Óscar Arias

Óscar Arias Sánchez (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈoskaɾ ˈaɾjas]; born 13

September 1940 in Heredia, Costa Rica) is a Costa Rican activist and Óscar Arias
Nobel Peace Prize laureate. He was President of Costa Rica from 1986
to 1990 and from 2006 to 2010.

Arias was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987 for his proposal of a
negotiated solution to the Central American crisis. He sought the
support of the Contadora group for his plan, which involved the
removal of all foreign powers from the region, an end to aid for
antigovernment guerrillas in El Salvador and Nicaragua, and the
implementation of democratic principles and a compromise peace for
social reconstruction. Although his plan was not officially adopted, its
key concepts were later reflected in the settlements in El Salvador
(1990-1993) and Nicaragua (1989-1990).[1]

He was also a recipient of the Albert Schweitzer Prize for

Humanitarianism and a trustee of Economists for Peace and Security.
Óscar Arias in April 2018
In 2003, he was elected to the board of directors of the International
Criminal Court's Trust Fund for Victims.[2] 40th & 45th President of Costa Rica
In office
8 May 2006 – 8 May 2010
Early life Vice President First
Laura Chinchilla
Arias was born into an upper-class family in the province of Heredia.[3] Second
Arias concluded his secondary schooling at the Saint Francis College Kevin Casas
in the capital city of San José. He then went to the United States and
Preceded by Abel Pacheco
enrolled in Boston University with the intention of studying medicine,
but he soon returned to his home country and completed degrees in law Succeeded by Laura Chinchilla
and economics at the University of Costa Rica. In 1967, Arias traveled In office
to the United Kingdom and enrolled in the London School of 8 May 1986 – 8 May 1990
Economics. He received a doctoral degree in political science from the Vice President First
University of Essex in 1974. Jorge Manuel Dengo
Obregón
Second
First presidency Victoria Garrón de Doryan
Preceded by Luis Alberto Monge
Arias joined the National Liberation
Succeeded by Rafael Ángel Calderón
Party (PLN), Costa Rica's main social
democratic party. In 1986 he ran Deputy of the Legislative Assembly of
Costa Rica
successfully for president on that party's
ticket. Arias's presidency saw the In office
transformation of Costa Rica's economy 1 May 1978 – 2 May 1981
from one based on the traditional cash Preceded by Jorge Luis Arce
crops (coffee and bananas) to one more Succeeded by Gerardo Vega
focused on non-traditional agriculture
Constituency Heredia (2nd Office)
(e.g., of exotic flowers and fruits) and
Arias in the 1980s tourism. Some within the PLN Minister of National Planning
criticized his administration for
abandoning the party's social democratic teachings and promoting a In office
neoliberal economic model. He is now often regarded as a neoliberal 1974–1977
although he is a member of a nominally social democratic party.[4] President Daniel Oduber

Arias received the 1987 Nobel Peace Prize with the help of John Biehl, Preceded by Himself

his peer in England, and Rodrigo Madrigal Nieto for his work towards Succeeded by Fernando Zumbado
the signing of the Esquipulas II Accords. This was a plan intended to Director of the Office of National Planning
promote democracy and peace on the Central American isthmus during In office
a time of great turmoil: leftist guerrillas were fighting against the 1971–1974
governments in El Salvador and Guatemala, which were backed by the
President José Figueres
United States under the auspices of the Cold War; the Contras,
supported by the United States, were fighting an insurgency against the Preceded by Marco López
Sandinista in Nicaragua; Honduras, only recently wresting political Succeeded by Himself
power from its military, was caught in the middle as a base for U.S. Personal details
military forces; and on Costa Rica's other border, Panama faced the Born Óscar Arias Sánchez
oppression of Manuel Noriega's military dictatorship. With the support
13 September 1940
of Arias, the various armed conflicts ended within the decade Heredia, Costa Rica
(Guatemala's civil war finally ended in 1996).
Political party National Liberation Party
Arias then called for a higher level of integration in the Central Alma mater Boston University
America region and promoted the creation of the Central American University of Costa Rica
Parliament (Parlamento Centroamericano). During his current London School of Economics
administration, Arias has declared that Costa Rica will not enter the University of Essex
Central American Parliament. Arias also modified the country's Signature
educational system. The most notable action in this respect was the
reintroduction of standardized academic tests at the end of primary and
secondary school.

Second presidency
The Costa Rican constitution had been amended in 1969 to include a clause
forbidding former presidents to seek re-election. Arias challenged this at the Sala
IV, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice of Costa Rica,
which initially rejected his application in September 2000. In 2003, a group of
Arias supporters presented an unconstitutionality challenge against the 1969
constitutional amendment forbidding re-election, and this time the ruling in April
2003 struck down the prohibition against non-consecutive re-election.[5] This
decision was denounced as a "state blow" or "coup d'état" by ex-president Luis
Alberto Monge.[6][7]

Arias announced in 2004 that he intended to run again for president in the
February 2006 general elections. By then, he was the only living former president
who was not either in jail, under indictment or facing an investigation. Though for
years private polling companies and several news media published polls predicting
Arias would win by a wide margin, the election was initially deemed too close to
call. A month later, on 7 March, after a manual recount, the official results showed
Arias beat center-left contender Ottón Solís by 18,169 votes (1.2% of valid votes Arias in 2006
cast), and finished just a few thousand votes over the 40 percent threshold required
to capture the presidency in a single round. He took the oath of office at noon on 8
May 2006 at the National Stadium. In his speech on 15 September 2008, he admitted that he was tired because of the
criticism of his opponents.
On 1 June 2007, he switched Costa Rica's diplomatic recognition from the
Republic of China (Taiwan) to the People's Republic of China, making Costa Rica
the 167th nation in the world to do so. Subsequently, under diplomatic and
financial pressure from Beijing, he induced the Dalai Lama, a fellow Nobel Peace
Prize laureate, to postpone indefinitely a proposed and much anticipated visit
during Beijing's suppression of controversial riots in Tibet.[8]

At the 5th Summit of the Americas in Trinidad and Tobago, on 18 April 2009,
Arias gave a speech on the topic "We've been doing something wrong". Directed Arias with Barack Obama on 17
April 2009
at fellow Latin American leaders, he decried Latin America's lack of development
compared to other parts of the world, calling for pragmatism, and more resources
directed at education rather than militaries.[9]

Mediator in 2009 Honduran Constitutional Crisis

In 2009, the Supreme Court of Honduras issued an arrest warrant for Honduran President Manuel Zelaya because of
violations of the constitution and laws.[10][11] Two days later, the National Congress of Honduras (in which Zelaya's own
party held 62 out of 128 seats, more than any other party), also voted to dismiss Zelaya.[12][13][14] Zelaya fled to Costa
Rica. The Honduran constitution mandated that the head of Congress, Roberto Micheletti, who was next in the
presidential line of succession, becomes the provisional head of state since Vice President Elvin Ernesto Santos had
resigned in December 2008 to run for president. Micheletti's term ended 27 January 2010.[15]

Arias began serving as mediator between Zelaya and Micheletti in the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis.
Representatives of the two Hondurans met with Arias on various occasions but so far have failed to reach any kind of
agreement. As described above (with factual citations), Arias himself was initially prohibited by Costa Rica's
constitutional court from another term, due to constitutional term limits, but this was reversed using legal means, with the
consent of the Costa Rican Sala IV court, unlike in Honduras. New elections in Honduras are planned for 29 November
2009. Micheletti's government stated on 2 July 2009 that it is willing to hold this year's presidential election early. Arias
presented a seven-point agreement, which calls for the return of Zelaya as president – a condition deemed unacceptable to
the interim government. Zelaya's representatives accepted the Arias proposal "in principle" but Micheletti's
representatives balked at the key point of Zelaya returning to power in Honduras.[16]

Health
In August 2007, Arias was affected by tendinitis, and in April 2008 he canceled some activities because of muscular pain
in his lumbar region. Subsequently, due to increasing difficulty in speaking over the course of several weeks, Arias went
to the Philadelphia Ears, Nose and Throat Associates medical center in the United States on 20 May 2008, where it was
determined that he had a nonmalignant cyst on his vocal cords. As a result, it was announced on 21 May that doctors
advised him not to speak for one month, saying that if this did not help, surgery would be considered.[17] On 11 August
2009 Arias was diagnosed with H1N1 Influenza, but he recovered.[18]

Controversy
Some of Arias’s actions have generated controversy:

In 2004, in response to a rival candidate (Antonio Álvarez) for his party's nomination challenging him to a
debate, Oscar Arias said: "Eagles live in high places, and make a serious mistake if they go down to the
mud to fight with snails."[19]
In 2010, during the closing weeks of his second term, he inaugurated various unachieved projects with
ribbon-cutting and bronze plaque ceremonies:

The new National Stadium, despite the fact that it was only about 75% finished.[20]
 The "new presidential offices" despite the fact that these offices do not exist yet. In fact, the land is still
for sale and the Legislative Assembly has allocated no funds yet in order to buy it, let alone build
anything on the vacant lot.[21]
The new Juan Santamaría International Airport installation, despite the fact the project was only 82%
completed.[22]
Further controversies followed him even after his role as a president had come to an end. The route from Escazú to
Caldera built by the Spanish company Autopistas del Sol has undergone heavy criticism over the years for its high tolls
and dangerous roads (which had to undergo heavy maintenance to prevent further rock slides). Oscar Arias was also
blamed for having invited a Canadian corporation to perform heavy mining which could potentially compromise the local
biodiversity. Their permissions were revoked during the Chinchilla Miranda administration which gave the impression of
Arias-Chinchilla enmity following his sudden criticism of then president Laura Chinchilla Miranda who was popularly
regarded as a successor.

Judicial accusations
In 2017 Costa Rica's General Attorney office indicted Arias for the Crucitas case, a case in which former Environment
Minister Roberto Dobles and Arias as president signed a 2008 decree ceding the Canadian company Infinito Gold control
over a protected area near the Nicaraguan border known as Crucitas for gold mining and declaring it "national
interest",[23] something that the Prosecution argued was illegal as protected areas cannot be granted for exploitation of
any kind. Dobles was previously found guilty of the charges, but Arias was not indicted alongside him by the previous
General Attorney Jorge Chavarría (often accused of being close to Arias).[24] The new General Attorney Emilia Navas
reopened the case indicting Arias.[24]

Also in 2019 psychiatrist and anti-Nuclear activist Alexandra Arce von Herold formally accused Arias of rape at the
Public Ministry. Following her allegation three more women came to light accusing Arias of sexual harassment and
misconduct.[23][25] Arias denied the charges.[23] In December 2020, all sexual harassment charges against Arias were
dismissed.[26]

Definitive acquittal and dismissal

After more than a year of investigations, and in the absence of evidence, the cases were dismissed by the prosecution.
Due to the request of the two complainants, requiring, therefore, the revocation of the instance and subsequent
dismissal.[27] The definitive dismissal was ordered by Judge Natalia Rodríguez Solís, of the Pavas Criminal Court.[28]

Regarding the "Crucitas" case, in October 2019 the former president was completely released from the case, according to
a judicial resolution. [29]

Recognitions and awards

Arias has received over fifty honorary degrees, including doctorates from Harvard University, Princeton University,
Dartmouth College, Oberlin College, Wake Forest University, Ithaca College and Washington University in St. Louis.

Among the main awards received are:

Premio de la Paz Martin Luther King Jr.

Medalla de la Libertad de Filadelfia.
Premio Jackson Ralston. (https://law.stanford.edu/robert-crown-law-library/rcll-special-collections/the-ralsto
n-prize/)
Premio Principe de Asturias.
Premio Humanitario Albert Schweitzer.
 Premio de las Américas.

Personal life
Arias is descended from Ana Cardoso, an enslaved woman from Cartago.[30]

Publications

Books
1970 Grupos de presión en Costa Rica
1976 Quién gobierna en Costa Rica
1977 Democracia, independencia y sociedad latinoamericana
1978 Los caminos para el desarrollo de Costa Rica
1979 Nuevos rumbos para el desarrollo costarricense
1984 ¿Quien gobierna en Costa Rica?
1984 Nuevos rumbos para el desarrollo costarricense
1985 Democracia, independencia y sociedad latinoamericana
1989 El camino de la paz
1990 Horizontes de Paz
1990 La semilla de la paz
1994 Nuevas dimensiones de la educación
2005 Hagamos juntos el camino (Discursos, artículos y ensayos)
2007 Sigamos Avanzando
2012 Con velas, timón y brújula
2023 The Power of ideas
2024 Pages of my memory

Articles
Former President Arias has written several opinion articles during his career, which have been published in different
journalistic media:

Por amor a la política

Carta de Oscar Arias sobre flujo de armas a Nicaragua
A 30 años de la firma del Plan de Paz
To stem the child migrant crisis, first stop poverty and violence
Lo humanamente correcto
Consejo a los jóvenes de mi país
Mi opinión sobre el proceso de negociación de la paz en Colombia
«The memory of a rare success»
Y ladrillo a ladrillo, fuimos construyendo la paz
Es vital para el país aprobar la reforma fiscal

Speeches
Former President Arias has made a series of speeches, which can be found at Viaf.org:
Características del desarrollo pasado en Costa Rica y perspectivas para el futuro

Con velas, timón y brújula

Demobilization, demilitarization, and democratization in Central America

Democracia, independencia y sociedad Latinoamericana

El camino de la paz

El Estado y la enseñanza de los derechos humanos: expositores, lección inaugural, 12 de junio 1991, Universidad de San Carlos
Guatemala
El Nobel: historia, análisis, galardonados.

Entrevista con Oscar Arias Sánchez

Esquipulas, diez años después: hacia donde va Centroamérica?

Estrategia y plan global: Versión preliminar

Friede für Zentralamerika, 1987:

Green markets: the economics of economics of sustainable development

Hagamos juntos el camino: discursos, artículos y ensayos

Horizons of peace: the Costa Rican contribution to the peace process in Central America

La Nación y la peligrosa concentración de poder en el gobierno de Carazo Odio

La paz: una causa ganadora

La Paz no tiene fronteras; [Sólo la Paz puede escribir la Nueva Historia]: Discursos pronunciados en Oslo, Noruega, el 10 y el 11
de diciembre de 1987, con ocasión de recibir el Premio Nobel de la Paz de 1987
La semilla de la paz: selección de discursos

Le traité sur le commerce des armes: genèse, analyse, enjeux, perspectives du premier instrument juridique consacré à la
réglementation des transferts internationaux d'armes conventionnelles

Leadership and global governance

Los desafíos del siglo XXI desde América Latina

Nuevas dimensiones de la educación, 1994:

Prospectiva del siglo XXI: Entender las mega-tendencias y la nueva globalización, para construir futuros desde la Prospectiva
Estratégica
Regionalización de Costa Rica para la planificación del desarrollo y la administración

Ten years after Esquipulas: looking toward the future: delivered at the ACUNS Tenth Annual Meeting = Diez años después de
Esquipulas: mirando hacia el futuro: presentado en la Décima asamblea anual de ACUNS

The arms bazaar: 1995 Paul G. Hoffman Lecture

The struggle for peace

Veus de pau a la Pedrera: per la Cultura de Pau, fem possible el desarmament: Barcelona, 15 de desembre de 2000

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3. https://web.archive.org/web/20150524080817/http://www.genealogia.or.cr/docs/revistas/accg_revista012.pdf
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Heraldo (6 July 2009). Original in Spanish.
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ww.lapagina.com.sv/internacionales/11730/2009/06/28/Micheletti-seria-el-nuevo-presidente-de-Honduras)
(in Spanish). Diario digital de noticias de El Salvador. 28 June 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.
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15. "Honduran president overthrown, new leader voted in" (http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/cong
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UV697YXgD90QGB400), Associated Press (22 May 2008).
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al/1250034751.html), El Mundo (2009-08-12)
19. "Álvarez reta a Arias a discutir plan fiscal" (http://www.nacion.com/el-pais/alvarez-reta-a-arias-a-discutir-pla
n-fiscal/TRK3KWZUKFGUZAAMD2PGZPZEX4/story/). Nacion.com. Retrieved 2018-01-05.
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1341634). Terra.com. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
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Further reading
Abrams, Irwin. "Behind the scenes: The Nobel Committee and Oscar Arias." The Antioch Review 46.3
(1988): 364-373. online (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4611923)
Anglade, Christian. "President Arias of Costa Rica." PS: Political Science & Politics 21.2 (1988): 357-359.
online (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ps-political-science-and-politics/article/president-arias-of-c
osta-rica/7BF5C6BE0069887E3419B4A55AFACE2A)
Cox, Vicki. Oscar Arias Sánchez: Bringing Peace to Central America (Infobase Publishing, 2007).

External links
Interview in Guernica magazine (https://web.archive.org/web/20120218095241/http://www.guernicamag.co
m/interviews/36/oscar_arias_snchez/)
Official biography (https://web.archive.org/web/20090319205904/http://www.casapres.go.cr/pres_bio_cost
arica.htm) at the Wayback Machine (archived 19 March 2009) (in Spanish)
Ubben Lecture at DePauw University; 8 December 2010 (includes audio/video) (http://www.depauw.edu/ne
ws/index.asp?id=26254)
English translation of the "Algo hicimos mal" speech (http://writingourthoughts.blogspot.com/2009/04/best-
speech-ever.html)
 U.S.: Arias Government Knew How The Constitutional Court Would Vote On The TLC/WikiLeaks On Costa
Rica: Translated From La Nación (http://www.insidecostarica.com/dailynews/2011/march/02/costarica1103
0203.htm)
Accomplishments of Oscar Arias Sanchez (https://www.facebook.com/hpoas?sk=photos)
Education Center Named After Oscar Arias (https://www.britishschoolofcostarica.com/) Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20211024095628/https://www.britishschoolofcostarica.com/) 24 October 2021 at the
Wayback Machine
Biography by CIDOB (http://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_central_y_caribe/costa_ric
a/oscar_arias_sanchez) (in Spanish)
Appearances (https://www.c-span.org/person/?19220) on C-SPAN
Óscar Arias (https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/549) on Nobelprize.org

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