Eng Project 2024-25

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SINHGAD TECHNICAL EDUCATION SOCIETY’S

SINHGAD SPRING DALE PUBLIC SCHOOL


VADGAON(Bk)-411041

SENIOR SECONDARY

ENGLISH PROJECT

NAME : SHRAWANI YOGESH KHUTWAD


STANDARD : XII-A
ROLL NUMBER : 04
SUBJECT : ENGLISH
SUBMISSION TO : Mrs. ANUJA CHITNIS

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CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THIS ENGLISH PROJECT IS DEVELOPED BY


SHRAWANI KHUTWAD OF CLASS XII DIVISION A ROLL NUMBER 04
ON THE TOPIC APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
SHE HAS DEVELOPED THIS PROJECT SUCCESSFULLY UNDER MY
GUIDANCE AS PRESCRIBED BY THE AISSCE COURSE DURING THE
SESSION 2024-25

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

PRINCIPAL (Mrs. Smita Savant)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my English teacher Mrs. Anuja


Chitnis for her vital support, guidance and encouragement without which this
project would not have come forth from my side, and also helped me to complete
the project by giving ideas, thoughts and made this project easy and accurate.
I am also thankful to our principal Mrs. Smita Savant for being a constant source
of motivation, which enabled me to do a lot of research for this project and learn
new things.
I also thank my parents for their undivided support and interest who inspired me
and encouraged me without which I would have not been able to complete my
project.

SHRAWANI KHUTWAD
XII-A, SSDPS, Vadgaon.

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INDEX

SR. DESCRIPTION PAGE


NO. NO.
1 AIM 5
2 INTRODUCTION 6
3 BIOTECHNOLOGY IN EARLY DAYS 7
4 BIOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE 8-10
5 OPINION 11
6 CONCLUSION 12
7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 13

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AIM

APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

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INTRODUCTION

What is biotechnology?
Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make
products, or “any technological application that uses biological systems, living
organisms or derivatives therefore, to make or modify products and processes for
specific use. At its simplest, biotechnology is technology based on biology.
Biotechnology harnesses cellular and bio molecular processes to develop
technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our planet.
We have used the biological processes of microorganisms for more than 6000 years
to make useful food products, such as bread and cheese, and to preserve dairy
products.
Modern biotechnology provides breakthrough products and technologies to combat
debilitating and rare diseases, reduce our environmental footprint, feed the hungry,
useless and cleaner energy, and have safer, cleaner and more efficient industrial
manufacturing processes.
Biotech is helping to heal the world by harnessing nature’s own toolbox and using
our own genetic makeup to heal and guide lines of research by:
• Reducing rates of infectious diseases.
• Saving millions of children’s lives.
• Changing the odds of serious, life threatening conditions affecting millions
around the world.
• Tailoring treatments to individuals to minimize health risks and side effects.
• Creating more precise tools for diseases detection.
• Combating serious illnesses and everyday threats confronting the developing
world.

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BIOTECHNOLOGY IN EARLY DAYS

Throughout the history of agriculture, farmers have inadvertently altered the


genetics of their crops through introducing them to new environments and breeding
them with other plants – one of the first forms of biotechnology.
These processes also were included in early fermentation of beer.
In brewing, malted grains (containing enzymes) convert starch from grains into
sugar and then adding specific yeasts to produce beer. In this process,
carbohydrates in the grains were broken down into alcohols such as ethanol.
Fermentation was also used in this time period to produce leavened bread.
Although the process of fermentation was not fully understood until Louis
Pasteur’s work in 1857, it is still the first use of biotechnology to convert a food
source into another form.
For thousands of years, humans have used selective breeding to improve
production of crops and livestock to use them for food. In selective breeding,
organisms with desirable characteristics are mated to produce offspring with the
same characteristics. For example, this technique was used with corn to produce
the largest and sweetest crops.
Biotechnology has also led to the development of antibiotics. In 1928, Alexander
Fleming discovered the mould Penicillium.

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BIOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE

Genetically engineered insulin (Humulin)


Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas of various
organisms including human beings. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates
and fats by promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood to skeletal muscles
and fat tissue and by causing fat to be stored rather than used for energy. Insulin
also inhibits the production of glucose by the liver.
STRUCTURE: Insulin is composed of two different types of peptide chains. Chain
A has 21 amino acids and chain B has 30 amino acids. Both chains contain alpha
helices but no beta strands. There are 3 conserved disulfide bridges which help
keep the two chains together.

NEED OF GENETICALLY ENGENIREED INSULIN: The original form of the


wonder cure diabetes, these were once the only type of insulin available, but are
now rarely used. Animal insulin was originally made from ground up animal
healthy animals (slaughtered pigs and cows). One of the problems with animal
insulin was antibody issues. The body identifies them and tries to reject them.

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HUMULIN: biosynthetic “human” insulin is now manufactured for widespread
clinical use using genetic engineering techniques using recombinant DNA
technology, which the manufacturers claim reduces the presence of many
impurities, although there is no clinical evidence to substantiate this claim. Eli
Lilly marketed the first artificial insulin, Humulin, in 1982.
Humulin production method is as follows:
• DNA coding for A and B polypeptide chains of insulin are chemically
synthesized in the lab. Sixty three nucleotides are sequenced to produce A
chain of insulin and ninety nucleotide long DNA designed to produce B
chain of insulin, plus terminator codon is added at the end of each chain
sequence. Anti-codon for methionine is added at the beginning of the
sequence to distinguish Humulin from the other bacterial proteins.
• Chemically synthesized A and B chain DNA sequence are inserted into one
of the marker gene which are present in the plasmid vector. Genes are
inserted into the plasmid with the help of enzymes known as endonuclease
and ligase.
• The vector plasmid with the insulin gene is then introduced into the E. coli
bacterial cell. These cells are then allowed to replicate by mitosis, along with
the bacterial cell recombinant plasmid also gets replicated producing the
human insulin.
• A and B polypeptide chains of insulin are then extracted and purified from
the fomenters in the lab. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
is used to get 100% pure Humulin from the mixture of proteins.
• The A and B polypeptide chains of insulin are mixed together and connected
with each other by disulfide bond, forming the Humulin or synthetic human
insulin.

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HUMULIN:

Humulin is the one and only human protein produced in the bacteria with identical
chemical structure to that of the natural human insulin. Administration of Humulin
reduces the possibility of antibody production and inflammatory response in
diabetic patients. Major difficulty is the extraction of Humulin from a mixture of
host proteins present in the fermentation broth.
Nowadays to overcome this extraction problem synthetic human insulin are
produced in the yeast cell instead of E. coli using the same procedure. As yeast is
Eukaryotic they secrete the whole Humulin molecule with the perfect three
dimensional structures, reducing the need for complex and time consuming
purification methods.
Now most of the diabetic patients are treated with synthetic human insulin. Small
group of patients claim that episodes of hyperglycaemic complications have been
increased after shifting from animal origin insulin to Humulin. No study till date
shows the difference between the frequency of hyperglycaemic complications in
patient using Humulin (synthetic human insulin) and animal origin insulin.

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CONCLUSION

Biotechnology is the new wonder of science. It is truly multidisciplinary in nature


and it’s encompasses several disciplines of basic sciences and engineering. The
science disciplines from which biotechnology draws heavily are microbiology,
chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, immunology, cell and tissue
culture and physiology. On the engineering side it leans heavily on process
chemical and biochemical engineering since large scale cultivation of
microorganisms and cells, their downstream processing is based on them. It comes
to us as a great blessing…
The applications of biotechnology are so broad, and the advantages so compelling,
that virtually every industry is using this technology. Developments are underway
in areas as diverse as pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, textiles, aquaculture, forestry,
chemicals, household products, environmental cleanup, food processing and
forensics to name a few. Biotechnology must continue to be carefully regulated so
that the maximum benefits are received with the least risk.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

• www.scribd.com
• www.google.com

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