Eng Project 2024-25
Eng Project 2024-25
Eng Project 2024-25
SENIOR SECONDARY
ENGLISH PROJECT
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CERTIFICATE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
SHRAWANI KHUTWAD
XII-A, SSDPS, Vadgaon.
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INDEX
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AIM
APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
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INTRODUCTION
What is biotechnology?
Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make
products, or “any technological application that uses biological systems, living
organisms or derivatives therefore, to make or modify products and processes for
specific use. At its simplest, biotechnology is technology based on biology.
Biotechnology harnesses cellular and bio molecular processes to develop
technologies and products that help improve our lives and the health of our planet.
We have used the biological processes of microorganisms for more than 6000 years
to make useful food products, such as bread and cheese, and to preserve dairy
products.
Modern biotechnology provides breakthrough products and technologies to combat
debilitating and rare diseases, reduce our environmental footprint, feed the hungry,
useless and cleaner energy, and have safer, cleaner and more efficient industrial
manufacturing processes.
Biotech is helping to heal the world by harnessing nature’s own toolbox and using
our own genetic makeup to heal and guide lines of research by:
• Reducing rates of infectious diseases.
• Saving millions of children’s lives.
• Changing the odds of serious, life threatening conditions affecting millions
around the world.
• Tailoring treatments to individuals to minimize health risks and side effects.
• Creating more precise tools for diseases detection.
• Combating serious illnesses and everyday threats confronting the developing
world.
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BIOTECHNOLOGY IN EARLY DAYS
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BIOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE
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HUMULIN: biosynthetic “human” insulin is now manufactured for widespread
clinical use using genetic engineering techniques using recombinant DNA
technology, which the manufacturers claim reduces the presence of many
impurities, although there is no clinical evidence to substantiate this claim. Eli
Lilly marketed the first artificial insulin, Humulin, in 1982.
Humulin production method is as follows:
• DNA coding for A and B polypeptide chains of insulin are chemically
synthesized in the lab. Sixty three nucleotides are sequenced to produce A
chain of insulin and ninety nucleotide long DNA designed to produce B
chain of insulin, plus terminator codon is added at the end of each chain
sequence. Anti-codon for methionine is added at the beginning of the
sequence to distinguish Humulin from the other bacterial proteins.
• Chemically synthesized A and B chain DNA sequence are inserted into one
of the marker gene which are present in the plasmid vector. Genes are
inserted into the plasmid with the help of enzymes known as endonuclease
and ligase.
• The vector plasmid with the insulin gene is then introduced into the E. coli
bacterial cell. These cells are then allowed to replicate by mitosis, along with
the bacterial cell recombinant plasmid also gets replicated producing the
human insulin.
• A and B polypeptide chains of insulin are then extracted and purified from
the fomenters in the lab. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
is used to get 100% pure Humulin from the mixture of proteins.
• The A and B polypeptide chains of insulin are mixed together and connected
with each other by disulfide bond, forming the Humulin or synthetic human
insulin.
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HUMULIN:
Humulin is the one and only human protein produced in the bacteria with identical
chemical structure to that of the natural human insulin. Administration of Humulin
reduces the possibility of antibody production and inflammatory response in
diabetic patients. Major difficulty is the extraction of Humulin from a mixture of
host proteins present in the fermentation broth.
Nowadays to overcome this extraction problem synthetic human insulin are
produced in the yeast cell instead of E. coli using the same procedure. As yeast is
Eukaryotic they secrete the whole Humulin molecule with the perfect three
dimensional structures, reducing the need for complex and time consuming
purification methods.
Now most of the diabetic patients are treated with synthetic human insulin. Small
group of patients claim that episodes of hyperglycaemic complications have been
increased after shifting from animal origin insulin to Humulin. No study till date
shows the difference between the frequency of hyperglycaemic complications in
patient using Humulin (synthetic human insulin) and animal origin insulin.
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CONCLUSION
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
• www.scribd.com
• www.google.com
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