ei6611

PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPT OF ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION ENGG
College Vision
To transform the budding Engineers into academically excellent, highly
intellectual and self disciplined engineering graduates to mould them as good
citizens with the spirit of integrity and morality that would cater to the needs of
our Nation.
College Mission
To impart quality education with high standards of excellence in
engineering and technology, with an excellent infrastructure and conducive
atmosphere which would motivate the students to pursue the knowledge in the
field of engineering and technology.
Department Vision
To produce technically competent Electronics and Instrumentation Engineers

with ethical and moral values, who can tackle the challenges facing the society
and industry at national level and global level.
Department Mission
M1: To provide fundamental knowledge and quality technical education through

effective teaching – learning process
M2: To prepare graduates to meet the needs of industry through creative projects,
soft skills and industry interaction.
M3: To create passion for learning to pursue higher studies and research towards
serving society with moral and ethical standard.
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)
PEO 1: To acquire a strong foundation in the mathematical and scientific

concept and applying them in core engineering
PEO 2: To gain in-depth knowledge in the field of Electronics and

Instrumentation Engineering which is necessary to formulate, analyze and solve
engineering problems.
EI6611 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY 1
PEO 3: To train the students in carrying out project works to synthesize the
technical concept and apply the knowledge of software across various platforms
and fields of engineering.
PEO 4: To create interest for lifelong learning to excel in higher studies and
research.
PEO 5: To produce ethical engineers with adequate soft skill to exhibit

professionalism in multi-disciplinary field.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POS)
PO 1: Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization for the solution of
complex engineering problems.
PO 2: Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyse

complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO 3: Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex

engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet the
specified needs with appropriate consideration for public health and safety, and
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO 4: Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research - based

knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and
interpretation of data, and synthesis of information to provide valid conclusions.
PO 5: Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,

resources, and modern engineering and IT tools, including prediction and
modeling to complex engineering activities, with an understanding of the
limitations.
PO 6: The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual

knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal, and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO 7: Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the

professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and
demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
PO 8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and

responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
PO 9: Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as

a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO 10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering

activities with the engineering community and with the society at large, such as,
being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation,
make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO 11: Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and

understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these to
one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments.
PO 12: Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation
and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context
of technological change.
Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
PSO 1: Apply the fundamentals of mathematics, science and basic engineering

knowledge to analyze and implement electric and electronic circuits, transducers
and measurement devices.
PSO 2: Apply appropriate techniques and tools to identify, formulate, design and
analyze engineering problems in the field of electronics, instrumentation and
process control.
PSO 3: Understand ethical issues, environmental impact and acquire managerial

skills to communicate effectively in industry and society.

PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING
CO-PO MATRICS FOR 2013 REGULATION
SUBJECT CODE EI 6611

SUBJECT NAME INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY
YEAR & SEM III & VI
At end of the course the student able to:
CO No Course Outcome
C316.1 Measure the Industrial Process Parameters flow, level and pressure.
Test for Measurement error of Pressure gauge using Dead weight
C316.2
tester.
Measure and Analyze pH, conductivity, UV Absorbance and
C316.3
transmittance.
C316.4 Measure the Torque using Strain Gauge.
C316.5 Measure and Analyze Viscosity of the Oil using Saybolt Viscometer.
C316.6 Analyze physiological parameters ECG and pulse rate.
CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
C316.1 3 3 - - - - - - - - - - 3 3 -
C316.2 3 3 - - - - - - - - - - 3 3 -
C316.3 3 3 - 3 - - - - - - - - 3 3 -
C316.4 3 3 - - - - - - - - - - 3 3 -
C316.5 3 3 - 3 - - - - - - - - 3 3 -
C316.6 3 3 - 3 - - - - - - - - 3 3 -
AVG 3 3 - 3 - - - - - - - - 3 3 -
3 - Substantial 2 - Moderate 1 - Slight / Low

PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Bangalore Trunk Road, Nasarathpet, Poonamallee, Chennai 600 123
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified to be bonafide record of practical work done for Mr. / Ms.______________________
Register No. ___________________________in the
Laboratory during the period ______________.
Date: Signature of the Lab-in-charge


EI6611 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY LTPC

0032
OBJECTIVES:
The aim of this lab is to impart an adequate knowledge and expertise to handle equipment
generally available in an industry.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. Discharge coefficient of orifice plate
2. Calibration of pressure gauge
3. Torque measurement
4. Viscosity measurement
5. Vacuum pressure measurement
6. Level measurement using d/p transmitter and capacitance based level measurement.
7. UV – Visible spectrophotometer
8. IR spectrophotometer
9. pH meter standardization and measurement of pH values of solutions
10. Measurements of conductivity of test solutions.
11. ECG measurement
12. Pulse rate measurement
13. One or two experiments beyond syllabus
A separate laboratory manual incorporating Aim, apparatus required, circuit Diagram, graph,
Result for each experiment has to be developed by the Department and given to the students.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
Ability to understand and analyze Instrumentation systems and their applications to
various industries.
LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS:
Expt. Quantity required for a batch of

List of equipments
No. 30 students
1. Orifice plate 1
Dead weight tester with pressure
2. 1
gauge
3. Torque trainer 1
4. Saybolt Viscometer 1
5. Vacuum gauge 1
6. DP transmitter 1
7. UV – Visible spectrophotometer 1
8. IR spectrophotometer 1
9. pH meter 1
10. Conductivity meter 1
11. ECG trainer 1
12. Pulse rate trainer 1


INDEX
EX. PAGE DATE OF STAFF’S
DATE NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
NO NO SUBMISSION SIGN
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF 11
1.
ORIFICE PLATE
CALIBRATION OF PRESSURE GAUGE
2.
(USING DEAD WEIGHT TESTER)
17
3. TORQUE MEASUREMENT 21
MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY USING
4.
SAYBOLT VISCOMETER
27
5. VACUUM PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 31

LEVEL MEASUREMENT USING
6. DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE 35
TRANSMITTER
UV (ULTRA VIOLET)
7.
SPECTROPHOTOMETER
39
8. IR SPECTROPHOTOMETER 45
PH-METER STANDARDIZATION AND
9. MEASUREMENT OF PH VALUES OF 49
SOLUTIONS
MEASUREMENT OF CONDUCTIVITY
10.
OF TEST SOLUTIONS
53
11. MEASUREMENT OF PULSE RATE 57
12. ECG MEASUREMENT 61

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF
1.
VENTURI METER 69
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF PITOT
2.
TUBE 75
LEVEL MEASUREMENT USING AIR
3.
BUBBLER METHOD 79
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF
4.
ROTAMETER 83
VIVA VOCE - QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 86
DIAGRAM:
ORIFICE METER:
Orifice plate
Inflow outflow
Scale
U-tube manometer
Water column
TYPES OF ORIFICE PLATES:
Orifice pipe Plate
Concentric Eccentric Segmental Quadrant Edge

Exp No: 1
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF ORIFICE PLATE
DATE:
AIM: To find the Discharge co-efficient of the Orifice Plate.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Orifice Meter setup.

2. Stopwatch.
FORMULA:
1. Co-efficient of discharge = Actual Discharge/ Theoretical Discharge.

2. Actual Discharge (Qact ) = Ah/t (m3/s).
Where A = Area of the tank (m2).
h = rise of water level (m).
t = Time for 1.5 liter rise of water (s).
Given, A* h = 1.5 * 10-3 m3.
3. Theoretical Discharge for Orifice meter:
Qth = a* 2 gH
Where a = Orifice area (m2).
g = Acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2).
H = Differential Pressure head of liquid (m).
Given d = 0.0122m (Orifice Diameter)
a = (π/4) * d2
k = a* 2 g
Qth = k* H
Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.81 m/Sec
Density of Water () = 998 kg/m3
Viscosity of Water () = 1.00 X 10-3 kg/ms
Reynolds number (Rd) = V*D ρ/μ
Velocity in pipe (V) = Qact / A
Inlet Pipe Diameter (D) = 0.0185 m
Inlet area of the Orifice meter (A) = π/4 * D2 m2

TABULAR COLUMN:
Time Pressure
Rota
Required Actual Diff. Theoretical Coeff. of Reynolds
S. meter
No.
for 1.5 discharge across Discharge discharge Number
Reading 3
Liters (m /s) Orifice (m3/s) Cd Rd
(LPH)
(Sec) H(m)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
MODEL GRAPH:

THEORY:
Variable head flow meters operate on the principle that a restriction

in the line of a flowing fluid introduced by the orifice plate or venturi tube
produces a differential pressure across the restriction element which is
proportional to the flow rate. The proportionality is not a linear one but has a
square root of the differential pressure. This relationship was derived from
Bernoulli’s theorem which states that in a flowing stream, the sum of the pressure
head, velocity head, and the elevation head at one point is equal to their sum at
another point removed in the direction of flow from the first point plus the loss
due to friction between the two points.
ORIFICEMETER:
It is the simplest and cheapest form of primary elements and is used

more frequently than all other types. It is inserted in the line and the differential
pressure across it is measured. There are four types of orifice plates which are
listed below, (i) concentric orifice plate, (ii) Eccentric orifice plate, (iii)
Segmental orifice plate, (iv) Quadrant edge orifice plate. Concentric type is the
most widely used. It is usually made of stainless steel. It is also made from other
materials such as nickel, phosphor, bronze, etc. to withstand the corrosive effects
of the fluid.
PROCEDURE:
1. Release the air bubbles in the tube by the given pressure and set the
water level in the middle of the tube (say 200 Lph).
2. Adjust the rotameter flow rate in steps of 50 Lph from 60 to 400 Lph
and wait for few minutes till the steady state is reached.
3. Close the outlet valve in the measuring tank.
4. Note the pressure difference in terms of the height of the water
column (H) across the orifice meter.
5. Measure the time (t) required for collecting 1.5 litres of water in the
measuring tank by stopwatch.
6. Drain the measuring tank by opening the drain valve immediately.
7. Calculate the value of Cd.

CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:
Thus the Discharge coefficient of an Orifice Plate was determined.

DEAD WEIGHT PISTON GAUGE:
TABULAR COLUMN:
Load Actual Test gauge Deviation (kg/cm2) =

S.No. applied pressure reading Test gauge reading (kg/cm2) -
(kg) (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2) Actual pressure (kg/cm2)
CALCULATIONS:

Exp No: 2 CALIBRATION OF PRESSURE GAUGE

DATE: (USING DEAD WEIGHT TESTER)
AIM:
To calibrate the given pressure gauge using Dead weight Tester.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Dead Weight Tester

2. Pressure gauge and standard weight
THEORY:
The most fundamental pressure measurement technique, and favored

as well for primary calibration of pressure sensors, is the deadweight tester, or
piston gauge. This device uses calibrated weights that exert pressure on a fluid
through a piston. Dead Weight Tester is used for the measurement of higher
steady pressures and for checking the elastic diaphragm or Bourdon types of
gauge. In the practical form, it is often used as a standard of pressure
measurement. In this type of instrument, the force produced on a piston of known
area is measured directly by the weight it will support. The dead weight tester is
used to calibrate a pressure gauge. It is an absolute pressure measuring device. It
utilizes the well known Pascal’s law for its operation. Here dead weights are used
to build the pressure inside the chamber by which the oil is pumped into it. The
pressure chamber has two outlets; one is connected to the oil tank through control
valve. The other outlet is connected to a pressure gauge which has to be tested or
calibrated. By closing the control valve and by pumping the oil inside the
pressure chamber and the plunger starts moving out. The dead weight calibrated
for known pressure is kept on the plunger which will build the pressure inside the
pressure chamber proportion to the weight on the plunger. By adding the weight
on the plunger the pressure inside the chamber can be increased accordingly. The
plunger is made to lift the weight till the mark on the plunger by pumping the oil
to the pressure chamber by using oil pump.

MODEL GRAPH:
Test gauge Deviation
Pressure (kg/cm2)
(kg/cm2)
Actual pressure (kg/cm2) Actual pressure (kg/cm2)
PRECAUTIONARY NOTE:
1.Always rotate the plunger along with the weights while taking the
readings.
2.Should maintain sufficient quantity of oil in the oil tank.
3.Do not pump when the air release valve is loosened.

PROCEDURE:
1.First of all fill the oil tank with sufficient oil preferably hydraulic oil.
2. Next release the air release valve provided at the bottom till the oil starts
dropping continuously about 5 to 10 drops and tightens the release valve.
Now release the control valve, and pump the oil, so that the oil circulates through
the tubes. Pump for about 60 seconds, so that all the tubes will be filled with oil
and any air bubble inside the tube will be removed.
3. Now close the control valve and pump the oil, plunger will start floating.
Rotate the plunger gently. The plunger should rotate smoothly without any
friction, pump a little if the plunger is not rotating smoothly. The pressure is built
inside the chamber proportion to the weight on the plunger. The test gauge
connected will start showing the pressure.
4. Add 1kg dead weight on the plunger and pump it once again till the mark on
the plunger is visible. The pressure inside the chamber increases by 1kg/cm2.
5. Add the weight on the plunger and pump till the line on the plunger is clearly
visible.
6. Add the weight immediately. Now the corresponding gauge reading is the
Actual pressure reading. Again pump the oil until the mark on the plunger is
visible. Now the gauge reading is the test gauge reading.
7. Plot the graph between (i) Actual and Test gauge pressure,
(ii) Actual and %Error.
8. Release the control valve slowly and remove the dead weights from the
plunger.
RESULT:
Thus the given pressure gauge was calibrated and tested using the dead
weight tester.

DIAGRAM:
(i) LOADING ARRANGEMENT:
F1 F2
60mm (d)
(ii)Tension-Compression stresses on the surface of a circuit shaft.
Tension (permeability increases)
` 4
45°
Shaft axis
2 1
Compression (permeability decreases)

Exp No: 3
TORQUE MEASUREMENT
DATE:
AIM:
To determine the unknown weight and torque due to dead weights using
strain gauge torsion meter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Strain gauge torsion meter setup.

2. Multimeter.
FORMULA:
T= Force * Distance N-m
Where, Force=F1-F2 =ΔF kg
Distance= 0.05m*9.8m/s2
= 0.49 m2/s2
Where, 0.49 is dynamometer constant.
(i)Torque applied Ta=(F1-F2)*d/2*9.8m/s2
Where d=60mm =0.06m.
(ii) Fwt in volts= obtained voltages

(iii) Fwt in kg = Fwt in volts -Fz
Where Fz =0.7V constant
(iv) Torque measured (N-m), Tm = Fwt in kg*0.49.

(v) % Error = [(Ta-Tm)/ Ta] *100.
THEORY:
Torque is defined as the force which tends to change the linear motion or
rotation of a body. It may also be defined as the turning or twisting moment of a
force about an axis. Torque is given as T=F x D, Where T=Torque, F=Force, D=
Perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation of the line of action of the force.
Basically, there are two types of torque sensors available for the

TABULAR COLUMN:
ΔF = Fwt Fwt in kg = Tm (N-m)= % Error

F1 F2 Ta
(F1- F2) in (Fwt in V) - (Fwt in kg) =[(Ta-Tm)/
(kg) (kg) (kg)
(N-m)
Volts Fz *0.49 Ta] *100

measurement of torque on process machine: (i) in-line rotating torque sensors, (ii)
in-line stationary torque sensors.
The in-line rotating torque sensor is used for the torque measurement of
rotating equipments. It consists of a metal shaft with bonded strain gauge
electrically connected in the form of a Wheatstone bridge. Figure illustrates the
stresses acting on a rotating shaft subject to torsion. The strain gauge is kept on
the shaft at precisely 45° to the shaft axis to sense compressive and tensile
deformation due to torsion. The strain gauge 1 and 3 must be diametrically
opposite as must strain gauge 2 and 4. In one direction, at 45° angle to the axis,
pure tensile stress exists, whereas 45° in the other direction pure compressive
stress is extant. The rotor shaft is elastic and will deflect minutely under the
imposed stresses. The output of the Wheatstone bridge is in proportion to torsion
and hence to the applied torque on the shaft, Bridge power and the output voltage
may be connected to the sensor through slip rings and brushes, but this type of
pickoff is limited to rotational speed in the order of 30 m/s at the brush surfaces.
Also, with this type of system, the measurement is affected due to the contact
resistance, contact friction, and heating effect.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect ±12V DC to the panel terminals, connect external load cell to the
panel through ‘D’ connector.
2. Select the sensor by selecting rotary 6 position switch at correct location. 3.
Connect a voltmeter across output terminals. Do not start the motor; keep the
span pot to minimum position.
4. Adjust output to zero volts by zero adjust potentiometer under no load. Now
start the motor by connecting its 3 pin socket to 230V AC.
5. Load the motor by tightening both using nuts such that F 1 =2.5 kg and
F2=1.5kg. Now adjust the span pot such that output volt is 1V.
6. Repeat the above procedure for ‘0’ output and corresponding voltage output
for the force difference, twice or thrice to ensure correct range adjustment. After
calibration take different set of readings.
7. After calibration, reduce F1 only and corresponding F2 reading should be taken.
Adjust F1 and note the voltmeter reading.

CALCULATIONS:

8. Using the given formulae, calculate the Torque applied (Ta); Torque measured
(Tm), and % Error.
9. Do not run the motor without load as it runs with full speed of 5000 rpm.
RESULT:
Thus the Torque and % error was determined using the given Torsion
Meter.

DIAGRAM:
SAYBOLT VISCOMETER:
Thermometer Stirrer
Water
Oil
Heater
Cork
60 ml
Collecting Beaker

Exp No: 4 MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY USING

DATE: SAYBOLT VISCOMETER
AIM:
To measure the viscosity of a given oil using Saybolt Viscometer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Viscometer
2. Thermometer
3. Stopwatch
4. 60ml conical flask
5. Oil
THEORY:
The internal friction or the resistance to flow within a fluid (liquid or

gas) is due to the viscosity of the fluid. There is no direct reference was made to
the effects of viscosity in the fluid flow measurements. This is because of the fact
that most industrial flow measuring devices usually are employed for low
viscosity fluids in which viscosity variations (which occur due to change in
temperature) are not sufficient to affect the flow measurements. In fact, viscosity
is one of the major factors responsible for the dissipation of energy in
transporting liquids and gases in pipeline. The maintenance of uniform diameter
as well as the accurate measurement of and the diameter are the difficulties
experienced in the constant pressure type capillary tube viscometer. Therefore,
another adaptation of the capillary tube principle is used for routine industrial
measurements of viscosity. Such instruments are called efflux type of viscometer.
Commercially available viscometer based on the efflux principle is namely

Saybolt, Redwood and Engler viscometers. In the Saybolt viscometer, the time in
seconds for 60 ml of oil to flow through the orifice gives a measure of the
viscosity of the oil, which is expressed in Say bolt universal seconds. The
specified volume of efflux in the Redwood is 50ml, Engler is 200ml.

TABULAR COLUMN:
Temp in °C Time taken for 60 ml of oil to fall

Viscosity of Oil Ns/m2
in the Beaker (Sec)
CALCULATIONS:

FORMULA:
Viscosity (Ns/m2) V = At – B/t
Where A=0.247 and B=65
PROCEDURE:
1. Viscosity determination shall be done in a room free from dust with no

rapid changes in temperature.
2. The cork stopper should be installed at the lower end of the tube.
3. The cork should be tight enough to prevent escape of oil.
4. Fill water in the outer chamber of the viscometer.
5. Measure 60ml of oil and pour into the internal oil chamber of the
viscometer.
6. Switch ON the heater through temperature controller and set the range in
the controller (say 500C, 600C, 700 C etc.,)
7. Since the oil should be stirred well until a constant temperature is
maintained both in the water and the oil. Use the thermometer to check the
temperature both in the water and the oil.
8. After thermal equilibrium has been obtained, remove the thermometer
from the oil bath.
9. 60ml of conical flask should be kept in position and collect oil from the
tube.
10. Open the cork and start the stopwatch.
11. Record the time for the fall of 60ml of oil. From the time, calculate the
Kinematic viscosity using the formulae.
12. Vary the temperature of the oil using temperature controller record the
actual.
RESULT:
Thus the Viscosity of given oil was measured using Saybolt

Viscometer.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
VACUUM VACUUM PRESSURE DISPLAY

PUMP GUAGE TRANSMITTER
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF VACUUM PRESSURE MEASUREMENT:
Voltmeter
P Vacuum pump Priming Cylinder
Vacuum Pump Switch
Vacuum Lock Vacuum Release
Vacuum Gauge
Vacuum Transducer

Exp No: 5
VACUUM PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
DATE:
AIM:
To study the vacuum pressure gauge setup and measure the unknown
vacuum pressure.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Vacuum pressure setup

2. Vacuum pressure transmitter
3. Voltmeter
THEORY:
The space of the container with nothing inside in it is called Vacuum.

Pressure below atmosphere is called Vacuum pressure which is below 1 bar. The
science of low pressure measurement is rather a specialized field which requires
considerable care on the part of the experimentalist. The wide range of pressure
to be measured under the general heading of vacuum measurement makes the
problem an extremely extensive one. The range extends from the normal
atmospheric pressure of 760mm of mercury column down to 10-8 mm of mercury
column. A common unit of low pressure is the micron, which is one millionth of
a meter (0.001 mm) of mercury column. Very low pressure is less than a mill
micron (10-3 micron) or 10-6 mm of mercury. Torr is 1 mm of mercury column
and therefore a milimicron is 1 micro torr. Vacuum pump is a machine that can
create a vacuum in a chamber by pumping gas molecules out of the chamber.
Vacuum pumps are used in a wide variety of scientific and industrial
applications, either as part of a larger process or in the testing of other products.
Vacuum is created by sucking air out of a chamber with vacuum pump; volume is
sensed by sensor which is under gas changes. When low pressure occurs the
resultant pressure signal is given to a pressure transmitter transmits in the range
of 0 to 1 bar which in turn measures the low pressure in the units of voltage in the
range of 0 to 6V.

TABULAR COLUMN:
Vacuum Gauge Reading Digital Voltmeter reading

S.No
(mm of Hg) (Volts)

MODEL GRAPH:
Output
Voltage (V)
Vacuum gauge in (mm Hg)
PROCEDURE:
1.Connect the power cord to 230V AC power and switch on the Mains power.
2. Open the Vacuum lock valve fully and close the vacuum release valve
tightly.
3. Switch ON the vacuum pump. The volume inside is very small; the
vacuum pump will reach -730 mm Hg in no time.
4. Close the vacuum lock valve and switch OFF the Vacuum pump.
5. Vacuum generated will standstill and the reading shown by the voltmeter
may be noted.
6. Open the vacuum release valve slightly and allow the atmospheric air enter
the system and make the vacuum to fall.
7. By opening and closing the release valve, the vacuum may be kept at any
level and note down the voltmeter readings.
8. Plot the graph between output voltage and vacuum pressure.
RESULT:
Thus the Vacuum Pressure Gauge setup was studied and the unknown
Vacuum Pressure was Measured.

DIAGRAM:
LEVEL MEASUREMENT SET UP:

Exp No: 6 LEVEL MEASUREMENT USING

DATE: DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TRANSMITTER
AIM:
To Measure the Level of Liquid in the Tank with the Differential Pressure
Transmitter.
APPARARTUS REQUIRED:
1. Level Tank Arrangement with DPT

2. Multimeter
THEORY:
Level measurement using DP transmitter:
The DPT mainly consists of Pressure detector assembly and transmitter

assembly. The pressure detector assembly houses capsule assembly. The electronic
circuit is in transmitter assembly. The DPTs have two process connections for
measurement of differential pressure. The higher pressure is to be connected to “H”
side and lower pressure to be connected to “L” side. For measurement of level in
open tanks the pressure connection “L” connection of DPT is open to atmosphere. In
case of level measurements in the closed vessels, the additional connection from the
top of tank needs to be connected to “L”. The smart series DPTs can be calibrated
for different ranges by using Hand held programmer (Optional). (Conventional old
type DPTs were provided with SPAN adjustment knob for changing the calibration
range). The span (range) adjustment can be done. The Signal form DP is in the
range of 4-20 mA which is proportional to hydrostatic head (i.e. ρ x g x h where ρ is
liquid density, g is acceleration due to gravity and h is the liquid height above DP).
For measurement of level (using hydrostatic head) the DPT needs to be mounted at
the bottom of the vessel. The position of the DP can be raised / lowered and same
can be compensated by adjusting ZERO on the DPT. However it is recommended
that position of DPT should not be above minimum tank level.

TABULAR COLUMN:
Process tank Indicated Reading Loop Current

S. No.
Level (mm) (mm) (mA)
MODEL GRAPH:
LOOP CURRENT IN mA
INDICATED LEVEL IN mm
PROCESS TANK LEVEL IN mm

PROCESS TANK LEVEL IN mm

PROCEDURE:
Level measurement using DP transmitter:
1. Ensure that one transmitter support plate is inserted below the DPT. The zero
level of the process tank and centre of the DPT is approximately at same level.
2. Fill water up to 50 mm in the tank.
3. Note the reading on LEVEL INDICATOR (It is assumed that air entrapped is
removed initially).
4. Turn the zero adjustment knobs so that indicated reading matches with process
tank level.
5. To measure loop current of the transmitter connect multi-meter to “CHECK
mA”. The reading in % is indicated on the local display of the transmitter.
6. Fill the water in steps of 50 mm and note the indicated reading, current in ma.
And process tank level. (Note that this DPT is pre-calibrated for range of 200 mm
of H2O)
7. Repeat the procedure by draining the water in steps of 50 mm.
8. Plot the graphs of indicated reading Vs actual level and Current in MA Vs
Actual level and note accuracy and Hysteresis.
RESULT:
Thus the level of liquid in the tank was measured using the Pressure
transmitter.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
MONOCHROMATOR SAMPLE
LIGHT PHOTO
OR WAVELENGTH DISPLAY
SOURCE DETECTOR
SELECTOR

Exp No: 7 UV (ULTRA VIOLET)

DATE: SPECTROPHOTOMETER
AIM:
To determine the absorbance, %transmittance and concentration for a

given test solution using UV spectrophotometer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. U.V. Spectrophotometer
2. Test Solution (both known and unknown concentration).
3. Cuvette
THEORY:
Spectroscopy is the branch of science dealing with the study of

interaction of Electromagnetic radiation with the matter. UV spectrum region has
the wavelength of 190 to 380nm .The light source used in the
UV spectrophotometer is Deuterium lamp. When a beam of radiant energy strikes
the surface of a substance the radiation interacts with the atoms and molecules of
the substance. The radiation may be transmitted, scattered, reflected or it can
excite fluorescence depending upon the properties of the substance. The velocity
at which radiation is propagated through the medium is less than its velocity in
vacuum. It depends on the kind and concentration of atoms, ions or molecules
present in the medium.
Absorption Spectrometry is based on the principle that the amount of

absorption that occurs is dependent on the number of molecules present in the
absorbing material. Therefore the intensity of the radiation leaving the substance
may be used as an indication of the concentration of the material. Beer’s
Lambert’s Law says that the amount of monochromatic radiant energy absorbed
or transmitted by a solution is an exponential function of concentration of the
absorbing substance present in the path of radiant energy. For monochromatic
radiation, absorbance is directly proportional to the path length b through the
medium and the concentration c of the absorbing species is given by A = abc

TABULAR COLUMN:
Wavelength: _________nm
NAME OF
S. CONCENTRATION
THE ABSORBANCE %TRANSMITTANCE
No. (PPM)
SOLUTION
Absorbance is given by, A = abc
Where a = proportionality constant
b = path length
c = concentration

PROCEDURE:
MEASURMENT OF %TRANSMITTANCE OF SAMPLE AT THE SET WAVELENGTH:
1. Press %T push button.

2. Lift the lid of the sample compartment. Keep the cuvette with blank
(REFERENCE) in the second position of the sample holder.
3. Keep the cuvette with sample in the third position of the sample holder. Close
the lid of the sample compartment.
4. Ensure that the dummy (opaque) cuvette is in the first position and in the
optical path.
5. Keep both the 100%T, COARSE and FINE controls in their maximum
clockwise position.
6. Rotate the 0% T control in appropriate direction to adjust 00.0 reading on the
readout.
7. Pull the CUV SEL control to bring the second position of the sample holder
into optical path.
8. By adjusting 100%T COARSE control set a reading of around 110.0 on the
readout i.e. the display.
9. By adjusting 100%T FINE control adjust the reading to exactly 100.0 on the
10. Pull the CUV SEL control to bring the third position of the sample holder and
in the optical path. Value of % transmittance of the sample at the wavelength set,
appears on the readout.
11. For obtaining corresponding absorption, press the ABS Push button and the
corresponding ABSORBANCE of the sample at the same wavelength appears on
the read out i.e. display which may be noted.
MEASURMENT OF CONCENTRATION OF SAMPLE AT THE SET WAVELENGTH:
1. Press %T push button.

2. Lift the lid of the sample compartment. Keep the cuvette with blank
(REFERENCE) in the second position of the sample holder.
3. Keep the cuvette with STANDARD solution (of known concentration) in the
third position of the sample holder.
4. Keep the cuvette with sample in the fourth position of the sample holder. Close
the lid of the sample compartment.
5. Both 100% T COARSE and 100% FINE controls fully clockwise.


6. Push the CUV SEL control fully IN.

7. Pull the CUV SEL control to bring the second position of the sample holder
into the optical path.
8. By adjusting 100%T COARSE control set a reading of around 110.0 on the
9. By adjusting 100%T FINE control adjust the reading to exactly 100.0 on the
10. Pull the CUV SEL control to bring the third position of the sample holder into
the optical path. %T of STANDARD will appear on the readout.
11. Press CON push button. Adjust Con control to set known value
CONCENTRATION OF STANDARD on the read out i.e., display. For relative
CONCENTRATION with respect to a specific value, adjust the CON control to
set the specific value. The instrument gets standardized for CONCENTRATION
measurements.
12. Pull the CUV SEL control to bring the fourth position of the sample holder
(where SAMPLE is placed) into the optical path.
13. For measurement of CONCENTRATION of other samples with reference to
the same STANDARD.
14. Lift the lid of the sample compartment. Replace the cuvette with earlier
SAMPLE with fresh SAMPLE and then close the lid.On completion of
measurement, bring back the UV rocker switches to OFF position. Allow for 15
minutes cooling time bring back the rocker switch of the instrument to OFF
position. Switch OFF the power supply.
16. Clean the cuvettes thoroughly, and keep them safe.
RESULT:
Thus the Absorbance, %Transmittance and Concentration for the given

test solution was found using UV Spectrophotometer.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
MONOCHROMATOR SAMPLE
LIGHT OR WAVELENGTH
PHOTO
DISPLAY
SOURCE SELECTOR DETECTOR

Exp No: 8
IR (INFRA RED) SPECTROPHOTOMETER
DATE:
AIM:
To determine the absorbance, %transmittance and concentration of the

given samples using IR spectrophotometer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. IR spectrophotometer
2. Test Solution (both known and unknown concentration).
3. Cuvette
THEORY:
The infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum extends from the

red end of the visible spectrum to the microwave region. The infrared region of
the spectrum is having wave numbers ranging from about 12500 to 10 cm -1 or
wavelength from 0.8 to 1000micron.
Infrared spectroscopy is one of the most powerful analytical

techniques which offer the possibility of chemical identification. It is ideally
suited for carrying out qualitative analysis. Particularly of organic compounds,
one of the most important advantages of infrared spectroscopy over the other
usual methods is that it provides useful information about the structure of the
molecule quickly, without tiresome evaluation methods. This constitutes a
serious limitation in practical applications, since it necessitates the study of
inorganic materials in the solid state.
The position of absorption bands in the infrared spectrum is

expressed both in wavelength as well as in wave numbers. The wavelength (λ) is
generally measured in microns (μ). The three types of IR spectrophotometers are
(i) Near Infrared spectrophotometer, (ii) Mid Infrared spectrophotometer, (iii) Far
Infrared spectrophotometer. The optical materials such as glass or quartz absorb
strongly in the infrared region, so the apparatus for measuring infrared spectra is
different from that for the visible and ultraviolet regions. The main components
of IR spectrometer are given below. The sources, monochromators and detectors
of the IR are the important one.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Wavelength: _________nm
NAME OF
S. CONCENTRATION
THE ABSORBANCE %TRANSMITTANCE
No. SOLUTION
(PPM)

MEASURMENT OF %TRANSMITTANCE AND ABSORPTION OF

SAMPLE AT THE SET WAVELENGTH:
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the machine and remove the cuvattes from the slot.
2.Check the alignment testing process for lamp.
3.From the MENU select 2 for setting wavelength and enter the wavelength.
4.Enter the no of cuvattes for testing and place the ref and sample test liquids in
the corresponding slots.
5.From the MENU select 1 to view the result.
MEASURMENT OF CONCENTRATION OF SAMPLE AT THE SET

WAVELENGTH:
PROCEDURE:
1.. Switch on the machine and remove the cuvattes from the slot.
2.Check the alignment testing process for lamp.
3.From the MENU select 5 for quantitative analysis and select standards
4.Enter the wave length and no of standards
5.Select unit as ppm and enter concentration of 2 standards.
6.Select 1 for measurement and enter the no of samples
7.Enter the no of cuvattes for testing and place the ref and sample test liquids in
the corresponding slots.
8.From the MENU select 1 to view the result of ref.
9. Press ESC and select sample and press 2 to view the result of sample
RESULT:
Thus the Absorbance, %Transmittance and Concentration for the given

test solution was found using IR Spectrophotometer.

DIAGRAM:
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO. SOLUTION pH READING PROPERTY

Exp No: 9 pH-METER STANDARDIZATION

AND MEASUREMENT OF
DATE:
pH VALUES OF SOLUTIONS
AIM:
To measure the pH values of the test solutions using pH meter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. pH Meter
2. Test Solutions
3. Beaker
4. Stand
THEORY:
pH value is the number of gram ions of hydrogen present in one litre of
the solution is called the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution. The acidity
or basicity of a solution can be expressed in terms of hydrogen ion concentration.
pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration, can be
expressed as:
pH = -log10 [H+]
= log10 [1/H+]
pH value varies from 0 to 14. If the pH value is 7, the solution is neutral. If it is
less than 7, the solution is acidic and if it is greater than 7, it is alkaline
(base).The pH measurements are widely used in chemical laboratories, industries
and the clinics.
The pH of an unknown solution can be measured by potentiometer
method. In this method, two electrodes are used, namely reference electrodes
and a measuring electrode .These two electrodes are connected to a measuring
instrument and the potential difference (EMF) between these two electrodes is
measured. The measuring or the indicator electrode senses the concentration of
the hydrogen ion in the sample solution and the output is proportional to the pH
value of the solution, while the reference electrode is insensitive to the solution
and produces a constant potential.


PROCEDURE:
1. Keep the instant assembly and connect the pH meter to main supply.
2. The glass pH electrode is connected to meter and placed in the beaker.
3. For standardization we use a buffer solution which has a pH value of 7.
4. If the display is other than 7, it is adjusted to the required concentration.
5. Now the instrument is changed to measurement mode.
6. Now pH is measured for various solutions and tabulated as follows.
7. If the display is 7, the pH of the solution is given as neutral. If the value is
less than 7, then the solution is given as acidic and if it is greater than 7 the
solution is given as base.
RESULT:
Thus the pH meter is standardized and pH value for the given solution
is measured.

CONDUCTIVITY METER:
Conductivity
meter
Reference
Electrodes
Measuring
Electrodes
Conductivity
solution
TABULAR COLUMN:
Room Temperature = _____°C
CONDUCTIVITY
S.NO. SOLUTION (milli mho/cm) or
(milli siemens/cm)

Exp No: 10 MEASUREMENT OF CONDUCTIVITY

DATE: OF TEST SOLUTIONS
AIM:
To measure the conductivity of the given solution.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Conductivity meter setup with display

2. Conductivity electrodes
3. Solution under test.
THEORY:
The conductivity of an electrolyte is a measure of the ability of the

solution to carry electric current and it depends on (i) Concentration of the ions,
(ii) Temperature of the solutions, (iii) Specific nature of the ions. The current
through the solution takes place through the movement of electrically charged
particles called ions. When a potential difference is applied to two electrodes
immersed in the solution, ions are almost instantaneously accelerated towards the
electrodes. Since the conductance of a solution of electrolyte is related to the
concentration of electrolyte, analytical applications of conductance are possible.
The electrolyte solutions obey Ohm’s law. The reciprocal of the

resistance R of the electrolytic solution (1/R) is called conductance. It is
expressed in mhos.The resistance of a solution depends upon length l, area a and
the intrinsic properties of the solution. It is expressed as,
R = ρl/a
Where ρ is specific resistance. Since conductance is the reciprocal of resistance.
1/R = 1/ ρ (a/l) = K (a/l)
where K is the specific conductance.


A conductivity cell comprises two electrodes, which may be of two

parallel sheets of platinum fixed in position by scaling the connecting tubes into
the sides of the measuring cell. In order to reduce the polarization offsets which
produce a large cell capacitance, the effective area of the electrode is greatly
increased by coating the electrode with platinum black.
Conductivity cells are available in different types, sizes and shapes.

The simplest is the dip type, which is immersed in the liquid to be tested. The
solution may be open container and may have volumes in the range of 5ml.
Conductivity meter helps in measuring the dissolved minerals (impurities) in the
sample water. Conductivity depends on the concentration of ions and it is
measured by a conductivity cell. The cell is connected to the measuring circuit to
measure resistance which gives a measure of conductance which in turn is
calibrated to % concentration of impurities.
PROCEDURE:
1. Solution under test is taken in a beaker.

2. Conductivity electrode terminal is immersed into the solution.
3. The electrode terminal is connected to display unit.
4. Digital display shows the conductivity of the given solution in
millimho/cm.
5. Repeat the procedure for different samples.
RESULT:
Thus the conductivity of the sample solution is found by using
conductivity meter.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Exp No: 11
MEASUREMENT OF PULSE RATE
DATE:
AIM:
To measure the Pulse Rate of Human Body using Pulse Rate Trainer Kit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Pulse rate trainer kit
2. DSO
3. Pulse rate sensor
THEORY:
Heart pump pushed the blood through the circulatory system & is
available arteries. The amount of blood rushing in to the peripheral arteries
depends on many physiological factors. Thus the heart rate can be detected by
sensing the rush of the blood in the peripheral arteries. The system uses a
finger transducer to detect the peripheral pulse i.e. heart beat. It is based on
photoelectric method. Transducer consists of transmitter & receiver. They
are placed adjutants to each other. The part of light emitted by transmitter
is reflected & scattered from the skin & tissues & falls on the receiver. The
quantity of the light is reflected & determined by the blood saturation of the
capillaries & therefore the voltage drop across the receiver. This gives out a
voltage pulse for each heartbeat.
Plethysmography is a non-invasive method for studies of the heart rate. This

pulse wave will result in a change in the volume of arterial blood with each pulse
beat. This change in blood volume can be detected in peripheral parts of the body
such as the fingertip or ear lobe using a technique called Photo plethysmography.
The device that detects the signal is called a plethysmography.
Heart rate measurement indicates the soundness of the human cardiovascular

system. The transducer consists of a Red LED that transmits an LDR through
the fingertip of the subject, a part of which is reflected by the blood cells. The
reflected signal is detected by a sensor. The changing blood volume with
heartbeat results in a train of pulses at the output of the sensor, the magnitude is
too small.

OBSERVATION:
TABULAR COLUMN:
PULSE CALCULATION
RATE IN PERIOD (ms) THROUGH DSO
BPM 60/PERIOD (BPM)
CALCULATIONS:
Calculation Through DSO = 60 / Period

The Pulse to Pulse interval measures the period of heart beat. is denoted by the
following formula. HR=60/T BPM
T=Pulse to pulse Interval in Second. (P-P)
Where HR is the heart rate measured in beat-per-minute (BPM), interval
measured in millisecond (ms). For example, if P-P is 800 ms, the heart rate is 75
BPM.
PROCEDURE:
1.Connect the instrument to the mains.
2.Connect the Transducer to system and Insert the transducer plug into the
transducer socket.
4. Now connect the DSO to the instrument.
Connect DSO probe to instrument at 4mm red socket marked as Pulse & Black
socket Ground & DC Signal at Output Socket.
5. Putting the sensor
The belt should be wrapped around at finger. The transducer should not be too
tightly. Make arrangement of transducer as we get proper pulse. If there is any
moments not get the proper readings. There are reading ± 2 digits up & down.
Adjust threshold control if Pulse is not proper.
6. See signal Pattern on DSO If Pulse not properly, adjust threshold control knob.
7. Display shows the Heart Rate.
8. Check the ground; if not proper make arrangement for that.
RESULT:
Thus the pulse rate of Human Body was measured using Pulse Rate
Trainer Kit.


Exp No: 12
ECG MEASUREMENT
DATE:
AIM: To trace the ECG waveform and measure the various time interval and amplitude of
ECG waveform to make diagnosis.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. ECG analyzer
2. Connecting leads
Limb leads: I, II, III, IV, V, and VI
Lead IV also called AVR, Lead V also called AVL & Lead VI also called AVF
They are summarized here:
 Lead aVR Augmented Vector Right, positive electrode right shoulder.

 Lead aVL Augmented Vector Left, positive electrode left shoulder.
 Lead aVF Augmented Vector Foot, positive electrode on Food.
RIGHT ARM Records electrical

LEAD NEGATIVE, differences
-I LEFT ARM between the left
POSITIVE and right arm
electrodes.
RIGHT ARM- Records electrical

LEAD NEGATIVE, difference between
- II LEFT LEG- the left leg and
POSITIVE right arm
electrodes.
LEFT ARM- Records electrical

LEAD NEGATIVE, differences
- III LEFT LEG- between the left leg
POSITIVE and left arm
electrodes.

aVR means The positive

AVR augmented electrode is on the
Vector Right right shoulder.
aVL means The positive

AVL augmented electrode is on the
Vector Left left shoulder.
aVF means The positive

AVF augmented electrode is on the
Vector Foot foot.
Now combine the three limb leads I, II, III
And the three augmented Vector leads aVR, aVL, Avf

The angles are as follows;
LEAD I Is located at 0 degrees And (+) (-) 180 degrees

LEAD II Is located at +60 degrees And -120 degrees
LEAD III Is located at +120 degrees And -60 degrees
LEAD aVR Is located at +30 degrees And -150 degrees
LEAD aVL Is located at -30 degrees And +150 degrees
LEAD aVF Is located at +90 degrees And -90 degrees
Electrodes around the heart Electrodes around the heart


Normal electrocardiogram.
Heart action during P-R interval:

(1) Atrial contraction begins at peak of P wave.
(2) P-R interval-atrial contraction.
(3) Ventricles relaxed.
Heart action during QRS complex:

(1) Ventricularcontraction begins at peak of R.
(2) A-V (mitral and tricuspid) valves close,causing S1 sound.
(3) Ventricles contract.
(4) Atrial relaxation begins.
Heartaction during S-T segment:

(1) Semilunar valves open (aortic and pulmonic).
(2) Ejection of blood from ventricles–systole.
Heart action during T wave:

(1) Slowing of ejection from ventricles.
(2) Closure of semilunarvalves (aortic and pulmonic) causing S2 sound.
Heart action during T-P interval:

(1) Relaxation of ventricles.
(2) A-V valves open.
(3) Filling of ventricles, causing S3 sound.

Component of the electrical

Association in the heart
sequence
P Wave Firing of the SA node and depolarization of the atria.
Delay of the electrical impulse at the AV node and the

PR Interval
depolarization of the atrium.
Ventricular depolarization
 Q-wave = first negative deflection

QRS Complex
 R-wave = first positive deflection
 S-wave = second negative deflecton
T Wave Ventricular repolarization.

RESULT:
Thus the tracing of ECG Waveform and Measurement of various time

intervals, amplitude was performed and diagnosis was made for the same.

VENTURI METER:
TABULAR COLUMN:
Time Pressure
Rotameter Required Actual Diff. Theoretical Coeff. of Reynolds
S.
Reading for 1.5 discharge across Discharge discharge Number
No. 3
(LPH) Liters (m /S) Venturi (m3/S) Cd Rd
(Sec) H(m)

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS
Exp No: 1 DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF
DATE: VENTURI METER
AIM:
To find the discharge co-efficient of Venturi meter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.Venturi meter
2.Stopwatch
THEORY:

VENTURI METER SPECIFICATION:
CONSTANT VALUES:
Velocity in pipe (V) = Qact / a1

Reynolds number (Rd) = VDρ/μ

MODEL GRAPH:

CALCULATIONS:

PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
Thus the Discharge coefficient of a Venturi Meter was determined.

DIAGRAM:
PITOT TUBE:
TABULAR COLUMN:
Time Pressure
Rotameter Required Actual Diff. Theoretical Coeff. of Reynolds
S.
Reading for 1.5 discharge across Discharge discharge Number
No. 3
(LPH) Liters (m /S) H(m) (m3/S) Cd Rd
(Sec)

Exp No: 2
DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF PITOT TUBE
DATE:
AIM:
To find the discharge co-efficient of Pitot tube.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.Pitot tube
2.Stopwatch
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:

CALCULATIONS:
MODEL GRAPH:

PITOT TUBE SPECIFICATIONS:
CONSTANT VALUES:
RESULT:
Thus the discharge coefficient of a Pitot tube was determined.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
INSTRUMENTATION CURRENT
SENSOR MIROCONTROLLER DISPLAY
AMPLIFIER OUTPUT
DIAGRAM:
LEVEL MEASUREMENT SET UP:

Exp No: 3 LEVEL MEASUREMENT USING AIR

DATE: BUBBLER METHOD
AIM: To measure the level of liquid in the tank with the Pressure transmitter.
APPARARTUS REQUIRED:
1.Level Tank Arrangement

2. Multimeter
THEORY:
Level measurement is one of the oldest measurements. The measurement of

industrial process level parameter is of great importance in the industrial field. The
level of liquids may affect both the pressure and the rate of flow in and out of the
tank or vessel; hence the quality may be affected. Level of a Liquid can be measured
by both direct and indirect method. Level measurement using Differential pressure
transmitter is an indirect method, which is most suitable for measuring a level in a
pressurized tank. One end of the tank is kept left to atmospheric pressure and other
end is connected to the process tank. As there is variation in level, pressure changes
not very linearly. The non linear output from differential pressure sensor is
liberalized using a microcontroller, the level in terms of standard current range 4 - 2
0 mA is obtained as microcontroller output.
An air purge (also known as bubbler tube) system is one of the most
popular hydrostatic pressure types of liquid level measuring system which is suitable
for any liquids. When there is no liquid in the tank or the liquid level in the tank is
below the bottom end of the bubble tube, the air flows out of the bubble tube and the
pressure gauge indicates zero. In other words, there is no back pressure because the
air escapes to the atmosphere. As the liquid level in the tank increases, the air flow is
restricted by the depth of liquid and the air pressure acting against liquid head
appears as back pressure causes the pointer to move on the scale, calibrated in terms
of liquid level.
The length of the tube determines the range of the device. Because air is
continuously bubbling from the bottom of the tube, the tank fluid does not enter the
bubbler tube and hence, the tube is said to be purged. The common purging fluid is
air, but if air reacts with tank fluid or is absorbed, different gases like carbon or
nitrogen are chosen depending on liquid properties.

TABULAR COLUMN:
Process tank Pressure Transmitter Output

S. No.
level (Centimeter) Current (mA)
MODEL GRAPH:
Output
in mA
Level in cm

PROCEDURE:
1. First select the sensor by selecting rotary 5-position switch at correct

location.
2. Insert half inch Stainless Steel tube inside the level tank.
3. Connect the one end of the tube to a small air compressor as well as to
the pressure sensor P1 port and to a pressure gauge of range 0-
600mm.
4. Now switch ON the compressor and pump motor. Then fill the tank up to
400mm and switch the pump off.
5. After some time, air bubbles come out of the bubbler tube.
6. Now calibrate by adjusting, 20mA for 400mm at the output of signal
conditioning circuit using a span pot.
7. Now drain the tank up to zero line and adjust 4mA for 0mm, using the
zero pot.
8. Repeat the span and zero adjustment two to three times till we get 4mA
for 0mm and 20mA for 400mm.
9. When the level of the liquid rises, the pressure also increases and the
transmitter readings can be obtained by connecting an ammeter.
10. Perform the experiment by decreasing the level in steps of 0.5cm.
11. Repeat the same procedure for the decreasing level.
12. Tabulate the readings.
13. Plot the graph between the pressure output and the level.
RESULT:
Thus the level of liquid in the tank was measured using the Pressure
transmitter.

DIAGRAM:
ROTAMETER

Exp No: 4 DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF

DATE: ROTAMETER
AIM:
To calibrate and determine the accuracy of the given Rotameter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.Rota meter
2.Stopwatch
THEORY:
PROCEDURE:

TABULAR COLUMN:
Time
Actual
S. Rotameter Required for Error
discharge Accuracy %
No. Reading (LPH) 1.5 Liters (LPH)
(m3/s)
(Sec)
CALCULATIONS:

MODEL GRAPH:
Qact(m3/s)
Rotameter Reading (LPH)
Accuracy
RESULT:
Thus the given Rotameter was calibrated and its accuracy was
determined.

VIVA VOCE - QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1.Define force.
Force may be defined as a cause that produces resistance or obstruction to any moving
body or change the motion of a body.
2.Define speed.
Speed is a variable which refers to the revolutions per minute of some piece of rotating
equipment.
3.Which is the most frequently used speed measuring instrument?
Tachometer
4.What are the types of tachometer?
a)A.C. tacho generator b) D.C. tacho generator
5.What are the types of D.C.tacho generator?
a) Permanent magnet type b) Separately excited field type
6.What are the disadvantages of D.C. tacho generator?

 A.C. ripple is present in the output signal.
 The magnitude of the ripple is 2% of the output D.C.level.
7.Name the types of rotor used in A.C.tacho generators.
a) Drag cup rotor b) Squirrel cage rotor
8.What are the advantages of Squirrel cage rotor?

Cheaper
Occupies less space
9.Give some applications of drag cup tacho generator.
It is commonly used in the speedometers of motor vehicles and as a speed indicator

for aero engines.
10. Give the formula to calculate the shaft speed.
Shaft speed = (disk speed * No. of openings in the disk) / No. of images
11. Define torque.
Torque is defined as the force which tends to change the linear motion or rotation of a
body.
12. What is the other name for inline stationary torque sensor?
Relative regular twist torque sensor

13. What are the types of torque transducer?
i) Inline rotating torque sensor

ii) Inline stationary torque sensor
iii) Optical torque sensor
iv) Proximity torque sensor
14. Write the relationship between torque and force.
T=FxD
where T -> Torque ; F -> Force ; D -> Perpendicular distance between the axis of
rotation of the line of action of the force
15. What are the advantages of optical torque sensor?
Low cost, small physical size
16. Define load cell.

Load cell are devices that convert force into pressure, which are then measured.
17. Write down the range, accuracy and resolution in hydrostatic or hydraulic load
cell.
Range of force measurement = 0 to 30000 N
Accuracy = 0.1%
Resolution = 0.02%
18. Why magneto elastic load cell is also called pressductor load cell?
The degree of change has a direct relationship with the applied stress or force. So it is
called pressductor load cell.
19. What are the advantages of magneto elastic load cell?
•Extremely robust transducer

•Produces relatively high output signal levels
•Overload ratings are as high as 15 times the rated loads
20. What are the advantages of using Baume scale?

It is used for liquids both higher and heavier than water.
21. Write the abbreviation of API scale.

API - American Petroleum Institute
22. Write the disadvantages of bridge type gas densitometer.
The major disadvantage is that the variations in ambient temperature will
introduce errors.

23. Write the formula for determining the height in a pressure head type
densitometer.
H = Span / (Specific gravity maximum - Specific gravity minimum)
24. Give some of the materials which are used for the manufacturing of a float.
Pyrex, Plastic
25. For what purpose accelerometers are used?
•For the measurement of shock & vibration

•For gross measurement of acceleration of vehicles like aircraft, submarines etc.
26. What are the advantages of LVDT?

•It is used for steady state and low frequency vibration measurements.
•Smaller mass, so, it is used for the measurement of vibrations of higher frequencies.
27. Define piezo electric effect.

If the dimension of crystal is changed by the application of a mechanical force, an
electrical potential appears across the crystal. This effect is called piezo electric effect.
28. What are the features of piezo electric accelerometers?

•Small in size and weight
•It can be used for vibration and shock measurements.
•High output impedance
•Their response is poor at low frequencies
29. List some of the applications of strain gauge accelerometers.

It is used for the measurement of acceleration and vibration in vehicles, aircrafts,
bridges, hoists, cranes & lifts.
30. Seismic instrument can be used as accelerometer &vibrant – True or false. True
31. What are the two modes of seismic instrument?
( i ) Displacement mode ( ii ) Acceleration mode
32. Define density.
It is defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance under fixed conditions.
33. Define specific gravity.
It is defined as the ratio of density of one substance to the density of another reference
substance both obtained at same temperature & pressure.

34. What is the other name for specific gravity?
Relative density.
35. Define viscosity.
It is the property of the fluid which gives the resistance to the flow.
36. What are the units of density?

Kg/m3 or gm/liter or gm/ml
37. What are the units of viscosity?
Pascal or 1NSM-2 or 1kgm -1 or poise
38. For what purpose mechanical type vibration instruments are used?
It is used for the measurement of

(a) Motion of 2 points with respect to each other (relative motion)
(b) Motion with respect to earth (absolute motion)
39. Write down the excitation voltage and accuracy of strain gauge load cell.
Excitation voltage may be a.c. or d.c in the range of 5 to 25 volts.
Accuracy is +/- 0.1% of the full scale output.
40. What are the main parts of an electrical pressure transducer?
(a) Pressure sensing element such as a bellow, a diaphragm or a bourdon tube.

(b) Primary conversion element. e. g resistance or voltage.
(c) Secondary conversion element.
41. What are the advantages of strain gauge pressure transducer?
(i) Small & easy to install
(ii) Good accuracy
(iii) More stable
(iv) Fast speed response
(v) Simple to maintain
42. What are the disadvantages of strain gauge pressure transducer?
(i) High cost
(ii) Requires constant voltage supply.
(iii) Electrical readout is necessary.
(iv) Temperature compensation is required.
43. What is the principle of operation of a piezoelectric pressure transducer?

When pressure is applied to a piezoelectric crystal such as quartz, an electrical charge is
generated.

44. What are the types of thermal conductivity gauges?

(a)Pirani gauge (b) Thermocouple gauge
45. What is the purpose of ionization gauge?
Ionization gauge is used to measure the density of a gas.
46. Write down the formula for calculating the pressure in a McLeod gauge?
P = KHHo (1- KH)
where K->Constant H-> Difference in heights of the two mercury columns.
Ho->Height of the top of the closed capillary tube above the line marked on the tube.
47. What is the function of a dead weight tester?
Dead weight tester is used to calibrate bourdon gauges and is used as a measuring
device.
48. What are the disadvantages of using thermocouple gauge?

(i) Easily damaged by organic vapors
(ii)The filaments can be coated with a deposit of devapourised vapors which alters
the way the filament transfers heat.
49. Define thermal conductivity.
The ability of the material to carry heat by conduction is called as the thermal
conductivity.
50. What are the materials used in the construction of piezoelectric pressure
transducer?
These devices use piezoelectric characteristic of crystalline and ceramic materials such
as quartz.
51. What are the main parts in electrical pressure transducer?

(i)Pressure sensing element such as a bellow, a diaphragm or a bourdon tube.
(ii) Primary conversion element
(iii) Secondary conversion element.
52. What are the advantages of capacitive pressure transducer?
•It gives rapid response to changes in pressure

•It can withstand a lot of vibration
•It has a good frequency response and can measure both static & dynamic changes.
53. What is a vacuum pressure?
Pressures which are below the atmospheric pressure are called vacuum pressure.
54. What is the purpose of calibrating a pressure measuring instrument?

 It is used to adjust the output signal to a known range of pressure.
 It includes zero, span and linearity adjustment.

55. Write down the applications of ionization gauges.

 It is used to measure low vacuum and ultra high vacuum pressure.
 It is used to determine the range of pressure which can be measured by Pirani
gauge & thermocouple gauge.
 In Pirani gauge-> Pressure range from 10-5 torr to 1 torr can be measured.
 In thermocouple gauge-> Pressure range from 10-4 torr can-be measured.
56. What are the disadvantages of LVDT pressure transducer?

 Large core displacement is required for appreciable amount of differential output.
 Temperature affects the performance of the transducer.
 They are sensitive to stray magnetic fields.
57. What is the principle of operation of a capacitive pressure transducer?

It is based on the principle of the familiar capacitance equation of the parallel plate
capacitor (ie) C=ε0εrA/d farad
where Capacitance, C = εA/d ε0 =8.85*exp (-12) f/m2
εr =Dielectric constant
A ->Area of each plate
d->Distance between two plates.
58. Write the principle of operation of an ionization gauge.
It follows Boyle's law (i.e) at constant temperature; the ratio of pressure of two gases is
equal to the ratio of the two densities.
59. Define temperature.

The temperature of a substance is a measure of hotness or coldness of that substance
60. What is the difference between temperature and heat?

Temperature is defined as “degree of heat”. Heat is used to mean “quantity of heat”.
61. What are the temperature scales?

Lower fixed point or ice point.
Upper fixed point or steam point.
62. Give the relationship between Celsius scale & Fahrenheit scale.
C/100 = F-32/180

63. Write the relationship between Kelvin scale & Rankine scale.
R=F+459.69
64. Define triple point.

A particular temperature and pressure at which three different phases of one
substance can exit in equilibrium is known as “triple point”.
65. Write some methods of measurement of temperature?

Expansion Thermometer.
Filled system Thermometer.
Electrical Thermometer.
Pyrometer.
66. What are the different types of filled system Thermometer?

Gas-filled Thermometer.
Liquid-filled Thermometer.
Mercury-filled Thermometer.
Vapor-filled Thermometer.
67. How radiation error occurs?

It occurs due to the temperature difference between bulb and other solid bodies in
filled system Thermometer.
68. Define Seebeck effect.
If two dissimilar metals are joined together to form a closed circuit, there will be two
junction where they meet each other. If one of these junctions is heated, then a current
flow in the circuit which can be detected by a galvanometer. The amount of current
depends on the difference in temperature between the two junctions and on the
characteristics of the two metals. This was observed by Seebeck & hence known as
Seebeck effect.
69. Which effect is used in thermocouple?

Seebeck effect is used in thermocouple.
70. What are the various types of the thermometers?

Copper-Constantan, Iron-Constantan, Platinum-Rhodium, Chromel-Constantan &
Chromel-Alumel.
71. What is the purpose of protecting tube in a thermocouple?

It is used to protect the thermocouple from harmful atmosphere, corrosive fluids and
also to prevent from mechanical damage.

72. Explain the principle of operation of Thermistor.

They have negative temperature coefficient of resistance i.e. with increase in
temperature the resistance decreases and vice-versa.
73. What is the drawback in two wire RTD?

Two wire RTD’s will give a large lead wire & hence it is impossible for accurate
measurement of temperature.
74. Give some of the temperature instruments.

 Resistance thermometer.
 Thermocouple.
 Thermistor.
75. Define Barometric effect.

The effect due to change in atmospheric pressure is known as Barometric effect.
76. How Barometric error can be minimized?

It can be minimized by keeping the filled system at a pressure sufficiently larger then
the atmospheric pressure.
77. What are the advantages of Filled system Thermometer?

 Low cost.
 Less maintenance requirement.
 Rugged construction.
 Absence of need of electric power.
78. List some of the disadvantages of bimetallic thermometers.

Possibility of calibration change due to rough handling.
Limitation to local mounting.
Availability of indication type only.
79. Define the first law of thermocouple.

The thermal emf of a thermocouple with junctions at T1 and T2 is totally
unaffected by temperature elsewhere in the circuit if two metals used are each
homogenous
80. What are the two types of signal conditioning?
a)Analog b) Digital
81. What are the possible ways of signal conditioning?

a. Linearization b. Conversion c. signal transmission. d. Digital interface.

82. Define heat radiation.

When a body is heated, it emits thermal energy known as heat radiation.
83. Define pyrometry.

Pyrometry is the technique for measuring the body’s temperature by measuring its
electromagnetic radiation.
84. What are the two types of pyrometer?

a. Radiation pyrometer b. optical pyrometer.
85. Give the values of temperature coefficient of resistance in platinum and nickel.
Pt-0.004 , Ni – 0.005
86. Define dissipation constant.
It is the power required to raise the RTD temperature by 1 degree centigrade.
87. What is the advantage of optical pyrometer?

It is used to measure high temperature.
88. How the calibration is adjusted in optical pyrometer?

By adjusting the emissivity the calibration is adjusted in optical pyrometer.
89. What are the errors in total radiation pyrometer?

a. They are sensitive to emitting errors.
b. Sensitive to any obstructions in the line of sight between the pyrometer and the hot
body.
90. List some of the applications of total radiation pyrometer?

1.It is used for moving target.
2.Used in furnaces.
3. Used for the temperatures above the practical operating range of thermocouple.
91. What are the advantages of total radiation pyrometer?

1. High temperature measurement.
2. Fast response speed.
3. Moderate cost and high output.
92. What are the advantages of selected radiation pyrometer?

The transmission losses are minimized and accuracy is improved.

93. What are the types of two colour pyrometer?

a) Selected radiation pyrometer
b) Broad band pyrometer
c) Chopper broad- band pyrometer
d) Narrow band radiation pyrometer.
94. What is the other name for two color radiation pyrometer?
Ratio pyrometer.
95. What are the advantages in ratio pyrometer?
1. Less accurate
2. More cost about 50-100% more than other types of pyrometer.
96. What are the disadvantages of total radiation pyrometer?
1. Non linear scale.
2. Emissivity of target material affecting measurement.
3. Errors due to presence of gases and vapors
97. Give the formula for rate of radiation emitted per second
E=KT 4
Where T-> Temperature; K-> Constant
98. Write the formula for rise in temperature of RTD due to self heating effect?
T = P/Pd
Where P -> power dissipated from RTD circuit
Pd -> Dissipation constant of RTD in mW/C
99. Define Viscosity.

It is a measure of fluidity of the system. Many fluids undergo continuous deformation
with the application of shearing stress.
100.Define Newtonian fluids.

If the force flow relation is linear then the fluid is Newtonian.
101.Define Non Newtonian fluids.

If the force flow relation is non- linear then the fluid is Newtonian.
102. Define Kinematic Viscosity.

It is the ratio of absolute viscosity to the density of the fluid.

103.Define Specific Viscosity.

It is the ratio of absolute viscosity of the fluid to the absolute viscosity of a standard
fluid at the same temperature.
µ s =µ / µ h
104.Define Relative Viscosity.

It is the ratio of absolute viscosity of the fluid at a given temperature to the absolute
viscosity of a standard fluid at 20°C.
105.Define Viscosity index.

It is an empirical number that indicates the effect of change of temperature on
viscosity if a fluid.
106.Define fluidity.
It is the reciprocal of viscosity. It is unit is per poise.

107. Define Humidity.
It is basically the moisture content in air or it is the quantity of water vapor retained
by gas.
108. Define Absolute Humidity.
It is the weight of water vapor in unit weight of gas.
H=Wr / Wg.
109. Define Specific Humidity.

It is the weight of vapors in unit weight of mixture.
110. Define Relative Humidity.

It is the ratio of moisture content of gas to maximum moisture content of the gas at
that temperature.
111. Define dew point.

It is the saturation temperature of the mixture at the corresponding vapor pressure.
112. Define various units of Humidity.
Vppm = parts per million / volume.
G/ kg = weight concentration
Relative humidity = in % Dew point in °C.
113. Define Hygrometer.

It is used to measure the moisture content in air. It also used to measure humidity.
114. What is the basic principle of Hygrometer?

It consists of mechanical device measuring the dimension change of humidity
sensitive materials like animal hair, animal membrane, paper etc.
115.Define Moisture.
It is defined as the amount of water absorbed by solids or liquids.
116.What are the various methods of measurement of moisture?
Based on the weight of the particle
Based on the resistance and capacitance
117. How will you find the % moisture present in the substances?
% Mp = ( Wwet - Wdry ) / Wwet * 100
118.What are the different types of viscometer?

Say bolt viscometer
 Rotameter type
 Consistency meters.
119.What is a Psychrometer?
Psychrometer is a device that uses the bulb thermometers to measure humidity. It is
also used in air conditioning systems for maintaining humidity.
120.What are the different types of hygrometer?

Hair hygrometers
 Wire electrode hygrometers
 Electrolysis type hygrometers
 Resistive type
 Capacitive type and Microwave reflector
121.Explain the principle of Saybolt viscometer.

As the viscosity of the fluid varies, the flow rate and hence time taken to drain the
fluid through the capillary tube varies. The time indicates the viscosity and is denoted
by Saybolt number.
122.What is meant by consistency?

It is the general term for viscosity and more often used in connection with Non-
Newtonian fluids.
123.Explain the principle of oscillating type consistency meters.
When the inner cylinder is given an axial sinusoidal motion through a mechanical
drive rod, the fluid in the annular space gets a shearing force and the motion in the
inner cylinder well to transmitted the magnitude of this transmission will depend on
the consistency of fluid.
124.What are the units of velocity?

Feet per second (fps), Feet per minute (fpm) , Meters per second (mps)
125.Define Bernoulli equation.

In a given flow system, there is a relationship between pressure, fluid velocity, and
elevation at any two points.
126.Define Reynolds number.

Reynolds Number is the combination of density, viscosity of the fluid to a dimension
describing length and the average fluid velocity.
127. Define rational expansion factor.

It is the ratio of compressible flow to the incompressible flow
128. What are the different types of orifice?

Concentric orifice
Eccentric
Segmental
Quadrant edge
129. Define concentric orifice.

 It has a circular hole in the middle and is installed in the pipe line with the hole
concentric to the pipe.
 Its thickness depends upon pipe line size.
130. Define eccentric.

It is installed in with the bore tangential to the upper surface of the pipe; it is used
where the liquid contains a relatively high % of dissolved gases.
131. Define segmental.

Its hole diameter is 98% of pipe diameter. It is installed with a curved section of
the opening coincident with the lower surface of the pipe.
132. Define quadrant edge.

Quadrant edge is rounded to form a quarter circle. It is used for the flow of heavy
crudes and slurry and viscous flows.
133. What are the advantages of using venturi tube as a restriction element?
 It is more suitable for slurry
 Accurate Calibration can be done easily

134. Define Pitot tube.

It is an obstruction type primary element, used for fluid velocity measurement.
The differential pressure across these taps is proportional to the velocity of the fluid.
135. What are the disadvantages of Pitot tube?
They can become plugged with sediment and that the pressure difference sensed may
not be large enough to give the desired accuracy for the flow rate under consideration.
136. What are the advantages of Pitot tube?

No pressure loss
Economical
Some types can be easily removed from the pipe.
137. Define stagnation point.
The fluid approaching the object starts losing its velocity till directly in front
of the body where the velocity is zero. This point is known as stagnation point.
138. Define Dall tube.

It is an obstruction type primary element, used for fluid flow measurement.
It produces large differential pressure with low pressure loss.
139. Mention the advantages of Dall tube.

 Low head loss
 Short lying length
 Available with numerous materials of construction
140. Mention the disadvantages of dall tube.

Pressure difference is sensitive to upstream disturbances.
More straight pipe is required in the approach pipe line
141. What are the sealing liquids commonly used?

Chloro naphthalene, dibutyl phthalate, chlorinated oils.
142. What are the different tappings of orifice?

 Flange tap
 Pipe tap
 Venacontracta tap
143. Give the details about flange tap

 It is located one inch on either side of orifice plate.
 Pressure difference is an integral part of the orifice.
144. Give the details about pipe tap.

It is located one pipe diameter from the orifice.

Only the permanent pressure difference across the orifice is utilized.
145. Give the details about vena contracta tap

 Downstream the pressure tap is located at a variable distance from the orifice.
 Pressure difference is maximum for the given flow.
146. List the advantages of the orifice plate.

Used in wide range of pipe sizes
Used with a pressure differential device.
 Available in many materials
147. List the disadvantages of the orifice plate.

High permanent pressure loss reduces the use in slurry services accuracy depends
on the care during installation.
It has the square root characteristics.
148. What are the different types of positive displacement meters?

 Reciprocating piston type
 Rotating vane type
 Nutating disk type
 Lobed impeller type
 Oscillating piston type
149. List the advantages of reciprocating piston type.

High accuracy
Its construction material is not limited.
150. List the disadvantages of reciprocating piston type

High cost
It is subjected to leakage problems created by dirty particles.
 High maintenance cost.
Restricted to moderate flow rates.
151. What are the major three methods of flow meters?

Area flow meter
Mass flow meter
Quantity meter
152. What are the different types of thermal flow meters?

Heat transfer flow meters

Hot wire flow meters
153. Name the different types of weighing methods.

Semiconductor feed belt weighing (Batch weighing).
Continuous conveyor scale
Radioactive transmission gauge
Volumetric solid methods
154. Write any two points of calibration of flow meter.

(i)Wet meter- manometer which is calibrated with mercury
(ii)Dry meter- manometer which is calibrated with mercury
155. Explain the principle of turbine flow meter.

When the liquid enters through inlet, due to the inflow, shaft rotates which cuts the
magnetic pickup, and produces the voltage which is proportional to inflow of water.
156. What are the different types of mass flow meter?

Angular momentum type
Liquid bridge
Calorimeter type
157. List the disadvantages of heat transfer flow meter.

 Heat is directly placed in the fluid stream.
 It is easily damaged by corrosion.
 Large input power is required.
158. List the advantages of turbine flow meter.

 Good accuracy.
 Excellent repeatability.
 Low pressure drop.
 Easy to maintain good pressure.
 Temperature range compensation of viscosity variation.
159. List the disadvantages of turbine flow meter.

High cost.
Limited use for slurry application.
160. List the advantages of rotary vane type

No pressure loss.

High temperature & pressure rating.
Good accuracy.
Available in numerous construction materials.
161. List the disadvantages of rotary vane type

 High cost.
 Accuracy decreases with increase of inflow.
162. List the advantages of lobed impellor type.

Increased accuracy at higher flow rate.
Leakage is decreased.
It can be used for corrosive solids.
Good capacity range.
163. List the disadvantages of lobed impellor type.

 Cost is high.
 It requires frequent maintenance.
164. List the disadvantages of glass Rota meter.

 It may be subjected to breakage.
 It must be mounted vertically.
 It is limited to low temperature
 Less accuracy if pressure is greater than 35 kg/cm3 and the tube may get
damaged.
165. List the advantages of oscillating piston type.

Good accuracy.
It can be easily applied to automatic liquid batching system.
Good repeatability.
Moderate cost.
166. List the disadvantage of oscillating piston type.

 It is available in small size.
 It is suitable for clean fluids.
167. What is the principle of densitometer?

If the float density is less than the fluid density, the level increases and the float
moves up. The resistance connected to float varies, so output voltage varies. Thus
voltage output is proportional to the density of the fluid.
168. List the advantages of Nutating disk type.

Less cost.
Good accuracy.
 High temperature & pressure ratings.
169. List the disadvantages of Nutating disk type.

High accuracy decreases with increase in flow rate.
170. What is Rotameter?

It is an example of a variable area flow meter. When fluid enters the flow meter
the float moves from the bottom to top and the distance is proportional to the flow
rate.
171. Explain the principle of calorimeter flow meter.

It consists of two coil type resistance thermometer; the difference of temperature
between the thermometer is maintained constant.
172. List some examples of inferential flow meter.

 Turbine flow meters.
 Target flow meters.
 Ultrasonic flow meters.
173. Explain Faraday’s law.

Whenever a conductor cuts the magnetic field, an emf is induced which is equal to
the rate at which the magnetic lines of force changes.
174. List the advantages of electromagnetic flow meter.

It can handle slurries & corrosive fluids.
It has low pressure drop.
It can be used as bi-directional meter.
Available in large pipe size & capacities.
175. List the disadvantages of electromagnetic flow meter.

Expensive.
 Heavy and large size.
It is not explosion proof.
176. What are the different types of ultrasonic flow meters

Time difference type
Doppler flow meter
177. Explain the principle of vortex flow meter.

It is based on vortex shedding which occurs when a gas or liquid flows around a non
stream lined objects. When fluid flows pass an obstacle, boundary layers of slow
moving fluid are formed along the outer surface of the obstacle and the flow is unable
to follow contours of the obstacle of its downstream side.
178. What are the different methods of solid flow measurement?

 Direct weighing system
Pneumatic method
 Leakage flow technique
179. What are the advantages of solid flow measurement?

It is used for flow measurement up to 100 tonnes/ hr
Accuracy is ±0.5 to ±0.75 of full scale deflection
180. What are the disadvantages of solid flow measurement?

For variation in size a correction factor is to be added.
181. List the applications of solid flow measurements.

It is used in chemical & fertilizer industry
It is used in paper industry, mining & associated industry for sand, rock, cement,
lime etc., food processing unit.
182. Explain the principle of hot wire anemometer.

It is used for unsteady flow of gasses. Because of constant voltage wire gets heated.
Heat loss changes due to change in viscosity of fluid.
183. Explain the principle of hot wire anemometer.

It is used for unsteady flow of gasses. Because of constant voltage the wire gets heated.
Heat loss changes due to change in viscosity of fluid.
184. Explain the principle of leakage flow technique to find the solid flow rate
measurement.
An electrode is used as the capacitance detector. When a material flows, this leakage
field changes and the capacitance increases. This increased capacitance detected at an
interval depends on flow rate.
185. Why Rota meter is called a variable area meter?

The distance between the float and tapered glass varies. So area is also varying. So it
named as variable area flow meter.
186. What are the advantages of using X- ray system?

It measures thickness without contact with the material. Well suited to measure
thickness of sheet in rapid motion like rolling etc
187. What are the uses of β-rays?

It is used for thin metal sheets or foils, paper, rubber & plastics
188. What are the draw backs of using DC excitation in Electromagnetic flow meter?
 It is used for materials of low conductivity & flowing at slow speed.
DC amplifiers have many inherent problems
Output is quite small.
189. What is laminar flow?

Fluid particles move in a smooth fashion and tend to stray in layers. This layer like
movement is called laminar flow.
190. What is turbulent flow?

Fluid velocity fast, particles also tends to have movement perpendicular to the
overall the direction of flow, which is called turbulent flow.
191. Define continuity equation.
It is the one of the most basic equation in flow calculations. It states that over all flow
rate in the system is not changing with time.
192. What are the disadvantages of Pitot tube?

They can become plugged with sediment and that the pressure difference sensed may
not be large enough to give the desired accuracy for the flow rate under
consideration.
 Displacer type detector

 Sight glass type.
193. List the indirect level measuring methods.

Hydrostatic measurement
Air purge system
Boiler-drum system.

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PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE DEPT OF ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION ENGG

To produce technically competent Electronics and Instrumentation Engineers

M1: To provide fundamental knowledge and quality technical education through

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

PEO 1: To acquire a strong foundation in the mathematical and scientific

PEO 2: To gain in-depth knowledge in the field of Electronics and

PEO 5: To produce ethical engineers with adequate soft skill to exhibit

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POS)

PO 1: Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

PO 2: Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyse

PO 3: Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex

PO 4: Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research - based

PO 5: Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques,

PO 6: The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual

PO 7: Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the

PO 8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and

PO 9: Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as

PO 10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering

PO 11: Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO 1: Apply the fundamentals of mathematics, science and basic engineering

PSO 3: Understand ethical issues, environmental impact and acquire managerial

EI6611 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY 3

PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SUBJECT CODE EI 6611

At end of the course the student able to:

C316.6 Analyze physiological parameters ECG and pulse rate.

3 - Substantial 2 - Moderate 1 - Slight / Low

EI6611 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY 4

PANIMALAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

Certified to be bonafide record of practical work done for Mr. / Ms.______________________

Register No. ___________________________in the

Laboratory during the period ______________.

Date: Signature of the Lab-in-charge

EI6611 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY 5

EI6611 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY 6

EI6611 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY LTPC

LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS:

Expt. Quantity required for a batch of

EI6611 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY 8

EI6611 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY 9

5. VACUUM PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 31

11. MEASUREMENT OF PULSE RATE 57

12. ECG MEASUREMENT 61

TYPES OF ORIFICE PLATES:

Orifice pipe Plate

Concentric Eccentric Segmental Quadrant Edge

EI6611 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY 11

1. Orifice Meter setup.

1. Co-efficient of discharge = Actual Discharge/ Theoretical Discharge.

EI6611 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY 12

EI6611 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY 13

Variable head flow meters operate on the principle that a restriction

It is the simplest and cheapest form of primary elements and is used

EI6611 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY 14

EI6611 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY 15

Thus the Discharge coefficient of an Orifice Plate was determined.

EI6611 INDUSTRIAL INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY 16

DEAD WEIGHT PISTON GAUGE:

(i)Torque applied Ta=(F1-F2)d/29.8m/s2