(1) = 0.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Ex:10.19 Solve: (2𝑥 + 3𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0. Ex:10.20 Solve: 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
Ex:10.21 Solve: (1 + 2𝑒 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑦 (1 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Exercise 10.6
Solve the following differential equations:
𝑦 𝑦
1. [𝑥 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 2. (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥 𝑥
3. 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 4. 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
5. (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 6. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥 )
𝑦 𝑦
𝑦
7. (1 + 3𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑒 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 0, given that 𝑦 = 0 when𝑥 = 1.
8. (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥. It is given that 𝑦(1) = 1 and 𝑦(𝑥0 ) = 𝑒. Find the value of 𝑥0 .
𝑑𝑦
Ex:10.22 Solve: 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 . Ex:10.23 Solve: [𝑦(1 − 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) + 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Ex:10.24 Solve: 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. Ex:10.25 Solve: (1 + 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 2 .
Ex:10.26 Solve: 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑦 3 + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦.
Exercise 10.7
Solve the following differential equations:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 1 2. (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 July-2022 5M 4. (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 = √𝑥 2 + 4
𝑑𝑦
5. (2𝑥 − 10𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 6. 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
7. (𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) 𝑑𝑦 + √1 − 𝑥 2 = 0 8. + (1−𝑥) = 1 − √𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
9. (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 + 𝑦 3 ) = 0 Mar 2023 - 5M 10. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 3𝑥 2
11.(𝑥 + 𝑎) 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)4 12. 𝑑𝑥 = − 1+𝑥 3 𝑦
1+𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
13. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 14. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = 0
P a g e | 43
𝑑𝑦 3𝑦 1
15. 𝑑𝑥 + = 𝑥 2 , given that 𝑦 = 2 when 𝑥 = 1.
𝑥
Ex:10.27 The growth of a population is proportional to the number present. If the population of a
colony doubles in 50 years, in how many years will the population become triple?
Ex:10.28 A radioactive isotope has an initial mass 200𝑚𝑔, which two years later is 50𝑚𝑔. Find the
expression for the amount of the isotope remaining at any time. What is its half-life? (half-life means
the time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value).
Ex:10.29 In a murder investigation, a corpse was found by a defective at exactly 8 𝑝. 𝑚. Being alert,
the detective also measured the body temperature and found it to be 70℉. Two hours later, the
detective measured the body temperature again and found it to be 60℉. If the room temperature is
50℉, and assuming that the body temperature of the person before death was 98.6℉, at what time did
the murder occur? [𝑙𝑜𝑔(2.43) = 0.88789; log (0.5) = −0.69315] Mar 2020-5M
Ex10.30 A tank contains 1000 litres of water in which 100 grams of salt is dissolved. Brine (Brine is
a high-concentration solution of salt(usually sodium chloride) in water) runs in a rate of 10 litres per
minute, and each litre contains 5 grams of dissolved salt. The mixure of the tank is kept uniform by
stirring. Brine runs out at 10 litres per minute. Find the amount of salt at any time 𝑡.
Exercise 10.8
1. The rate of increase in the number of bacteria in a certain bacteria culture is proportional to the
number present. Given that the number triples in 5 hours, find how many bacteria will be present after
10 hours?
2. Find the population of a city at any time 𝑡 , given that the rate of increase of population is
proportional to the population at that instant and that in a period of 40 years the population increased
from 3,00,000 to 4,00,000.
3. The equation of electromotive force for an electric circuit containing resistance and self-inductance
𝑑𝑖
is 𝐸 = 𝑅𝑖 + 𝐿 𝑑𝑡, where E is the electromotive force is given to the circuit, 𝑅 the resistance and 𝐿, the
coefficient of induction. Find the current 𝑖 at time 𝑡 when 𝐸 = 0.
4. The engine of a motor boat moving at 10 𝑚/𝑠 is shut off. Given that the retardation at any
subsequent time (after shutting off the engine) equal to the velocity at that time. Find the velocity after
2 seconds of switching off the engine.
5. Suppose a person deposits 10,000 Indian rupees in a bank account at the rate of 5% per annum
compounded continuously. How much money will be in his bank account 18 months later?
Mar 2023 - 5M
6. Assume that the rate at which radioactive nuclei decay is proportional to the number of such nuclei
that are present in a given sample. In a certain sample 10% of the original number of radioactive
nuclei have undergone disintegration in a period of 100 years. What percentage of the original
radioactive nuclei will remain after 1000 years?
7. Water at temperature 100℃ cools in 10 minutes to 80℃ in a room temperature of 25℃. Find (i)
The temperature of water after 20 minutes (ii) The time when the temperature is 40℃.
11
[𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 15 = −0.3101; 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 5 = 1.6094]
8. At 10.00 A.M. a woman took a cup of hot instant coffee from her microwave oven and placed it on
a nearby Kitchen counter to cool. At this instant the temperature of the coffee was 180℉, and 10
minutes later it was 160℉. Assume that constant temperature of the kitchen was 70℉. (i) What was
the temperature of the coffee at 10.15 A.M.? (ii) The woman like to drink coffee when its temperature
is between 130℉ and 140℉, what times should she have drunk the coffee?
9. A pot of boiling water at 100℃ is removed from a stove at time 𝑡 = 0 and left to cool in the
kitchen. After 5 minutes, the water temperature has decreased to 80℃, and another 5 minutes later it
has dropped to 65℃. Determine the temperature of the kitchen. Sep 2020 – 5M
10. A tank initially contains 50 litres of pure water. Starting at time 𝑡 = 0 a brine containing with 2
P a g e | 44
grams of dissolved salt per litre flows into the tank at the rate of 3 litres per minute. The mixture is
kept uniform by stirring and the well-stirred mixture simultaneously flows out of the tank at the same
rate. Find the amount of salt present in the tank at any time 𝑡 > 0.
11. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
Property1: 𝐸(𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏) = 𝑎𝐸(𝑋) + 𝑏, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants.
Property2: 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋) = 𝐸(𝑋 2 ) − [𝐸(𝑋)]2
Property3: 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏) = 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋), where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants.
Ex:11.1 Suppose two coins are tossed once. If X denotes the number of tails, (i) write down the
sample space (ii) find the inverse image of 1 (iii) the values of the random variable and number of
elements in its inverse images.
Ex:11.2 Suppose a pair of unbiased dice is rolled once. If X denotes the total score of two dice, write
down (i) the sample space (ii) the values taken by the random variable X (iii) the inverse image of 10,
and (iv) the number of elements in inverse image of X.
Ex:11.3 An urn contains 2 white balls and 3 red balls. A sample of 3 balls are chosen at random from
the urn. If X denotes the number of red balls chosen, find the values taken by the random variable X
and its number of inverse images.
Ex:11.4 Two balls are chosen randomly from an urn containing 6 white and 4 black balls. Suppose
that we win Rs30 for each black ball selected and we lose Rs20 for each white ball selected. If X
denotes the winning amount, find the values of X and number of points in its inverse images.
Exercise 11.1
1. Suppose X is the number of tails occurred when three fair coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the
values of the random variable X and number of points in its inverse images. May 2022 - 2M
2. In a pack of 52 playing cards, two cards are drawn at random simultaneously. If the number of
black cards drawn is a random variable, find the values of the random variable and number of points in
its inverse images.
3. An urn contains 5 mangoes and 4 apples. Three fruits are taken at random. If the number of apple
taken is a random variable , then find the values of the random variable and number of points in its
inverse images.
4. Two balls are chosen randomly from an urn containing 6 red and 8 black balls. Suppose that we win
Rs15 for each red ball selected and we lose Rs10 for each black ball selected. If X denotes the
winning amount, find the values of X and number of points in its inverse images.
5. A six sided die is marked ‘2’ on one face, ‘3’ on two of its faces, and ‘4’ on remaining three faces.
The die is thrown twice. If X denotes that total score in two throws, find the values of the random
variable and number of points in its inverse images.
Ex:11.5 Two fair coins are tossed simultaneously(equivalent to a fair coin is tossed twice). Find the
probability mass function for number of heads occurred.
Ex:11.6 A pair of fair dice is rolled once. Find the probability mass function to get the number of
fours. Sep 2020 – 3M
Ex:11.7 If the probability mass function 𝑓(𝑥) of a random variable 𝑥 1 2 3 4
X is 𝑓(𝑥) 1 5 5 1
Find (i) its cumulative distribution function, hence find 12 12 12 12
(ii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 3) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2).
Ex:11.8 A six sided die is marked ‘1’ on one face, ‘2’ on two of its faces, and ‘3’ on remaining three
faces. The die is rolled twice. If X denotes the total score in two throws. (i) Find the probability mass
function (ii) Find the cumulative distribution function (iii) Find 𝑃(3 ≤ 𝑋 < 6) (𝑖𝑣)𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 4).

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Ex:11.9 Find the probability mass function 𝑓(𝑥) of the discrete random varable X whose cumulative
0 − ∞ < 𝑥 < −2
0.25 − 2 ≤ 𝑥 < −1
distribution function 𝐹(𝑥) is given by 𝐹(𝑥) = 0.60 −1≤𝑥 <0
0.90 0≤𝑥<1
{ 1 1≤𝑥<∞
Also find (i) 𝑃(𝑋 < 0) and (ii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ −1).
Ex:11.10 A random variable X has the following probability mass function.
𝑥 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑘 2𝑘 6𝑘 5𝑘 6𝑘 10𝑘
Find 𝑘 May 2022 - 2M (i) 𝑃(2 < 𝑋 < 6) -Mar2020-3M (ii) 𝑃(2 ≤ 𝑋 < 5) (iii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 4)
(iv) 𝑃(3 < 𝑋)
Exercise 11.2
1. Three fair coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability mass function for number of heads
occurred.
2. A six sided die is marked ‘1’ on one face, ‘3’ on two of its faces, and ‘5’ on remaining three faces.
The die is thrown twice. If X denotes the total score in two throws, find (i) the probability mass
function (ii) the cumulative distribution function (iii) 𝑃(4 ≤ 𝑋 < 10) (iv) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 6).
3. Find the probability mass function and cumulative distribution function of number of girl child in
families with 4 children, assuming equal probabilities for boys and girls.
4. Suppose a discrete random variable can only take the values 0,1, and 2. The probability mass
𝑥 2 +1
, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0,1,2
𝑘
function is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Find (i) the value of 𝑘 (ii) cumulative distribution function (iii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1).
5. The cumulative distribution function of a discrete random variable is given by 𝐹(𝑥) =
0 − ∞ < 𝑥 < −1
0.15 −1≤𝑥 <0
0.35 0≤𝑥<1
Find (i) the probability mass function (ii) 𝑃(𝑋 < 1) (iii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2).
0.60 1≤𝑥<2
0.85 2≤𝑥<3
{1 3≤𝑥<∞
6. A random variable X has the following probability mass function
𝑥 1 2 3 4 5
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑘2 2𝑘 2 3𝑘 2 2𝑘 3𝑘
Find (i) the value of k July-2022 2M (ii) 𝑃(2 ≤ 𝑋 < 5) (iii) 𝑃(3 < 𝑋). Aug 2021 - 5M
7. The cumulative distribution function of a discrete random variable is given by

0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − ∞ < 𝑥 < 0
1
𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
2
3
𝑓𝑜𝑟 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
𝐹(𝑥) = 5
4
𝑓𝑜𝑟 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 3
5
9
𝑓𝑜𝑟 3 ≤ 𝑥 < 4
10
{ 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 4 ≤ 𝑥 < ∞
Find (i) the probability mass function (ii) 𝑃(𝑋 < 3) (iii)𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2) July-2022 5M
2
Ex:11.11 Find the constant C such that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝐶𝑥 1 < 𝑥 < 4 is a density function,
0 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
and compute (i) 𝑃(1.5 < 𝑋 < 3.5) (ii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) (iii) 𝑃(3 < 𝑋).

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Ex:11.12 If X is a random variable with probability density function 𝑓(𝑥) is given by, 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 − 1, 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
{ −𝑥 + 3, 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 3 Find (i) the distribution function F(x) (ii) 𝑃(1.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 2.5).
0 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
0, 𝑥<0
Ex:11.13 If X is the random variable with distribution function F(x) given by, 𝐹(𝑥) = { 𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
1, 1≤𝑥
then find (i) the probability density function 𝑓(𝑥) (ii) 𝑃(0.2 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 0.7).
Ex:11.14 The probability density function of a random variable X is given by 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑘 1≤𝑥≤5
{ Find(i)Distribution function (ii)𝑃(𝑋 < 3) (iii) 𝑃(2 < 𝑋 < 4) (iv) 𝑃(3 ≤ 𝑋).
Ex:11.15 Let X be a random variable denoting the life time of an electrical equipment having
𝑘𝑒 −2𝑥 , 𝑥>0
probability density function 𝑓(𝑥) = { Find (i) the value of 𝑘 (ii) Distribution
0, 𝑥≤0
function (iii) 𝑃(𝑋 < 2) (iv) calculate the probability that X is at least for four unit of time (v) 𝑃(𝑋 = 3)
Exercise 11.3
𝑘𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0
1. The probability density function of X is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = { Find the value of 𝑘.
0, 𝑥≤0
Aug 2021 - 2M
𝑥, 0<𝑥<1
2. The probability density function of X is 𝑓(𝑥) = {2 − 𝑥, 1≤𝑥<2
0, 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Find (i) 𝑃(0.2 ≤ 𝑋 < 0.6) (ii) 𝑃(1.2 ≤ 𝑋 < 1.8) (iii) 𝑃(0.5 ≤ 𝑋 < 1.5)
3. Suppose the amount of milk sold daily at a milk booth is distributed with a minimum of 200 liters
and a maximum of 600 literswith probability density function 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑘 200 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 600
Find (i) the value of k July-2022 2M (ii) the distribution function (iii) the probability that daily sales
will fall between 300 liters and 500 liters? Mar 2023 - 5M
𝑥
−
4. The probability density function of X is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑘𝑒 3 , 𝑥 > 0 Find (i) the value of 𝑘
0, 𝑥≤0
(ii) the distribution function (iii) 𝑃(𝑋 < 3) (iv) 𝑃(5 ≤ 𝑋) (v) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 4).
5. If X is the random variable with probability density function 𝑓(𝑥) given by, 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 + 1, − 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
{−𝑥 + 1, 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1 then find (i) the distribution function F(x) (ii) 𝑃(−0.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 0.5)
0, −∞<𝑥 <0
1 2
6. If X is a random variable with distribution function F(x) given by, 𝐹(𝑥) = { 2 (𝑥 + 𝑥), 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
1, 1≤𝑥<∞
then find (i) the probability density function 𝑓(𝑥) Aug 2021 - 2M (ii) 𝑃(0.3 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 0.6)
Ex:11.16 Suppose that f(x) given below represents a probability mass function,
𝑥 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐2 2𝑐 2 3𝑐 2 4𝑐 2 𝑐 2𝑐
Find (i) the value of 𝑐 (ii) Mean and Variance.
Ex:11.17 Two balls are chosen randomly from an urn containing 8 white and 4 black balls. Suppose
that we win Rs.20 for each black ball selected and we lose Rs.10 for each white ball selected. Find the
expected winning amount and variance..
Ex11.18 Find the mean and variance of a random variable X, whose probability density function is
e − x , forx  0
f ( x) = 
0, otherwise
Exercise 11.4

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1. For the random variable X with the given probability mass function as below, find the mean and
1
10
, 𝑥 = 2,5
variance. (i) 𝑓(𝑥) = {1 (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = {4−𝑥 , 𝑥 = 1,2,3
, 𝑥 = 0,1,3,4 6
5
1 −𝑥
2(𝑥 − 1), 1 < 𝑥 < 2 𝑒 2, 𝑥>0
(iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = { (iv) 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2
0, 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 0, 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
2. Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an urn containing 4 red balls and 3
black balls. Let X be the possible outcomes drawing red balls. Find the probability mass function and
mean for X.
3. If 𝜇 and 𝜎 2 are the mean and variance of the discrete random variable X, 𝐸(𝑋 + 3) = 10 and
𝐸(𝑋 + 3)2 = 116 , find 𝜇 and 𝜎 2 .
4. Four fair coins are tossed once. Find the probability mass function, mean and variance for number
of heads occurred.
5. A commuter train arrives punctually at a station every half hour. Each morning , a student leaves his
house to the train station. Let X denote the amount of time, in minutes, that the student waits for the
train from the time he reaches the train station. It is known that the pdf of X is
1
, 0 < 𝑥 < 30
30
𝑓(𝑥) = { 0, 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒 Obtain and interpret the expected value of the random variable X.
6. The time to failure in thousands of hours of an electronic equipment used in a manufactured

3e −3 x , forx  0
computer has the density function f ( x) = 
0, otherwise
Find the expected life of this electronic equipment.
−4𝑥
7. The probability density function of the random variable X is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = {16𝑥𝑒 , 𝑥>0
0, 𝑥≤0
find the mean and variance of X.
8. A lottery with 600 tickets gives one prize of Rs.200, four prizes of Rs.100, and six prizes of Rs.50.
If the ticket costs is Rs.2, find the expected winning amount of a ticket.
Ex:11.19 Find the binomial distribution for each of the following. (i) Five fair coins are tossed once
and X denotes the number of heads. (ii)A fair die is rolled 10 times and X denotes the number of
times 4 appeared.
Ex:11.20 A multiple choice examination has ten questions, each question has four distracters with
exactly one correct answer. Suppose a student answers by guessing and if X denotes the number of
correct answers, find (i) binomial distribution (ii) probability that the student will get seven correct
answers (iii) the probability of getting at least one correct answer.
Ex:11.21 The mean and variance of a binomial variate X are respectively 2 and 1.5
Find (i) P(X = 0) Sep 2020 – 3M (ii) P(X = 1) (iii) P(X ≥ 1)
Ex:11.22 On the average,20% of the products manufactured by ABC company are found to be
defective. If we select 6 of these products at random and X denotes the number of defective products,
find the probability that (i) two products are defective (ii) at most one product is defective (iii) at least
two products are defective.
Exercise 11.5
1
1. Compute P(X = k) for the binomial distribution, B(n, p) where (𝑖)𝑛 = 6, 𝑝 = ,𝑘 = 3
3
1 1
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑛 = 10, 𝑝 = 5
, 𝑘 = 4 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑛 = 9, 𝑝 = 2
, 𝑘 = 7.
1
2. The probability that Mr.Q hits a target at any trail is 4 . Suppose he tries at the target 10 times. Find
the probability that he hits the target (i) exactly 4 times (ii) at least one time.
3. Using binomial distribution find the mean and variance of X for the following experiments. (i) A

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fair coin is tossed 100 times, and X denote the number of heads (ii) A fair die is rolled 240 times, and
X denote the number of times that four appeared.
3
4. The probability that a certain kind of component will survive a electrical test is . Find the
4
probability that exactly 3 of the 5 components tested survive.
5. A retailer purchases a certain kind of electronic device from a manufacturer. The manufacturer
indicates that the defective rate of the device is 5%. The inspector of the retailer randomly picks 10
items from a shipment. What is the probability that there will be (i) at least one defective item (ii)
exactly two defective items?
6. If the probability that a fluorescent light has a useful life of at least 600 hours is 0.9, find the
probabilities that among 12 such lights (i) exactly 10 will have a useful life of at least 600 hours (ii) at
least 11 will have a useful life of at least 600 hours (iii) at least 2 will not have a useful life of at least
600 hours.
7. The mean and standard deviation of a binomial variate X are respectively 6 and 2. Find (i) the
probability mass function (ii) P(X = 3) (iii) P(X ≥ 2).
8. If 𝑋~𝐵(𝑛, 𝑝) such that 4P(X = 4) = P(X = 2) and n=6. Find the distribution mean and standard
deviation of X. Sep 2020 – 5M
9. In a binomial distribution consisting of 5 independent trails, the probability of 1 and 2 successes are
0.4096 and 0.2048 respectively. Find the mean and variance of the random variable.
12. DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
Theorem1: (Uniqueness of Identity) In an algebraic structure the identity element(if exists) must be
unique. Mar 2020- 2M
Theorem2: (Uniqueness of Inverse) In an algebraic structure the inverse of an element(if exists) must
be unique.
Ex:12.1 Examine the binary operation (closure property) of the following operations on the respective
𝑎−1
sets(if it is not, make it binary). (i) 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 3𝑎𝑏 − 5𝑏 2 , ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℤ (ii) 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = ( ) , ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℚ.
𝑏−1
Sep 2020 – 2M
Ex:12.2 Verify the (i) closure property (ii) commutative property (iii) associative property
(iv) existence of identity and (v) existence of inverse for the arithmetic operation + on ℤ.
(iv) existence of identity and (v) existence of inverse for the arithmetic operation − on ℤ.
(iv) existence of identity and (v) existence of inverse for the arithmetic operation + on ℤ𝑒 = the set of
all even integers.
(iv) existence of identity and (v) existence of inverse for the arithmetic operation + on ℤ𝑜 = the set of
all odd integers.
Ex:12.6 Verify (i) closure property (ii) commutative property (iii) associative property of the
following operation on the given set. 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏 , ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℕ. July-2022 3M
Ex:12.7 Verify (i) closure property (ii) commutative property (iii) associative property (iv) existence
of identity and (v) existence of inverse for the following operation on the given set
𝑚 ∗ 𝑛 = 𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑚𝑛, ∀ 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ.
0 1 1 1
Ex:12.8 Let 𝐴 = ( ) and 𝐵 = ( ) be any two Boolean matrices of the same type. Find 𝐴 ⋁ 𝐵
1 1 0 1
and 𝐴 ⋀ 𝐵. Mar 2023 - 2M
of identity and (v) existence of inverse for the operation +5 on ℤ5 using table corresponding to
addition modulo 5.

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of identity and (v) existence of inverse for the operation ×11 on a subset 𝐴 = {1,3,4,5,9} of the set of
remainders {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}.
Exercise 12.1
1. Determine whether ∗ is a binary operation on the sets given below. (i) 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎. |𝑏| 𝑜𝑛 ℝ.
(ii) 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = min(𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑜𝑛 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5} (iii) 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎√𝑏 is binary on ℝ.
2. On ℤ, define  by m  n = m + n , ∀ 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ. Is  binary on ℤ?
n m
−7
3. Let ∗ be defined on ℝ by 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏 − 7. Is ∗ binary on ℝ? If so, find 3 ∗ ( 15 ).
May 2022 - 3M
4. Let 𝐴 = {𝑎 + √5𝑏 ∶ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℤ}. Check whether the usual multiplication is a binary operation on A.
𝑎+𝑏
5. Define on operation ∗ on ℚ as follows: 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = ( ) ; 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℚ. (i) Examine ∗ a b c
2
the closure, commutative and associative properties satisfied by ∗ on ℚ. a b
Aug 2021 - 3M b bc a
(ii) Examine the existence of identity and the existence of inverse for the c a c
operation ∗ on ℚ.
6.Fill in the following table so that the binary operation ∗ on A={a,b,c} is commutative.
7. Consider the binary operation ∗ defined on the set A={a, b, c, d} by the following table. Is it
commutative and associative? ∗ a b c d
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
a a c b d
8. Let 𝐴 = (0 1 0 1), 𝐵 = (1 0 1 0), 𝐶 = (0 1 1 0) be any three
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 b d a b c
Boolean matrices of the same type. Find (i) A  B (ii) A  B (iii) (𝐴  B)  C c c d a a
(iv) (A  B)  C. d d b a C
𝑥 𝑥
9.Let 𝑀 = {( ) : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ − {0}} and let ∗ be the matrix multiplication. Determine whether M is
𝑥 𝑥
closed under ∗ . If so, (i) examine the commutative and associative properties satisfied by ∗ on M. (ii)
examine the existence of identity and existence of inverse properties for the operation ∗ on M.
10. Let A be ℚ\{1}. Define ∗ on A by 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦. Is ∗ binary on A? If so,(i) examine the
commutative and associative properties satisfied by ∗ on A. (ii) examine the existence of identity and
existence of inverse properties for the operation ∗ on A.
Ex:12.11 Identify the valid statements from the following sentences.
1) Mount Everest is the highest mountain of the world. 2) 3+4=8. 3) 7+5>10 4) Give me that
book. 5) 10−𝑥=7 6) How beautiful this flower is! 7) Where are you going? 8) Wish you all
success. 9) This is the beginning of the end.
Ex:12.12 Write the statements in words corresponding to  p, p  q, p  q and q   p, where p is ‘It
is cold’ and q is ‘It is raining’.
Ex:12.13 How many rows are needed for following statement formulae?
(i) p   t  (p   s) (ii) ((p  q)  (  r   s) )  (  t  v)
Ex:12.14 Consider p → q: If today is Monday, then 4+4=8. Give the truth value of p → q.
Ex:12.15 Write down the (i) conditional statement (ii) converse statement (iii) inverse statement and
(iv) contra positive statement for the two statements p and q given below. p: The number of primes is
infinite. q: Ooty is in kerala.
Ex:12.16 Construct the truth table for (p  q)  (p   q).
Ex:12.17 Establish the equivalence property: p → q   p  q. Mar 2020-3M
Laws of equivalence: 1.Idempotent laws: (i) p  p  p (ii) p  p  p
2. Commutative laws: (i) p  q  q  p (ii) p  q  q  p
3. Associative laws: (i) p  ( q  r)  (p  q)  r (ii) p  ( q  r)  (p  q)  r
4. Distributive laws: (i) p  ( q  r)  (p  q)  (p  r) (ii) p  ( q  r)  (p  q)  (p  r)

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5. Identity laws: (i) p  𝕋  𝕋 and p  𝔽  p (ii) p  𝕋  p and p  𝔽  𝔽

6. Complement laws: (i) p   p  𝕋 and p   p  𝔽 (ii)  𝕋  𝔽 and  𝔽  𝕋
7. Involution law or Double negation law:  (  p )  p
8. Demorgan’s laws: (i)  ( p  q)   p   q (ii)  ( p  q)   p   q
9. Absorption laws: (i) p  (p  q)  p (ii) p  (p  q)  p
Ex:12.18 Establish the equivalence property connecting the bi-conditional with conditional:
p  q  ( p → q)  ( q → p)
Ex:12.19 Using the equivalence property, show that p  q  (p  q)  (  p   q).
Exercise 12.2
1.Let p: Jupiter is a planet and q: India is an island be any two simple statements. Give verbal sentence
describing each of the following statements. (i)  p (ii) p   q (iii)  p  q (iv) p →  q (v) p  q
2.Write each of the following sentences in symbolic form using statement variables p and q. (i) 19 is
not a prime number and all the angles of a triangle are equal.(ii) 19 is a prime number or all the angles
of a triangle are not equal. (iii) 19 is a prime number and all the angles of a triangle are equal. (iv)19 is
not a prime number.
3. Determine the truth value of each of the following statements. (i) If 6+2=5, then the milk is white.
(ii) China is in Europe or √3 is an integer. (iii) It is not true that 5+5=9 or Earth is a planet. (iv) 11 is a
prime number and all the sides of a rectangle are equal.
4.Which one of the following sentences is a proposition? (i)4+7=12 (ii)What are you doing? (iii) 3𝑛 ≤
81, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ (iv)Peacock is our national bird (v)How tall this mountain is!
5. Write the converse, inverse and contra positive of each of the following implication: (i) If 𝑥 and 𝑦
are numbers such that 𝑥 = 𝑦, then 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 2 (ii) If a quadrilateral is a square then it is a rectangle.
6. Construct the truth table for the following statements. (i)  p   q (ii)  ( p   q)
(iii) ( p  q)   q (iv) (  p → r)  ( p  q )
7. Verify whether the following compound propositions are tautologies or contradictions or
contingency
(i) (p  q)   (p  q) (ii) ((p  q)   p) → q
(iii) (p → q)  (  p → q) July-2022 5M (iv) (( p → q)  ( q → r)) → ( p → r)
8.Show that (i)  ( p  q)   p   q (ii)  ( p → q)  p   q Aug 2021 - 5M
9. Prove that q → p   p →  q.
10. Show that p → q and q → p are not equivalent. Mar 2023 - 3M
11. Show that  ( p  q )  p  q
12. Check whether the statements p → (q → p ) is a tautology or a contradiction without using the
truth table.
13. Using the truth table check whether the statements  (𝑝 ∧ q) ∨ (  𝑝 ∧ q) and  p are logically
equivalent.
14. Prove p → (q → r)  (p  q) → r without using truth table. May 2022 - 5M
15. Prove that p → (  q  r)   p  (  q  r) using truth table. Mar 2023 - 5M
1. APPLICATIONS OF MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
9
1. If |𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)| = |𝐴| , then the order of the square matrix 𝐴 is
(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 2 (4) 5
2. If 𝐴 is a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐴 and 𝐵 = 𝐴−1 𝐴𝑇 , then 𝐵𝐵 𝑇 =
𝑇 𝑇
(1) 𝐴 (2) 𝐵 (3) 𝐼3 (4) 𝐵 𝑇

3 5 |𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵|
3. If 𝐴 = [ ], 𝐵 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 and 𝐶 = 3𝐴, then |𝐶| =
1 2
1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4) 1
3 9 4

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1 −2 6 0
4. If 𝐴 [ ]=[ ], then 𝐴 =
1 4 0 6
1 −2 1 2 4 2 4 −1
(1) [ ] (2) [ ] (3) [ ] (4) [ ]
1 4 −1 4 −1 1 2 1
7 3
5. If 𝐴 = [ ], then 9𝐼2 − 𝐴 =
4 2
𝐴−1
(1) 𝐴−1 (2) 2 (3) 3𝐴−1 (4) 2𝐴−1
2 0 1 4
6. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ], then |𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵)| =
1 5 2 0
(1) −40 (2) −80 (3) −60 (4) −20
1 𝑥 0
7. If 𝑃 = [1 3 0 ] is the adjoint of 3 × 3 matrix 𝐴 and |𝐴| = 4, then 𝑥 is
2 4 −2
(1) 15 (2) 12 (3) 14 (4) 11
3 1 −1 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
8. If 𝐴 = [2 −2 0 ] and 𝐴−1 = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ], then the value of 𝑎23 is
1 2 −1 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
(1) 0 (2)−2 (3) −3 (4) −1
9. If 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are invertible matrices of same order, then which one of the following is not true?
(1) 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐴−1 (2) 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐵)
−1 −1
(3) 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴 = (𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴) (4) (𝐴𝐵𝐶)−1 = 𝐶 −1 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1
12 −17 1 −1
10. If (𝐴𝐵)−1 = [ ] and 𝐴−1 = [ ], then 𝐵 −1 =
−19 27 −2 3
2 −5 8 5 3 1 8 −5
(1) [ ] (2) [ ] (3) [ ] (4) [ ]
−3 8 3 2 2 1 −3 2
11. If 𝐴𝑇 𝐴−1 is symmetric, then 𝐴2 =
(1) 𝐴−1 (2) (𝐴𝑇 )2 (3) 𝐴𝑇 (4) (𝐴−1 )2
5 3
12. If 𝐴 is non-singular matrix such that 𝐴−1 = [ ], then (𝐴𝑇 )−1 =
−2 −1
−5 3 5 3 −1 −3 5 −2
(1) [ ] (2) [ ] (3) [ ] (4) [ ]
2 1 −2 −1 2 5 3 −1
3 4
5 5
13. If 𝐴 = [ 3] and 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴−1, then the value of 𝑥 is
𝑥 5
4 3 3 4
(1) − 5 (2) − 5 (3) 5 (4) 5
𝜃
1 tan 2
14. If 𝐴 = [ 𝜃
] and 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼2 , then 𝐵 =
−tan 1
2
𝑇
(1) (cos 2𝜃
)𝐴 𝜃 (3) (cos2 𝜃) 𝐼 𝜃
(4) (sin2 2)𝐴
2 (2) (cos 2 2)𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑘 0
15. If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = [ ], then 𝑘 =
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0 𝑘
(1) 0 (2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (3) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (4) 1
2 3
16. If 𝐴 = [ ] be such that 𝜆𝐴−1 = 𝐴, then 𝜆 is
5 −2
(1) 17 (2) 14 (3) 19 (4) 21
2 3 1 −2
17. If 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 = [ ] and 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐵 = [ ] then 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵) is
4 −1 −3 1
−7 −1 −6 5 −7 7 −6 −2
(1) [ ] (2) [ ] (3) [ ] (4) [ ]
7 −9 −2 −10 −1 −9 5 −10

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1 2 3 4
18. The rank of the matrix [ 2 4 6 8 ]is
−1 −2 −3 −4
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 3
𝑚 𝑏 𝑎 𝑚 𝑎 𝑏
19. If 𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑚 , 𝑥 𝑐 𝑦 𝑑 = 𝑒 𝑛 , Δ1 = | | , Δ2 = | | , Δ3 = | |, then the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦
𝑛 𝑑 𝑐 𝑛 𝑐 𝑑
are respectively
∆2 ∆3 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆1 ∆2
(1) 𝑒 ∆1 , 𝑒 ∆1 (2) log (∆1 ) , log (∆2 ) (3) log (∆2 ) , log (∆3 ) (4) 𝑒 ∆3 , 𝑒 ∆3
3 3 1 1
20. Which of the following is/are correct?

(i) Adjoint of a symmetric matrix is also a symmetric matrix.
(ii) Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is also a diagonal matrix.
(iii) If A is a square matrix of order n and λ is a scalar, then 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝜆𝐴) = 𝜆𝑛 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 .
(iv) 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐴 = |𝐴|𝐼𝑛
(1) only (i) (2) (ii) and (iii) (3) (iii) and (iv) (4) (i), (ii) and (iv)
21. If 𝜌 (𝐴) = 𝜌 ([𝐴 |𝐵]), then the system 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 of linear equations is
(1) consistent and has a unique solution (2) consistent
(3)consistent and has infinitely many solution (4) inconsistent
22. If 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 and the system of equations 𝑥 + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑦 − (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑧 = 0, (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0,
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 has a non-trivial solution then θ is
2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋
(1) (2) (3) (4) 4
3 4 6
1 2 7 3
23. The augmented matrix of the system of linear equations is [0 1 4 6 ]. The system
0 0 𝜆−7 𝜇+5
has infinitely many solutions if
(1) 𝜆 = 7, 𝜇 ≠ 5 (2) 𝜆 = −7, 𝜇 = 5 (3) 𝜆 ≠ 7, 𝜇 ≠ −5 (4) 𝜆 = 7, 𝜇 = −5
2 −1 1 3 1 −1
24. Let 𝐴 = [−1 2 −1] and 4𝐵 = [ 1 3 𝑥 ]. If 𝐵 is the inverse of 𝐴, then the value of 𝑥 is
1 −1 2 −1 1 3
(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 3 (4) 1
3 −3 4
25. If 𝐴 = [2 −3 4], then 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) is
0 −1 1
3 −3 4 6 −6 8 −3 3 −4 3 −3 4
(1) [2 −3 4] (2) [4 −6 8] (3) [−2 3 −4] (4) [0 −1 1]
0 −1 1 0 −2 2 0 1 −1 2 −3 4
2.COMPLEX NUMBERS
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3
1. 𝑖 + 𝑖 +𝑖 +𝑖 is
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) −1 (4) 𝑖
13 𝑛 𝑛−1
2. The value of ∑𝑖=1(𝑖 + 𝑖 ) is
(1) 1 + 𝑖 (2) 𝑖 (3) 1 (4) 0
3. The area of the triangle formed by the complex numbers 𝑧, 𝑖𝑧 and 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 in the Argand’s diagram is
1
(1) |𝑧|2 (2) |𝑧|2 3
(3) |𝑧|2 (4) 2|𝑧|2
2 2
1
4. The conjugate of the complex number is . Then the complex number is
𝑖−2
1 −1 −1 1
(1) 𝑖+2 (2) 𝑖+2 (3) 𝑖−2 (4) 𝑖−2
3
(√3+𝑖) (3𝑖+4)2
5. If 𝑧 = (8+6𝑖)2
then |𝑧| is equal to
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
2
6. If 𝑧 is a non-zero complex number, such that 2𝑖𝑧 = 𝑧̅ then |𝑧|is
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1
(1) 2 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
7. If |𝑧 − 2 + 𝑖| ≤ 2 then the greatest value of |𝑧| is
(1) √3 − 2 (2) √3 + 2 (3) √5 − 2 (4) √5 + 2
3
8. If |𝑧 − 𝑧| = 2 then the least value of |𝑧|is
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 5
1+𝑧
9. If |𝑧| = 1, then the value of 1+𝑧̅ is
1
(1) 𝑧 (2) 𝑧̅ (3) 𝑧 (4) 1
10. The solution of the equation |𝑧| − 𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑖 is
3 3 3𝑖 3𝑖
(1) 2 − 2𝑖 (2) − 2 + 2𝑖 (3) 2 − (4) 2 +
2 2
11. If |𝑧1 | = 1, |𝑧2 | = 2, |𝑧3 | = 3and |9𝑧1 𝑧2 + 4𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 𝑧3 | = 12, then the value of |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | is
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
1
12. If 𝑧 is a complex number such that 𝑧 ∈ ℂ\ℝ and 𝑧 + 𝑧 ∈ ℝ, then |𝑧| is
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
13. If 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 be complex numbers such that 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 = 0 and |𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 | = |𝑧3 | = 1 then
𝑧12 + 𝑧22 + 𝑧32 is

(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) 0
𝑧−1
14. If is purely imaginary then |𝑧| is
𝑧+1
1
(1) 2 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
15. If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is a complex number such that |𝑧 + 2| = |𝑧 − 2| then the locus of 𝑧 is
(1) real axis (2) imaginary axis (3) ellipse (4) circle
3
16. The principal argument of −1+𝑖 is
5𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
(1) − (2) − (3) − (4) − 2
6 3 4
17. The principal argument of (sin 40° + 𝑖 cos 40°)5 is
(1) −110° (2) −70° (3) 70° (4) 110°
2
18. If (1 + 𝑖)(1 + 2𝑖)(1 + 3𝑖) ⋯ (1 + 𝑛𝑖) = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 then 2.5.10 ⋯ (1 + 𝑛 ) is
(1) 1 (2) 𝑖 (3) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 (4) 1 + 𝑛2
19. If 𝜔 ≠ 1 is a cube root of unity and (1 + 𝜔)7 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝜔 , then (𝐴, 𝐵) equals
(1) (1, 0) (2) (−1, 1) (3) (0, 1) (4) (1, 1)
2
(1+𝑖√3)
20. The principal argument of the complex number 4𝑖(1−𝑖√3) is
2𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋
(1) (2) 6 (3) (4) 2
3 6
2 2020 2020
21. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0, then 𝛼 +𝛽 is
(1) −2 (2) −1 (3) 1 (4) 2
3
𝜋 𝜋 4
22. The product of all four values of (cos 3 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 ) is
(1) −2 (2) −1 (3) 1 (4) 2
1 1 1
2
23. If 𝜔 ≠ 1 is a cube root of unity and |1 −𝜔 − 1 𝜔2 | = 3𝑘 then 𝑘 is equal to
1 𝜔2 𝜔7
(1) 1 (2) −1 (3) √3𝑖 (4) −√3𝑖
10
1+√3𝑖
24. The value of (1−√3𝑖) is

P a g e | 54
2𝜋 4𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋
(1) 𝑐𝑖𝑠 (2) 𝑐𝑖𝑠 (3) −𝑐𝑖𝑠 (4) −𝑐𝑖𝑠
3 3 3 3
2𝜋
𝑧+1 𝜔 𝜔2
25. If 𝜔 = 𝑐𝑖𝑠 , then the number of distinct roots of | 𝜔
3
𝑧 + 𝜔2 1 |=0
2
𝜔 1 𝑧+𝜔
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
3.THEORY OF EQUATIONS
3
1. A zero of 𝑥 + 64 is
(1) 0 (2) 4 (3) 4𝑖 (4) −4
2. If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are polynomials of degrees 𝑚 and 𝑛 respectively, and if ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥),
then the degree of ℎ is
(1)𝑚 (2) 𝑚 + 𝑛 (3) 𝑚𝑛 (4)𝑛𝑚
3. A polynomial equation in 𝑥 of degree 𝑛 always has
(1) 𝑛 distinct roots (2) 𝑛 real roots (3) 𝑛 complex roots (4) at most one root.
1
4. If α, β, and γ are the zeros of 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟, then ∑ 𝛼 is
𝑞 𝑝 𝑞 𝑞
(1) −𝑟 (2) − 𝑟 (3) 𝑟 (4) − 𝑝
5. According to the rational root theorem, which number is not possible rational zero of
4𝑥 7 + 2𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 3 − 5?
5 4
(1) −1 (2) 4 (3) 5 (4) 5
6. The polynomial 𝑥 3 − 𝑘𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 has three real zero
s if and only if, 𝑘 satisfies
(1) |𝑘| ≤ 6 (2) 𝑘 = 0 (3) |𝑘| > 6 (4) |𝑘| ≥ 6
4 2
7. The number of real numbers in [0, 2𝜋] satisfying sin 𝑥 – 2 sin 𝑥 + 1 is
(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 1 (4) ∞
3 2
8. If 𝑥 + 12𝑥 + 10𝑎𝑥 + 1999 definitely has a positive zero, if and only if
(1) 𝑎 ≥ 0 (2) 𝑎 > 0 (3) 𝑎 < 0 (4) 𝑎 ≤ 0
3
9. The polynomial 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3 has
(1) one negative and two imaginary zeros (2) one positive and two imaginary zeros
(3) three real zeros (4) no zeros
𝑛
10. The number of positive zeros of the polynomial ∑𝑗=0 𝑛𝐶𝑟 (−1)𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 is
(1) 0 (2) 𝑛 (3) < 𝑛 (4) 𝑟
4.INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
−1
1. The value of sin (cos x), 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋 is
𝜋 𝜋
(1) 𝜋 − 𝑥 (2) 𝑥 − 2 (3) 2 − 𝑥 (4) 𝜋 − 𝑥
2𝜋
2. If sin −1 𝑥+sin−1 𝑦 = ; then cos −1 𝑥+cos−1 𝑦 is equal to
3
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) (2) 3 (3) 6 (4) 𝜋
3
3 12 5 13
3. sin−1 5 −cos−1 13 + sec −1 3− cosec −1 12 is equal to
12
(1) 2π (2) π (3) 0 (4) tan−1 65
4. If sin−1 𝑥=2sin−1 𝛼 has a solution, then
1 1 1 1
(1) |𝛼|≤ (2) |𝛼|≥ (3) |𝛼|< (4) |𝛼|>
√2 √2 √2 √2
𝜋
5. sin−1(cos 𝑥)=2 − 𝑥 is valid for
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
(1) –π ≤ x ≤ 0 (2) 0 ≤ x ≤ π (3) − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2 (4) − 4 ≤ x ≤ 4
3𝜋 9
6. If sin−1 𝑥+sin−1 𝑦+sin−1 𝑧 = , the value of x2017+y2018+z2019 − 𝑥 101 +𝑦 101 +𝑧 101 is
2
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
P a g e | 55
2𝜋
7. If cot −1 𝑥= 5 , for some 𝑥 ∈ R, the value of tan−1 𝑥is
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) –10 (2) 5 (3) 10 (4) – 5
8. The domain of the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 √𝑥 − 1 is
(1) [1, 2] (2) [−1, 1] (3) [0, 1] (4) [−1, 0]
1 −1 −1
9. If 𝑥 = 5, the value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠(cos 𝑥+2sin 𝑥) is
24 24 1 1
(1) −√25 (2) √25 (3) 5 (4) − 5
1 2
10. tan−1 (4)+tan−1 (9) is equal to
1 3 1 3 1 3 1
(1) 2 cos −1 (5) (2) 2 sin−1 (5) (3) 2 tan−1 (5) (4) tan−1 (2)
11. If the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 2 − 3), then 𝑥 belongs to
(1) [−1, 1] (2) [√2, 2] (3) [−2, −√2] ∪ [√2, 2] (4) [−2, −√2]
−1 −1
12. If cot 2 and cot 3 are two angles of a triangle, then the third angle is
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 4 6 3
𝜋 3 𝜋
13. sin−1 (tan 4 )−sin−1 (√𝑥)= 6 . Then 𝑥 is a root of the equation
(1) x2 − x − 6 = 0 (2) x2 −x −12 = 0 (3) x2 + x − 12 = 0 (4) x2 + x − 6 = 0

14. sin−1(2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1)+cos −1 (1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)=
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 6
15. If cot −1(√sin 𝛼)+ tan−1 (√sin 𝛼) = 𝑢, then 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑢 is equal to
(1) 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼 (2) 0 (3) −1 (4) 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼
−1 2𝑥
16. If |𝑥| ≤ 1, then 2tan 𝑥−sin−1 1+𝑥 2 is equal to
−1 −1
(1)tan 𝑥 (2) sin 𝑥 (3) 0 (4) 𝜋
1
17. The equation tan−1 𝑥− cot −1 𝑥 = tan−1 ( ) has
√3
(1) no solution (2) unique solution (3) two solutions (4) infinite number of
solutions
1 𝜋
18. If sin−1 𝑥+cot −1 (2)=2 , then 𝑥 is equal to
1 1 2 √3
(1) 2 (2) (3) (4)
√5 √5 2
𝑥 5 𝜋
19. If sin−1 5+cosec −1 4=2 , then the value of 𝑥 is
(1) 4 (2) 5 (3) 2 (4) 3
−1
20. sin(tan 𝑥), |𝑥|<1 is equal to
𝑥 1 1 𝑥
(1) √1−𝑥2 (2) √1−𝑥2 (3) √1+𝑥2 (4) √1+𝑥2
5.TWO DIMENSIONAL ANALYTIAL GEOMENTRY II
1. The equation of the circle passing through (1, 5) and (4, 1) and touching 𝑦-axis is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 −
6𝑦 + 9 + 𝜆(4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 19) = 0 where λ is equal to
40 40 40
(1) 0, − (2) 0 (3) (4) −
9 9 9
2. The eccentricity of the hyperbola whose latus rectum is 8 and conjugate axis is equal to half the
distance between the foci is
4 4 2 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 √3 √3 2
2 2
3. The circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 5 intersects the line 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 𝑚 at two distinct points if
(1) 15< 𝑚 <65 (2) 35< 𝑚 <85 (3) −85< 𝑚 <−35 (4) −35< 𝑚 <15
4. The length of the diameter of the circle which touches the 𝑥-axis at the point (1,0) and

P a g e | 56
passes through the point (2, 3)

6 5 10 3
(1) (2) (3) (4) 5
5 3 3
5. The radius of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 4𝑏𝑥 − 6𝑏𝑦 + 𝑏 2 = 0 is
(1) 1 (2) 3 (3) √10 (4) √11
6. The centre of the circle inscribed in a square formed by the lines 𝑥 − 8𝑥 − 12 = 0 and 𝑦 2 −
2
14𝑦 + 45 = 0 is
(1) (4, 7) (2) (7, 4) (3) (9, 4) (4) (4, 9)
2 2
7. The equation of the normal to the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 which is parallel to the line
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 3 is
(1) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3 (2) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3 = 0 (3) 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3 = 0 (4) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3 = 0
8. If P(𝑥, 𝑦) be any point on 16𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 = 400 with foci F1(3, 0) and F2(− 3, 0) then PF1+ PF2 is
(1) 8 (2) 6 (3) 10 (4) 12
9. The radius of the circle passing through the point (6, 2) two of whose diameter are 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6
and 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4 is
(1) 10 (2)2√5 (3) 6 (4) 4
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2
10. The area of quadrilateral formed with foci of the hyperbolas 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 and 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = −1 is
1
(1) 4(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) (2) 2(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) (3) 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 (4) (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
2
11. If the normals of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 drawn at the end points of its latus rectum are tangents
to the circle (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 𝑟 2, then the value of 𝑟 2 is
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 1 (4) 4
2
12. If 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑘 is a normal to the parabola 𝑦 = 12𝑥, then the value of 𝑘 is
(1) 3 (2) −1 (3) 1 (4) 9
𝑥2 𝑦2
13. The ellipse 𝐸1 : + = 1 is inscribed in a rectangle R whose sides are parallel to the coordinate
9 4
axes. Another ellipse 𝐸2 passing through the point (0, 4) circumscribes the rectangle R. The
eccentricity of the ellipse is
√2 √3 1 3
(1) (2) (3) 2 (4) 4
2 2
𝑥2 𝑦2
14. Tangents are drawn to the hyperbola – = 1parallel to the straight line 2𝑥 – 𝑦 = 1.
9 4
One of the points of contact of tangents on the hyperbola is
9 −1 −9 1 9 1
(1) (2√2 , ) (2) (2√2 , ) (3) (2√2 , ) (4) (3√3, – 2√2)
√2 √2 √2
𝑥2 𝑦2
15. The equation of the circle passing through the foci of the ellipse 16 + = 1 having
9
centre at (0, 3) is
(1) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 6𝑦 – 7 = 0 (2) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 6𝑦 + 7 = 0
(3) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 6𝑦 – 5 = 0 (4) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 – 6𝑦 + 5 = 0
16. Let C be the circle with centre at (1, 1) and radius =1. If T is the circle centered at (0, y) passing
through the origin and touching the circle C externally, then the radius of T is equal to
√3 √3 1 1
(1) (2) (3) 2 (4) 4
√2 2
17. Consider an ellipse whose centre is of the origin and its major axis is along 𝑥 −axis. If its
3
eccentrcity is 5 and the distance between its foci is 6, then the area of the quadrilateral inscribed in
the ellipse with diagonals as major and minor axis of the ellipse is
(1) 8 (2) 32 (3) 80 (4) 40
𝑥2 𝑦2
18. Area of the greatest rectangle inscribed in the ellipse + = 1 is
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑎
(1) 2𝑎𝑏 (2) 𝑎𝑏 (3) √𝑎𝑏 (4) 𝑏

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19. An ellipse has OB as semi minor axes, 𝐹 and 𝐹 ′ its foci and the angle 𝐹𝐵𝐹′ is a right angle. Then
the eccentricity of the ellipse is
1 1 1 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
√2 2 4 √3
2 2 𝑦2
20. The eccentricity of the ellipse (𝑥 − 3) + (𝑦 − 4) = is
9
√3 1 1 1
(1) (2) 3 (3) 3√2 (4)
2 √3
21. If the two tangents drawn from a point 𝑃 to the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 are at right angles then the
locus of 𝑃 is
(1) 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 (2) 𝑥 = −1 (3) 2𝑥 – 1= 0 (4) 𝑥 = 1
22. The circle passing through (1, –2) and touching the axis of x at (3, 0) passing through the point
(1) (–5, 2) (2) (2, –5) (3) (5, –2) (4) (– 2, 5)
2 9
23. The locus of a point whose distance from (−2, 0) is 3 times its distance from the line 𝑥 = − is
2
(1) a parabola (2) a hyperbola (3) an ellipse (4) a circle
24. The values of m for which the line 𝑦 = 𝑚 𝑥 + 2√5 touches the hyperbola 16𝑥 2 – 9𝑦 2 = 144
are the roots of 𝑥 2 – (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 – 4 = 0, then the value of (𝑎 + 𝑏)is
(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 0 (4) – 2
2 2
25. If the coordinates at one end of a diameter of the circle 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 8𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 are
(11, 2), the coordinates of the other end are
(1) (– 5, 2) (2) (−3, 2) (3) (5, −2) (4) (– 2, 5)
6.APPLICATIONS OF VECTOR ALGEBRA
1. If a⃗⃗⃗and ⃗⃗
b are parallel vectors, then [ a⃗⃗, c⃗, ⃗⃗
b ] is equal to
(1) 2 (2) −1 (3) 1 (4) 0
⃗⃗ and γ
2. If a vector ⃗α⃗ lies in the plane of β ⃗⃗, then
(1) [ ⃗α⃗, ⃗⃗
β, γ
⃗⃗ ]=1 (2) [ ⃗α⃗, ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ ]=−1
β, γ (3) [ ⃗α⃗, ⃗⃗
β, γ
⃗⃗ ]=0 ⃗⃗, ⃗⃗
(4) [α β, γ
⃗⃗ ]=2
3. If a⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗ . c⃗ = c⃗ . a⃗⃗ = 0, then the value of [ a⃗⃗, ⃗⃗
b =b b, c⃗ ] is
1
⃗⃗||c⃗|
(1) |a⃗⃗||b ⃗⃗||c⃗|
(2) |a⃗⃗||b (3) 1 (4) −1
3
4. If a⃗⃗, ⃗⃗
b, c⃗ are three unit vectors such that a⃗⃗ is perpendicular to ⃗⃗
b, and is parallel to c⃗ then
a⃗⃗⃗× (b⃗⃗ × c⃗) is equal to
(1) a⃗⃗ (2) ⃗⃗
b (3) c⃗ (4) ⃗0⃗
a ⃗⃗×c
⃗⃗.(b ⃗⃗) ⃗b⃗.(c
⃗⃗×a⃗⃗) c⃗⃗.(a
⃗⃗×b⃗⃗)
5. If [ a⃗⃗, ⃗⃗
b, c⃗ ]=1 then the value of (c⃗⃗×a ⃗⃗
+ ⃗⃗).c
+ ⃗⃗).a
is
⃗⃗).b (a⃗⃗×b ⃗⃗ (c ⃗⃗×b ⃗⃗
(1) 1 (2) −1 (3) 2 (4) 3
6. The volume of the parallelepiped with its edges represented by the vectors 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂, 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂, 𝑖̂+ 𝑗̂ + π𝑘̂
is
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) π (4) 4
1
7. If a⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗
b are unit vectors such that [ a⃗⃗, ⃗⃗
b, a⃗⃗ × ⃗⃗
b ]= 4, then the angle between a⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗
b is
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) 6 (2) 4 (3) 3 (4) 2
8. If a⃗⃗=𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, b
⃗⃗=𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂, c⃗=𝑖̂ and (a⃗⃗⃗× b
⃗⃗) × c⃗ = λa⃗⃗ + µb⃗⃗ then the value of λ + µ is
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 6 (4) 3
9. If a⃗⃗, ⃗⃗
b, c⃗ are non-coplanar, non-zero vectors such that [ a⃗⃗, ⃗⃗ b, c⃗ ]= 3, then {[ a⃗⃗⃗× ⃗⃗
b,b⃗⃗⃗× c⃗ ,c⃗⃗× a⃗⃗ ]}2
is equal to
(1) 81 (2) 9 (3) 27 (4)18
⃗⃗+c
(b ⃗⃗)
⃗⃗, c⃗ are three non-coplanar vectors such that a⃗⃗⃗× (b
10. If a⃗⃗, b ⃗⃗ × c⃗)= , then the angle between
√2

P a g e | 58
a⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗
b is
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
(1) 2 (2) (3) 4 (4) π
4
11. If the volume of the parallelepiped with a⃗⃗⃗× ⃗⃗
b, ⃗⃗⃗⃗
b × c⃗,c⃗⃗× a⃗⃗ as coterminous edges is 8 cubic units,
then the volume of the parallelepiped with (a⃗⃗⃗× ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗× c⃗), (b
b)×(b ⃗⃗⃗× c⃗)×(c⃗× a⃗⃗) and (c⃗× a⃗⃗)×(a⃗⃗⃗× ⃗⃗
b) as
coterminous edges is,
(1) 8 cubic units (2) 512 cubic units (3) 64 cubic units (4) 24 cubic units
12. Consider the vectors a⃗⃗, b⃗⃗, c⃗, ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗)×(c⃗×d
d such that (a⃗⃗⃗×b ⃗⃗) =0
⃗⃗. Let P1 and P2 be the planes determined
by the pairs of vectors a⃗⃗, ⃗⃗
b and c⃗, ⃗⃗
d respectively. Then the angle between P1 and P2 is
(1) 0° (2) 45° (3) 60° (4) 90°
⃗⃗ × c⃗)=(a⃗⃗⃗× ⃗⃗
13. If a⃗⃗⃗× (b b) × c⃗, where a⃗⃗, ⃗⃗
b, c⃗ are any three vectors such that ⃗⃗
b . c⃗ ≠ 0 and ⃗a⃗ . ⃗⃗
b≠0,
then a⃗⃗ and c⃗ are
(1) perpendicular (2) parallel
𝜋 𝜋
(3) inclined at an angle 3 (4) inclined at an angle 6
14. If a⃗⃗=2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂−𝑘̂, ⃗⃗
b= 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂− 5𝑘̂, c⃗=3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂−𝑘̂ then a vector perpendicular to a⃗⃗ and lies in
the plane containing b ⃗⃗ and c⃗ is
(1) −17𝑖̂ + 21𝑗̂−97𝑘̂ (2) 17𝑖̂ + 21𝑗̂−123𝑘̂ (3) −17𝑖̂− 21𝑗̂+97𝑘̂ (4) −17𝑖̂− 21𝑗̂−97𝑘̂
x−2 y+1 x−1 2y+3 z+5
15. The angle between the lines = , z =2 and = = is
3 −2 1 3 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) 6 (2) 4 (3) 3 (4) 2
x−2 y−1 z+2
16. If the line = = lies in the plane x + 3y – αz + β = 0 then (α, β) is
3 −5 2
(1) (−5, 5) (2) (−6, 7) (3) (5, −5) (4) (6, −7)
17. The angle between the line 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ +2 𝑗̂ −3𝑘̂)+ t (2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂) and the plane 𝑟⃗ . (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂)+4=0 is
(1) 0° (2) 30° (3) 45° (4) 90°
18. The coordinates of the point where the line 𝑟⃗ = (6𝑖̂ −𝑗̂ −3𝑘̂)+ t (−𝑖̂ + 4𝑘̂)meets the plane
𝑟⃗ . (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ −𝑘̂)=3 are
(1) (2, 1, 0) (2) (7, −1, −7) (3) (1, 2, −6) (4) (5, −1, 1)
19. Distance from the origin to the plane 3x −6y +2z + 7 = 0 is
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
20. The distance between the planes x + 2y +3z +7 = 0 and 2x + 4y + 6z + 7 = 0 is
√7 7 √7 7
(1) 2√2 (2) 2 (3) (4) 2√2
2
111
21. If the direction cosines of a line are 𝑐 ,𝑐 ,𝑐 then
(1) c =±3 (2) c=±√3 (3) c >0 (4) 0<c<1
22. The vector equation 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ −2 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂)+ t (6𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂) represents a straight line passing through the
points
(1) (0, 6, −1) and (1, −2, −1) (2) (0, 6, −1) and (−1, −4, −2)
(3) (1, −2, −1) and (1, 4, −2) (4) (1, −2, −1) and (0, −6, 1)
23. If the distance of the point (1, 1, 1) from the origin is half of its distance from the plane
x + y + z + k=0, then the values of k are
(1) ±3 (2) ±6 (3) − 3, 9 (4) 3, −9
̂ ̂
24. If the planes 𝑟⃗ . (2𝑖̂ −𝜆 𝑗̂ + 𝑘)=3 and 𝑟⃗ . (4𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − µ𝑘 )=5 are parallel, then the
value of λ and µ are
1 1 1 1
(1) 2 ,−2 (2) − 2, 2 (3) − 2, −2 (4) 2, 2
1
25. If the length of the perpendicular from the origin to the plane 2x + 3y + λz = 1, λ>0 is 5,
then the value of λ is
P a g e | 59
(1) 2√3 (2) 3√2 (3) 0 (4) 1

7. APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
1. The volume of a sphere is increasing in volume at the rate of 3𝜋𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠𝑒𝑐. The rate of change of its
1
radius when radius is 2 𝑐𝑚
1
(1) 3cm/s (2) 2cm/s (3) 1cm/s (4) 𝑐𝑚/𝑠
2
2. A balloon rises straight up at 10 m/s. An observer is 40m away from the spot where the balloon left
the ground. Find the rate of change of the balloon’s angle of elevation in radian per second when the
balloon is 30 meters above the ground.
3 4 1 1
(1) 25 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐 (2) 25 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐 (3) 5 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐 (4) 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐
3
3.The position of a particle moving along a horizontal line of any time 𝑡 is given by
𝑠(𝑡) = 3𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 − 8. The time at which the particle is at rest is
1
(1) 𝑡 = 0 (2) 𝑡 = 3 (3) 𝑡 = 1 (4) 𝑡 = 3
4. A stone is thrown up vertically. The height it reaches at time 𝑡 seconds is given by 𝑥 = 80𝑡 − 16𝑡 2 .
The stone reaches the maximum height in time 𝑡 seconds is given by
(1) 2 (2) 2.5 (3) 3 (4) 3.5
3
5. Find the point on the curve 6𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 at which 𝑦-coordinate changes 8 times as fast as 𝑥-
coordinate is
(1) (4,11) (2) (4, −11) (3) (−4,11) (4) (−4, −11)
6. The abscissa of the point on the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = √8 − 2𝑥 at which the slope of the tangent is −0.25?
(1) −8 (2) −4 (3) −2 (4) 0
𝜋
7. The slope of the line normal to the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 at 𝑥 = 12 is
√3
(1) −4√3 (2) −4 (3) 12 (4) 4√3
8. The tangent to the curve 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 9 = 0 is vertical when
1
(1) 𝑦 = 0 (2) 𝑦 = ±√3 (3) 𝑦 = 2 (4) 𝑦 = ±3
9. Angle between 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 and 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 at the origin is
3 4 𝜋 𝜋
(1) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 4 (2) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3 (3) 2 (4) 4
1
10. The value of the limit lim (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 𝑥) is
𝑥→0
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) ∞
4 4
11. The function 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 x is increasing in the interval
5𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) [ 8 , ] (2) [ 2 , ] (3) [ 4 , 2 ] (4) [0, 4 ]
4 8
12. The number given by the Rolle’s theorem for the function 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ [0,3] is
3
(1) 1 (2) √2 (3) 2
(4) 2
1
13. The number given by the Mean value theorem for the function , 𝑥 ∈ [1,9] is
𝑥
(1) 2 (2) 2.5 (3) 3 (4) 3.5
14. The minimum value of the function |3 − 𝑥| + 9 is
(1) 0 (2) 3 (3) 6 (4) 9
𝑥
15. The maximum slope of the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ [0, 2𝜋] is at
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
(1) 𝑥 = (2) 𝑥 = (3) 𝑥 = 𝜋 (4) 𝑥 =
4 2 2
2 −2𝑥
16. The maximum value of the function 𝑥 𝑒 , 𝑥 > 0 is
1 1 1 4
(1) (2) (3) (4) 𝑒 4
𝑒 2𝑒 𝑒2
17. One of the closest points on the curve 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 = 4 to the point (6,0) is
2
(1) (2,0) (2) (√5, 1) (3) (3, √5) (4) (√13, −√3)
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18. The maximum value of the product of two positive numbers, when their sum of the squares is 200,
is
(1) 100 (2) 25√7 (3) 28 (4) 24√14
4 2
19. The curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 with 𝑎𝑏 > 0
(1) has no horizontal tangent (2) is concave up (3) is concave down (4) has no points of
inflection
20. The point of inflection of the curve 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)3 is
(1) (0,0) (2) (0,1) (3) (1,0) (4) (1,1)
8.DIFFERENTIALS AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
1. A circular template has a radius of 10cm. The measurement of radius has an approximate error of
0.02cm. Then the percentage error in calculating area of this template is
(1) 0.2% (2) 0.4% (3) 0.04% (4) 0.08%
2. The percentage error of fifth root of 31 is approximately how many times the percentage error in
31?
1 1
(1) 31 (2) (3) 5 (4) 31
5
2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢
3. If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 , then 𝜕𝑥 is equal to
2 +𝑦 2
(1)𝑒 𝑥 (2) 2𝑥𝑢 (3) 𝑥 2 𝑢 (4) 𝑦 2 𝑢
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
4. If 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = log (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 ), then 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 is equal to
1
(1) 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 (2) (3) 2 (4) 1
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 𝑦
𝜕𝑤
5. If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑦 , 𝑥 > 0, then is equal to
𝜕𝑥
(1) 𝑥 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 (2) 𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 (3) 𝑦𝑥 𝑦−1 (4) 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦
𝜕2𝑓
6. If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)) = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 , then 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 is equal to
(1) 𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 (2) (1 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑒 𝑥𝑦 (3) (1 + 𝑦)𝑒 𝑥𝑦 (4) (1 + 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥𝑦
7. If we measure the side of a cube to be 4cm with an error of 0.1cm, then the error in our calculation
of the volume is
(1) 0.4 𝑐𝑢. 𝑐𝑚 (2) 0.45 𝑐𝑢. 𝑐𝑚 (3) 2 𝑐𝑢. 𝑐𝑚 (4) 4.8 𝑐𝑢. 𝑐𝑚
2
8. The change in the surface area 𝑆 = 6𝑥 of a cube when the edge length varies from 𝑥0 to 𝑥0 + 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠
(1) 12𝑥0 + 𝑑𝑥 (2) 12𝑥0 𝑑𝑥 (3) 6𝑥0 𝑑𝑥 (4) 6𝑥0 + 𝑑𝑥
9. The approximate change in the volume V of a cube of side 𝑥 meters caused by increasing the side
by 1% is
(1) 0.3𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑚3 (2) 0.03𝑥 𝑚3 (3) 0.03𝑥 2 𝑚3 (4) 0.03𝑥 3 𝑚3
𝑑𝑔
10. If 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 , 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 and 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, then is equal to
𝑑𝑡
(1) 6𝑒 2𝑡 + 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 (2) 6𝑒 2𝑡 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
(3) 3𝑒 2𝑡 + 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 (4) 3𝑒 2𝑡 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑥
11. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1, then its differential is given by
−1 1 1 −1
(1) (𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥 (2) (𝑥+1)2
𝑑𝑥 (3) 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 (4) 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑢
12. If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 − 2019, then 𝜕𝑥 | is equal to
(4,−5)
(1) −4 (2) −3 (3) −7 (4) 13
𝜋
13. Linear approximation for 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 at 𝑥 = 2 is
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) 𝑥 + 2 (2) −𝑥 + 2 (3) 𝑥 − 2 (4) – 𝑥 − 2
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
14. If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 𝑧) + 𝑦 2 (𝑧 − 𝑥) + 𝑧 2 (𝑥 − 𝑦), then + 𝜕𝑦 + is
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
(1) 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥 (2) 𝑥(𝑦 + 𝑧) (3) 𝑦(𝑧 + 𝑥) (4) 0
P a g e | 61
15. If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥, then 𝑓𝑥 − 𝑓𝑧 is equal to

(1) 𝑧 − 𝑥 (2) 𝑦 − 𝑧 (3) 𝑥 − 𝑧 (4) 𝑦 − 𝑥
9.APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
2
𝑑𝑥
1. The value of ∫03 √4−9𝑥 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(1) 6 (2) (3) 4 (4) 𝜋
2
2
2. The value of ∫−1|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥
1 3 5 7
(1) 2 (2) (3) 2 (4) 2
2
𝜋 2
3. For any value of 𝑛 ∈ ℤ, ∫0 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 [(2𝑛 + 1)𝑥]𝑑𝑥 is
𝜋
(1) 2 (2) 𝜋 (3) 0 (4) 2
𝜋
4. The value of ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is
2
𝜋
−
2
3 1 2
(1) 2 (2) (3) 0 (4) 3
2
4 −1 𝑥2 𝑥 4 +1
5. The value of ∫−4 [𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 4 +1) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )] 𝑑𝑥 is
𝑥2
(1) 𝜋 (2) 2𝜋 (3) 3𝜋 (4) 4𝜋
𝜋
4 2𝑥 7 −3𝑥 5 +7𝑥 3 −𝑥+1
6. The value of ∫ ( −𝜋 ) 𝑑𝑥 is
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
4
(1) 4 (2) 3 (3) 2 (4) 0
𝑥 𝑑𝑓
7. If 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫0 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡, then 𝑑𝑥 =
(1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (2) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (3) 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (4) 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2
8. The area between 𝑦 = 4𝑥 and its latus rectum is
2 4 8 5
(1) 3 (2) (3) 3 (4) 3
3
1
9. The value of ∫0 𝑥(1 − 𝑥)99 𝑑𝑥 is
1 1 1 1
(1) 11000 (2) (3) 10010 (4) 10001
10100
𝜋 𝑑𝑥
10. The value of ∫0 is
1+5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜋 3𝜋
(1) 2 (2) 𝜋 (3) (4) 2𝜋
2
Γ(n+2)
11. If = 90 then 𝑛 is
Γ(𝑛)
(1) 10 (2) 5 (3) 8 (4) 9
𝜋
12. The value of ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is
6
2 2 1 1
(1) 3 (2) (3) 9 (4) 3
9
𝜋
13. The value of ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is
3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
(1) 10 (2) (3) 4 (4)
8 2
∞ −3𝑥 2
14. The value of ∫0 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is
7 5 4 2
(1) 27 (2) (3) 27 (4) 27
27
𝑎 1 𝜋
15. If ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = then 𝑎 is
4+𝑥 2 8
(1) 4 (2) 1 (3) 3 (4) 2
2
16. The volume of solid of revolution of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑎 − 𝑥) about 𝑥 −axis is
𝜋𝑎3 𝜋𝑎3 𝜋𝑎3
(1) 𝜋𝑎3 (2) (3) (4)
4 5 6
2
𝑥 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 3 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1
17. If 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫1 𝑢 𝑑𝑢, 𝑥 > 1 and ∫1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 [𝑓(𝑎) − 𝑓(1)], then one of the possible value of

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𝑎 is
(1) 3 (2) 6 (3) 9 (4) 5
1
18. The value of ∫0 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 is
𝜋2 𝜋2 𝜋2 𝜋2
(1) −1 (2) +2 (3) +1 (4) −2
4 4 4 4
𝑎 3
19. The value of ∫0 (√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 is
𝜋𝑎3 3𝜋𝑎4 3𝜋𝑎2 3𝜋𝑎4
(1) (2) (3) (4)
16 16 8 8
𝑥 1
20. If ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 =𝑥+ ∫𝑥 𝑡𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡, then the value of 𝑓(1) is
1 3
(1) 2 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) 4
10. ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3 1⁄
1. The order and degree of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 2 + (𝑑𝑥 ) +𝑥 4 = 0 are respectively
(1) 2,3 (2) 3,3 (3) 2,6 (4) 2,4
2. The differential equation representing the family of curves 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝐵), where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are
parameters, is
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑥
(1) 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑦 = 0 (2) +𝑦 =0 (3) 𝑑𝑥 2 = 0 (4) 𝑑𝑦 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
3. The order and degree of the differential equation √𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦) = √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦) is
(1) 1,2 (2) 2,2 (3) 1,1 (4) 2,1
4. The order of the differential equation of all circles with centre at (ℎ, 𝑘) and radius ‘𝑎’ is
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 1
𝑥 −𝑥
5. The differential equation of the family of curves 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 + 𝐵𝑒 , where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are arbitrary
constants is
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(1) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 0 (2) −𝑦 =0 (3) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 (4) −𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
6. The general solution of the differential equation = 𝑥 is
𝑑𝑥
(1) 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑘 (2) 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 (3) 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 (4) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑦
7. The solution of the differential equation 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3 represents
(1) straight lines (2) circles (3) parabola (4) ellipse
𝑑𝑦
8. The solution of 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 = 0 is
(1) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 (2) 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑒 − ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 (3) 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 − ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑦 (4) 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1+𝑦
9. The integrating factor of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = is
𝜆
𝑥 𝑒𝜆
(1) (2) (3) 𝜆𝑒 𝑥 (4) 𝑒 𝑥
𝑒𝜆 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
10. The integrating factor of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥) is 𝑥, then 𝑃(𝑥)
𝑥2 1 1
(1) 𝑥 (2) (3) 𝑥 (4) 𝑥 2
2
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 2 1 𝑑𝑦 3
11. The degree of the differential equation 𝑦(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑑𝑥 + 1.2 (𝑑𝑥 ) + 1.2.3 (𝑑𝑥 ) + ⋯ ⋯ is
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 1 (4) 4
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
12. If 𝑝 and 𝑞 are the order and degree of the differential equation 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, when
(1) 𝑝 < 𝑞 (2) 𝑝 = 𝑞 (3) 𝑝 > 𝑞 (4) 𝑝 exists` and 𝑞 does not
exists
𝑑𝑦 1
13. The solution of the differential equation + √1−𝑥 2 = 0 is
𝑑𝑥
(1) 𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑐 (2) 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑦 = 0 (3) 𝑦 2 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = 𝑐 (4) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑦 = 0
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𝑑𝑦
14. The solution of the differential equation = 2𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
2 2
(1) 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑥 (2) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 +C (3) 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑥 +C (4) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦
15. The general solution of the differential equation 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑥 + 𝑦 is
(1) 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝐶 (2) 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝐶 (3) 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝐶 (4) 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑑𝑦
16. The solution of = 2𝑦−𝑥 is
𝑑𝑥
1 1
(1) 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝐶 (2) 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 𝐶 (3) 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 𝐶 (4) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝜙( )
𝑥
17. The solution of the differential equation =𝑥+ 𝑦 is
𝑑𝑥 𝜙′ ( )
𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
(1) 𝑥𝜙 (𝑥 ) = 𝑘 (2) 𝜙 (𝑥 ) = 𝑘𝑥 (3) 𝑦𝜙 (𝑥 ) = 𝑘 (4) 𝜙 (𝑥 ) = 𝑘𝑦
𝑑𝑦
18. If 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 is the integrating factor of the linear differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, then 𝑃 is
(1) log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (2) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 (3) 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 (4) 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
19. The number of arbitrary constants in the general solutions of order 𝑛 and 𝑛 + 1 are respectively
(1) 𝑛 − 1, 𝑛 (2) 𝑛, 𝑛 + 1 (3) 𝑛 + 1, 𝑛 + 2 (4) 𝑛 + 1, 𝑛
20. The number of arbitrary constants in the particular solution of a differential equation of third order
is
(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦+1
21. Integrating factor of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = is
𝑥+1
1 1
(1) 𝑥+1 (2) 𝑥 + 1 (3) (4) √𝑥 + 1
√𝑥+1
22. The population P in any year 𝑡 is such that the rate of increase in the population is proportional to
the population. Then
(1) 𝑃 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 (2) 𝑃 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 (3) 𝑃 = 𝐶𝑘𝑡 (4) 𝑃 = 𝐶
23. 𝑃 is the amount of certain substance left in after time 𝑡. If the rate of evaporation of the substance
is proportional to the amount remaining, then
(1) 𝑃 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 (2) 𝑃 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 (3) 𝑃 = 𝐶𝑘𝑡 (4) 𝑃𝑡 = 𝐶
𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑥+3
24. If the solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦+𝑓 represents a circle, then the value of 𝑎 is
(1) 2 (2) −2 (3) 1 (4) −1
𝑑𝑦 2
25. The slope at any point of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is given by 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 and it passes through
(−1,1).Then the equation of the curve is
(1) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2 (2) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 4 (3) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 + 4 (4) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 5
11. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
2
𝑥≥1
1. Let X be random variable with probability density function 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑥 3
0 𝑥<1
Which of the following statement is correct?
(1) both mean and variance exist (2) mean exists but variance does not exist
(3) both mean and variance do not exist (4) variance exists but Mean does not exist.
2. A rod of length 2𝑙 is broken into two pieces at random. The probability density function of the
1
0<𝑥<𝑙
shorter of the two pieces is 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑙 The mean and variance of the shorter of the two
0 𝑙 ≤ 𝑥 < 2𝑙
pieces are respectively
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2
(1) 2 , (2) , (3) 𝑙, (4) 2 ,
3 2 6 12 12

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3. Consider a game where the player tosses a six-sided fair die. If the face that comes up is 6, the
player wins Rs.36, otherwise he loses Rs.𝑘 2 , where 𝑘 is the face that comes up 𝑘 = {1,2,3,4,5}. The
expected amount to win at this game in Rs.is
19 −19 3 −3
(1) (2) (3) 2 (4)
6 6 2
4. A pair of dice numbered 1,2,3,4,5,6 of six-sided die and 1,2,3,4 of a four-sided die is rolled and the
sum is determined. Let the random variable 𝑋 denote this sum. Then the number of elements in the
inverse image of 7 is
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
5. A random variable 𝑋 has binomial distribution with 𝑛 = 25 and 𝑝 = 0.8 then standard deviation of
𝑋 is
(1) 6 (2) 4 (3) 3 (4) 2
6. Let 𝑋 represent the difference between the number of heads and the number of tails obtained when a
coin is tossed 𝑛 times. Then the possible values of X are
(1) 𝑖 + 2𝑛, 𝑖 = 0,1,2, … … 𝑛 (2) 2𝑖 − 𝑛, 𝑖 = 0,1,2, … … 𝑛 (3) 𝑛 − 𝑖, 𝑖 = 0,1,2, … … 𝑛
(4) 2𝑖 + 2𝑛, 𝑖 = 0,1,2, … … 𝑛
1
7. If the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 12 for 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏, represents a probability density function of a continuous
random variable 𝑋, then which of the following cannot be the value of 𝑎 and 𝑏?
(1) 0 and 12 (2) 5 and 17 (3) 7 and 19 (4)16 and 24
8. Four buses carrying 160 students from the same school arrive at a football stadium. The buses carry,
respectively, 42, 36, 34 and 48 students. One of the students is randomly selected. Let 𝑋 denote the
number of students that were on the bus carrying the randomly selected student. One of the 4 bus
drivers is also randomly selected. Let 𝑌 denote the number of students on that bus. Then 𝐸[𝑋] and
𝐸[𝑌] respectively are
(1) 50,40 (2) 40,50 (3) 40.75,40 (4) 41,41
9. Two coins are to be flipped. The first coin will land on heads with probability 0.6, the second with
probability 0.5. Assume that the results of the flips are independent, and let 𝑋 equal the total number
of heads that result. The value of 𝐸[𝑋] is
(1) 0.11 (2) 1.1 (3) 11 (4) 1
10. On a multiple-choice exam with 3 possible destructives for each of the 5 questions, the probability
that a student will get 4 or more correct answers just by guessing is
11 3 1 5
(1) 243 (2) (3) 243 (4) 243
8
11. If 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 1 − 𝑃(𝑋 = 1). If 𝐸[𝑋] = 3𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋), then 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) is
2 2 1 1
(1) 3 (2) (3) 5 (4) 3
5
12. If 𝑋 is a binomial random variable with expected value 6 and variance 2.4, then 𝑃(𝑋 = 5) is
10 3 6 2 4 10 3 10 10 3 4 2 6 10 3 5 2 5
(1) ( ) (5) (5) (2) ( ) (5) (3) ( ) (5) (5) (4) ( ) (5) (5)
5 5 5 5
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 0 < 𝑥 < 1
13. The random variable 𝑋 has the probability density function 𝑓(𝑥) = { and
7
𝐸(𝑋) = 12, then 𝑎 and 𝑏 are respectively
1 1
(1)1 and 2 (2) and 1 (3) 2 and 1 (4) 1 and 2
2
14. Suppose that 𝑋 takes on one of the values 0,1 and 2. If for some constant 𝑘, 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑖) = 𝑘𝑃(𝑋 =
1
𝑖 − 1) for 𝑖 = 1,2 and 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) = 7, then the value of 𝑘 is
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
15. Which of the following is a discrete random variable?
I. The number of cars crossing a particular signal in a day.
II. The number of customers in a queue to buy train tickets at a moment.

P a g e | 65
III. The time taken to complete a telephone call.

(1) I and II (2) II only (3)III only (4) II and III
2𝑥 0≤𝑥≤𝑎
16. If 𝑓(𝑥) = { is a probability density function of a random variable, then the value
of 𝑎 is
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
17. The probability mass function of random variable is 𝑥 -2 -1 0 1 2
defined as:
𝑓(𝑥) k 2k 3k 4k 5k
Then 𝐸(𝑋) is equal to
1 1 1 2
(1) 15 (2) (3) 3 (4) 3
10
18. Let X have a Bernoulli distribution with mean 0.4, then the variance of (2𝑋 − 3) is
(1) 0.24 (2) 0.48 (3) 0.6 (4) 0.96
19. If in 6 trails, X is a binomial variable which follows the relation 9𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 2), then the
probability of success is
(1) 0.125 (2) 0.25 (3) 0.375 (4) 0.75
20. A computer salesperson knows from his past experience that he sells computers to one in every
twenty customers who enter the showroom. What is the probability that he will sell a computer to
exactly two of the next three customers?
57 57 193 57
(1) 203 (2) (3) 203 (4) 20
202
12. DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
1. A binary operation on a set 𝑆 is a function from

(1) 𝑆 → 𝑆 (2) (𝑆 × 𝑆) → 𝑆 (3) 𝑆 → (𝑆 × 𝑆) (4) (𝑆 × 𝑆) → (𝑆 × 𝑆)
2. Subtraction is not a binary operation in
(1) ℝ (2) ℤ (3) ℕ (4) ℚ
3. Which of the following is a binary operation on ℕ?
(1) Subtraction (2) Multiplication (3) Division (4) All the above
4. In the set ℝ of real numbers ‘∗’ is defined as follows. Which one of the following is not a binary
operation on ℝ?
(1) 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = min(𝑎, 𝑏) (2) 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = max(𝑎, 𝑏) (3) 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎 (4) 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏
𝑎𝑏
5. The operation ∗ defined by 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = is not binary operation on
7
(1) ℚ+ (2) ℤ (3) ℝ (4) ℂ
6. In the set ℚ define 𝑎⨀𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏. For what value of 𝑦, 3 ⊙ (𝑦 ⊙ 5) = 7?
2 −2 −3
(1) 𝑦 = 3 (2) 𝑦 = (3) 𝑦 = (4) 𝑦 = 4
3 2
7. If 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 on the real numbers then ∗ is
(1) commutative but not associative (2) associative but not commutative
(3) both commutative and associative (4) neither commutative nor associative
8. Which of the following statements has the truth value T?
(1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 is an even function (2) Every square matrix is non-singular (3) The product of
complex number and its conjugate is purely imaginary (4) √5 is an irrational numbber
9. Which of the following statements has the truth value F?
(1) Chennai is in India or √2 is an integer (2) Chennai is in India or √2 is an irrational number
(3) Chennai is in China or √2 is an integer (4) Chennai is in China or √2 is an irrational number
10. If a compound statement involves 3 simple statements, then the number of rows in the truth table
is
(1) 9 (2) 8 (3) 6 (4) 3
(𝑝
11. Which one is the inverse of the statement (𝑝 ∨ q) → ∧ 𝑞)?
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(1) (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) → (𝑝 ∨q) (2)  (𝑝 ∨ q) → (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞)

(3) (  𝑝 ∨  q) → (  𝑝 ∧  𝑞) (4) (  𝑝 ∧  𝑞) → (  𝑝 ∨  q)
12. Which one is the contra positive of the statement (𝑝 ∨ q) → 𝑟?
(1)  r → (  𝑝 ∧  𝑞) (2)  r → (𝑝 ∨ q) (3) 𝑟 → (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) (4) 𝑝 → (𝑞 ∨ r)
13. The truth table for (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∨ (  𝑞) is given below
𝑝 𝑞 (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∨ (  𝑞)
T T (a)
T F (b)
F T (c)
F F (d)
Which one of the following is true?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
(2) 𝑇 𝐹 𝑇 𝑇
(3) 𝑇 𝑇 𝐹 𝑇
(4) 𝑇 𝐹 𝐹 𝐹
14. In the last column of the truth table for(  (𝑝 ∨  q)) the number of final outcomes of the truth
value ‘F’ are
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
15. Which one of the following is incorrect? For any two propositions 𝑝 and 𝑞, we have
(1)  (𝑝 ∨ q) ≡  𝑝 ∧  𝑞 (2)  (𝑝 ∧ q) ≡  𝑝 ∨  𝑞 (3)  (𝑝 ∧ q) ≡  𝑝 ∨  𝑞
(4)  (  𝑝) ≡ p
16.
𝑝 𝑞 (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∨ (  𝑝)
T T (a)
T F (b)
F T (c)
F F (d)
Which one of the following is correct for the truth value of (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∨ (  𝑝)?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
(2) 𝐹 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
(3) 𝐹 𝐹 𝑇 𝑇
(4) 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝐹
17. The dual of  (𝑝 ∨ q) ∨ [𝑝 ∨ (𝑝 ∧  𝑟)] is
(1 )(  (𝑝 ∧ q) ∧ [𝑝 ∨ (𝑝 ∧  𝑟)] (2) (𝑝 ∧ q) ∧ [𝑝 ∧ (𝑝 ∨  𝑟)]
(3)  (𝑝 ∧ q) ∧ [𝑝 ∧ (𝑝 ∧ 𝑟)] (4)  (𝑝 ∧ q) ∧ [𝑝 ∧ (𝑝 ∨  𝑟)]
18. The proposition is 𝑝 ∧ (  𝑝 ∨ q) is
(1) a tautology (2) a contradiction (3) logically equivalent to 𝑝 ∧ 𝑞
(4) logically equivalent to 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞
19. Determine the truth value of each of the following statements:
(a) 4 + 2 = 5 and 6 + 3 = 9 (b) 3 + 2 = 5 and 6 + 1 = 7
(c) 4 + 5 = 9 and 1 + 2 = 4 (d) 3 + 2 = 5 and 4 + 7 = 11
(a) (b) (c) (d) is
(1) 𝐹 𝑇 𝐹 𝑇
(2) 𝑇 𝐹 𝑇 𝐹
(3) 𝑇 𝑇 𝐹 𝐹
(4) 𝐹 𝐹 𝑇 𝑇
P a g e | 67
20. Which one of the following is not true?

(1) Negation of a negation of a statement is the statement itself.
(2) If the last column of the truth table contains only T then it is tautology.
(3) If the last column of the truth table contains only F then it is a contradiction.
(4) If 𝑝 and 𝑞 are any two statements then 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞 is a tautology.
Previous year creative questions:

𝜋
𝑓(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝜋
1. Prove that ∫02 𝑓(𝑠𝑖𝑥)+𝑓(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 . March 2020 – 2M
2. Find the equation of the parabola if the curve is open leftward, vertex is (2, 1) and passing through
the point (1, 3). March 2020 – 2M
4
3. Find the critical numbers(only 𝑥 values) of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 (𝑥 − 4)2 . March 2020 – 3M
10
4. Let X be a continuous random variable and 𝑓(𝑥) is defined as: 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑘𝑥(1 − 𝑥) , 0 < 𝑥 < 1
Find the value 𝑘. March 2020 – 3M
𝑥−𝑥 𝑦−𝑦 𝑧−𝑧 𝑥−𝑥 𝑦−𝑦 𝑧−𝑧
5.If the lines 𝑙 1 = 𝑚 1 = 𝑛 1 and 𝑙 2 = 𝑚 2 = 𝑛 2 lie on the same plane, then write the number
1 1 1 2 2 2
of ways to find the Cartesian equation of the above plane and explain in detail. March 2020 – 3M
6.A square shaped thin material with area 196 sq.units to make into an open box by cutting small
equal squares from the four corners and folding the sides upward. Prove that the length of the side of a
7
removed square is 3 when the volume of the box is maximum. March 2020 – 5M
7. Three fair coins are tossed once. Find the probability mass function, mean and variance for number
of heads occurred. Verify the results by binomial distribution. March 2020 – 5M
1+𝑖 𝑛
8. Find the least positive integer 𝑛 such that (1−𝑖) = 1. Sep 2020 – 2M
9. Find the differential equation of the family of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 where 𝑎, 𝑏 are parameters and 𝑐 is
a constant. Sep 2020 – 2M
𝜕𝑟
10. Show that, if 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, then 𝜕𝑥 is equal to 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃. Sep 2020 – 2M
2 𝑑𝑧
11. Suppose that 𝑧 = 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 , where 𝑥 = 2𝑡 and 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑡 then find . Sep 2020 – 3M
𝑑𝑡
12. Show that ((  𝑞)⋀𝑝)⋀𝑞 is a contradiction. Sep 2020 – 3M
13. Prove that arg(𝑧1 𝑧2 ) = arg(𝑧1 ) + arg(𝑧2 ). Sep 2020 – 5M
𝜋 𝜋
14. Draw the graph of 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 in (− 2 , 2 ) and 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 in (−∞, ∞). Sep 2020 – 5M
15. A Car 𝐴 is travelling from west at 50 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟 and Car 𝐵 is travelling towards north at 60 𝑘𝑚/ℎ𝑟.
Both are headed for the intersection of the two roads. At what rate are the Cars approaching each other
when Car A is 0.3 kilometers and Car B is 0.4 kilometers from the intersection? Sep 2020 – 5M
𝑥2 𝑦2
16. Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse 25 + 16 = 1 and its latus rectums. Sep 2020- 5M
5 1
17. If 𝑧 = (2 + 3𝑖)(1 − 𝑖), then prove that 𝑧 −1 = 6 − 𝑖 26. Aug 2021 – 2M
18. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 then prove that 𝛼 2 − 𝛽 2 = ±5. Aug 2021 – 2M
19. Show that the differential equation corresponding to 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, where 𝐴 is an arbitrary constant
is, 𝑦 = 𝑦 ′ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥. Aug 2021 – 2M
20. A force 13𝑖̂ + 10𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ acts on a particle which is displaced from the point with position vector
4𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ to the point with position vector 6𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂. Show that the work done by the force is 69
units. Aug 2021 – 3M
21. An egg of a particular bird is spherical shape. If the radius to the inside of the shell is 4 𝑚𝑚 and
radius to the outside of the shell is 4.2 𝑚𝑚, prove that the approximate volume of the shell is
12.8𝜋 𝑚𝑚3 Aug 2021 – 3M

P a g e | 68
1 √𝑥 1
22. Show that ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = 2. Aug 2021 – 3M
√1−𝑥+√𝑥
23. Solve the system of equations 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 7, 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 by cramer’s
rule. Aug 2021 – 5M
𝑥2 𝑦2
24. Find the eccentricity, centre, vertices and foci of the ellipse 16 + = 1 and also draw the rough
9
diagram. Aug 2021 – 5M
25. Show that the Cartesian equation of the plane passing through the points (1, 2, 3) ad (2, 3, 1) and
also perpendicular to the plane 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 5 = 0 is 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 7 = 0. Aug 2021 – 5M
26. Show that the differential equation of the family of curves 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 −𝑥 , where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are
𝑑2 𝑦
arbitrary constants, is 𝑑𝑥 2 − 𝑦 = 0. May 2022 – 2M
27. Show that the distance from the origin to the plane 3𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 7 = 0 is 1. May 2022 – 2M
28. Prove that the general equation of the circle whose diameter is the line segment joining the points
(−4, −2) and (−1, −1), is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6 = 0. May 2022 – 3M
29. Cramer’s rule is not applicable to solve the system 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2, 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1, 7𝑥 − 𝑦 +
4𝑧 = 5. Why? May 2022 – 5M
30. The distribution function of a continuous random variable 𝑋 is:
0, 𝑥<1
𝑥−1
𝐹(𝑥) = { 4 , 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5 Find (i) 𝑃(𝑋 < 3) (ii) 𝑃(2 < 𝑋 < 4) (iii) 𝑃(3 ≤ 𝑋) May 2022 – 5M
1, 𝑥>5
31. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 then show that 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 = 12 July 2022 – 2M
32. Find the value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1) July 2022 – 2M
33. Form the differential equation of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are arbitrary constants.
July 2022 – 2M
34. Prove that the roots of the equation 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 − 4 = 0 are ±2, ±𝑖 July 2022 – 3M
1
35. Prove that ∫0 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1. July 2022 – 3M
128
36. Show that the area between the parabola 𝑦 2 = 16𝑥 and its latusrectum (using integration) is 3
July 2022 – 3M
37.Show that the Cartesian equation of the plane passing through the points (𝑎, 0, 0), (0, 𝑏, 0),
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
(0, 0, 𝑐) is 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 1 July 2022 – 5M
38. If the radius of a sphere with radius 10𝑐𝑚, has to decrease by 0.1𝑐𝑚, approximately how much
will its volume decrease? March 2023 – 2M
39. Express 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 in 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 form. March 2023 – 2M
40. If 𝑧 = (2 + 3𝑖)(1 − 𝑖), then find 𝑧 −1 . March 2023 – 3M
41. If 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 and 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are rational numbers then, prove that the roots of the equation
(𝑏 + 𝑐 − 𝑎)𝑥 2 + (𝑐 + 𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥 + (𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑐) = 0 are rational numbers. March 2023 – 3M
log 𝑥
42. Find the maximum value of March 2023 – 5M
𝑥
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑦
43. Find the area of the smallest region to the ellipse + 𝑏2 = 1 and the straight line 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1.
𝑎2
March 2023 – 5M

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Page |1

HIGHER SECONDARY SECOND YEAR

S.No Topic Name Page No of No of No of No of One

No of Theorems No of examples No of exercise No of One mark

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

1.APPLICATION OF MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

(i) |𝑧| = |𝑧 − 𝑖| (ii) |2𝑧 − 3 − 𝑖| = 3

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

4. Solve the equation 3𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 − 6 = 0 if the product of two roots is 1.

the other two roots.

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

⃗⃗⃗𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × (𝑐⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗))

|𝑎1 𝑎2 +𝑏1 𝑏2 +𝑐1 𝑐2 |

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

and 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂). Mar2020-5M

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

5. Find, by integration, the volume of the container which is in the shape of a

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

7. The cumulative distribution function of a discrete random variable is given by

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

6. The time to failure in thousands of hours of an electronic equipment used in a manufactured

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

5. Identity laws: (i) p  𝕋  𝕋 and p  𝔽  p (ii) p  𝕋  p and p  𝔽  𝔽

(1) 𝐴 (2) 𝐵 (3) 𝐼3 (4) 𝐵 𝑇

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

20. Which of the following is/are correct?

𝑧12 + 𝑧22 + 𝑧32 is

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

(1) x2 − x − 6 = 0 (2) x2 −x −12 = 0 (3) x2 + x − 12 = 0 (4) x2 + x − 6 = 0

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI

passes through the point (2, 3)

M.SURESH M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed., PGT, GHSS ERIYUR, SIVAGANGAI