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OPTIMIZING WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: ON GARBAGE COLLECTION IN

BARANGAY TAYWANAK IBABA, ALFONSO, CAVITE

Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Criminology Of

Olivarez College Tagaytay

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Course Requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor in Science in Criminology

By:

Cacao, Judylene A.

Añonuevo, Maebelene M.

Gatpandan, Kent Russel D.

Tamayo, Raven John D.

Martal, Ivann Vincent B.

April 2024

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

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Introduction

As stated by Nathanson (2024), Solid-waste management is the process of

gathering, handling, and getting rid of solid trash that has been thrown away because it

has reached the end of its useful life. When municipal solid waste is improperly

disposed of, unhygienic conditions may result, which may then cause environmental

contamination.

As mentioned by Environment Programme (2023), an estimated 11.2 billion

tonnes of solid trash are collected annually worldwide, and the decomposition of the

organic fraction of this waste accounts for roughly 5% of greenhouse gas emissions

worldwide. Approximately 11.2 billion tons of solid trash are collected globally each

year.

According to Republic Act No. 9003, also known as the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000, all local government units are mandated to ensure the proper

segregation, collection, and disposal of waste. The deficiencies in Barangay Taywanak

Ibaba’s waste management system have resulted in violations of this law, highlighting

the urgent need for effective solutions. This situation not only poses health and

environmental risks but also undermines legal frameworks designed to protect the

community and the environment.

Barangay Taywanak Ibaba faces challenges in waste management, particularly

in the garbage collection process. While garbage is collected regularly, residents are

required to bring their sacks of waste to the Barangay Hall, where the municipal truck

from Alfonso collects it. This system poses a significant inconvenience for many

residents, as they need to allocate time and resources, such as transportation, to

dispose of their waste properly. This situation highlights the need for an optimized waste

management approach that would make garbage collection more efficient and

accessible for the community.

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Considering these challenges, the researchers seek to explore the underlying

causes and potential solutions to improve waste management practices and ensure

compliance with Republic Act No. 9003 and other relevant regulations. By adopting a

criminological perspective, this research will investigate the socio-economic and

structural factors contributing to the inefficiencies in waste management within

Barangay Taywanak Ibaba. It will also examine the role of local governance, community

participation, and law enforcement in addressing these issues.

Through this study, the researchers aim to shed light on the specific

criminological aspects of waste management in Barangay Taywanak Ibaba, providing a

comprehensive analysis of the interplay between local policies, community behavior,

and environmental crime. This approach will help identify sustainable strategies to

optimize waste management practices, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for the

residents and safeguarding the natural environment of Alfonso, Cavite.

Review of Related Literature

This chapter encompasses ideas, completed theses, generalizations, and

conclusions that are pertinent to the current study. The included literature aids in

familiarizing the reader with information relevant to understanding and improving the

implementation of garbage collection systems.

Solid Waste Management

Solid waste management was characterized as direct generation, collection,

storage, and transportation. Solid waste is separated at its source, processed, treated,

recovered, and disposed of. It was a genteel term for waste management. It was a

response to the world's stinky, rising rubbish problem. Mounting garbage had been the

root cause of hazardous sickness and land depletion, not to mention the harmful impact

on the ecosystem. The trash disposal system, which includes municipal waste
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collection, recycling programs, open dumping, incineration, and gasification, falls under

the same category. Despite years of working to fix the rising waste problem, the

problem still exists (Enriquez, 2011).

As reported by Guzman et al., (2010), solid waste management is one of today's

most serious environmental issues. In Metro Manila alone, around 0.6 kilogram per

person of rubbish was created, totaling around 6000 to 7000 tons each day. Despite the

fact that not all of these collection systems exist, individuals appear to be unconcerned

about the amount of solid and semisolid trash they generate.

On the other hand, source reduction was seen to be the solution to the solid waste

problem. This meant that individuals should first analyze how much waste is produced

and how they may minimize it. Second, they should assess how much garbage may be

diverted from final disposal into alternative forms. Several challenges had to be

overcome by the government entities in charge of the solid waste management program

in the Philippines.

Management Strategies

According to Azuelo, Bardado, et al. (2016), the environment in the Philippines had

reached a critical stage due to solid waste management, necessitating immediate and

collaborative actions from all levels of government. Because the situation with waste

management was deteriorating, the government required each city or municipality to

develop and implement a strategy for the safe and sanitary treatment of solid waste.

Since the mandates, some have already implemented solid waste management

programs.

However, government entities in Camarines Norte failed to comply with the law's

mandates, unlike in other parts of the province where numerous actions and policies

were implemented because of their people's environmental efforts. The researchers

then discovered through a survey that in Camarines Norte, few trash collection and

transport vehicles had distinct compartments for collecting different wastes, and truck
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sizes were insufficient to handle the vast amount of waste. Despite these negative

feedbacks, the researchers discovered that strategies for the reuse and recycling of

marketable materials had been successfully adopted in various Camarines Norte

municipalities. According to interviews with citizens and local officials, several

barangays were successful in encouraging people to recycle plastic garbage into

baskets and other Christmas decorations.

Overall, some Camarines Norte municipalities effectively implemented waste

management plans, while others failed. To properly meet the mandates, the

researchers proposed that municipalities establish a technical functional committee and

a sufficient number of individuals who are qualified to implement and monitor solid

waste management policies. It is also critical to establish and strengthen collaboration

and coordination processes with other government agencies. Municipalities must

allocate cash or composting. Conducting seminars on livelihood skills training in

barangays could also be quite beneficial.

Waste Management Systems

As mentioned by Saungweme (2012), improper solid waste management was

prevalent in metropolitan areas. Only a few urban areas had sustainable waste disposal

systems, and littering was a rising problem in Southern Africa that received little

attention from the public. The growing problem of littering was exacerbated by

packaging and plastics. Problems with health. were created by an excess of uncollected

solid garbage from the market, residential neighborhoods, and industrial sites. Solid

waste management failed to address the issue of solid waste in Mbare.

The large amount of uncollected rubbish and the disposal of waste on unauthorized

sites posed a challenge to waste management systems. Solid trash can also clog storm

drains, resulting in the formation of pools of water that can be used to produce insects

like malaria-carrying mosquitoes and other diseases. The environment also had an

impact on soil, water, and air pollution. Low collection coverage, irregular, inconsistent,
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and inadequate collection services, crude open dumping, and burning without air and

water pollution control were among the issues that developing countries' solid waste

management systems faced. The research also concluded that there were insufficient

human resources, both national and local, with the necessary technical skills for waste

management, planning, and operation.

They also stated that the majority of solid waste management workers lacked the

necessary technical, engineering, and managerial training to effectively manage solid

waste systems. Other factors, such as financial and institutional constraints, have

played a significant role in the development of waste management systems.

Statement of the Problem

1.) What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. Gender

1.2. Age

1.3. Civil status

1.4. Year of residency in Brgy. Taywanak, Ibaba

2.) How do the group of respondents assess the waste management practices in

Brgy. Taywanak, in terms of:

2.1 Awareness program on waste segregation

2.2 Material recovery facilities

2.3 Ecological solid waste management act compliance

2.4 Garbage collection

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3.) Is there a significant difference in the optimizing waste management practices on

the garbage collection of Brgy. Taywanak where group according to their profile.

4.) Based on the findings of the study, what recommendation can be made to

enhance the garbage collection program in current situation of Barangay Taywanak

Ibaba?

Hypothesis

There faced by the resident in prevalent forms of unproper waste on garbage

collection in Barangay Taywanak Ibaba, Alfonso Cavite.

Theoretical Framework

The study utilized a theoretical framework that can be relevant to this thesis on

Figure 1. Waste Management Theory: (E.-Pongrácz, 2002)

Waste Management Theory

As stated by Pongraćz, et. al (2004), as opposed to waste management practice, it

offers a more thorough explanation of the field and includes conceptual assessments of
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waste, waste-related activities, and a comprehensive perspective of the purposes and

objectives of waste management. It is also predicated on the idea that waste

management should stop waste from endangering the environment and human health.

Developing a sustainable waste management agenda requires a correct definition of

waste.

Zero Waste Theory

In 1970s when the term was coined by chemist Paul Palmer. It states that the zero

waste means designing and managing products and processes to systematically avoid

and eliminate the volume and toxicity of waste and materials, conserve and recover all

resources, and not burn or bury them. In order to ensure that no waste is produced

during the manufacturing or use of any good or service, ZW challenges humanity to

close materials loops. ZW will therefore remove any discharges to the air, water, or land

that endanger the health of people, animals, plants, or the earth.

Together, these theories highlight the importance of rethinking waste as a resource,

promoting sustainability through innovative design and responsible consumption. It

involves creating products that minimize waste and maximize resource efficiency,

utilizing eco-friendly materials and processes.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Demographic profile of the Gathering data Improved garbage

respondents in terms of through: collection program/s
gender,age, economic questionnaires
status, and address Better garbage
Analyzing and collection system and
Respondent’s assessment interpreting the data effective waste
of the current garbage gathered management
collection system in terms
of effectiveness in
managing waste;
and timeliness and
consistency of collection
schedules
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Conceptual Framework

This study was designed to seek out the Optimizing Waste Management Practices: On

Garbage Collection in Barangay Taywanak Ibaba, Alfonso Cavite". The model shows

the structure of the study.

The researcher used the IPO model to study aims to comprehensively evaluate the

existing garbage collection system, its effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability. It

seeks to analyze various factors such as collection frequency, methods employed,

community participation, and environmental impact. By conducting an in-depth

assessment, the study aims to provide valuable insights and recommendations for

potential improvements or enhancements to the garbage collection system.

To form part of the discussion, the research paradigm is presented which consists

of input, process, and output. The input deals with the profile of the respondents and

their assessment of the current garbage collection system. The process includes

methods used by the researchers in collecting and analyzing data. While the output

shows program/s or interventions based on the interpretation of data gathere.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study focused on Barangay Taywanak Ibaba inhabitants as respondents no

other stakeholders, such as representatives of the local government or those in charge

of garbage collection, are included. This study was conducted from September to

November 2024 at Barangay Taywanak, Ibaba, Alfonso Cavite.

Significance of the study:

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The result of this study benefited the following:

Respondents: This study provides valuable insights into the current garbage collection

practices and highlights areas that need improvement, directly benefiting the

respondents through enhanced services.

Community: Improved garbage collection systems will lead to a cleaner environment,

better public health, and overall improved quality of life for community members.

Future Researchers: This study contributes to the body of knowledge on waste

management practices and serves as a reference for future studies aiming to explore

and address similar issues in other regions.

Definition of Terms

Solid Waste Management: The systematic process of collecting, transporting,

processing, treating, and disposing of solid waste materials. This includes activities
like garbage collection, recycling, composting, and landfill operations.

Waste Segregation: The practice of separating different types of waste at the

source, such as separating recyclables from non-recyclables, organic waste from
inorganic waste.

Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs): Facilities that receive, sort, and process
recyclable materials, preparing them for reuse or recycling.

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 9003): A
Philippine law that mandates the proper management of solid waste, promoting
waste reduction, recycling, and composting, and prohibiting open dumping.

Garbage Collection: The process of collecting and transporting waste from

households and businesses to designated disposal sites.

Barangay: The smallest administrative division in the Philippines, equivalent to a

village or neighborhood.

Purok: A subdivision within a barangay, often representing a specific area or group

of households.

Head of Household: The person who is primarily responsible for the household and
its management, often the primary decision-maker regarding waste disposal.

Likert Scale: The likert scale used to measure attitudes, opinions, or beliefs,
typically using a range of responses from strongly agree to strongly disagree.
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CHAPTER II

RESEARCH METHOD OR METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study employs a descriptive quantitative research design to systematically

gather and analyze numerical data on waste collection practices in Barangay Taywanak

Ibaba, Alfonso, Cavite. The descriptive approach provides a clear picture of the current

waste management situation, enabling the researchers to document patterns,

behaviors, and practices related to waste collection. Through quantitative methods, the

study assesses the effectiveness of collection methods, frequency of encounters, and

the implementation of waste management practices. This approach allows for objective

measurement, helping to identify trends and determine whether improvements or

changes are needed, making it an essential method for optimizing waste management

in the area.

According to Bhandari, P. (2020) Quantitative research is the opposite of qualitative

research, in which non-numerical data is collected and analyzed. Bhandari, P. (2020)

explained that quantitative research is the process of collecting and interpreting

numerical data. It can be used to look for patterns and averages, predictions, test

causal linkages, and extrapolate results to larger groups. The study investigates

approximately individual waste collection encounters, the effectiveness of waste

collection methods, and whether the practices were implemented within the barangay

Taywanak Ibaba Alfonso, Cavite.

Research Setting/Locale

The research was conducted in the area of Taywanak Ibaba, Alfonso, Cavite.

Population and Sampling

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In this study, the researchers employed a stratified sampling approach to select

participants from the population. This method was chosen to ensure that the sample

accurately represented the diverse subgroups within Barangay Taywanak Ibaba. The

researchers selected respondents by choosing heads of households from each Purok in

Barangay Taywanak Ibaba, Alfonso, Cavite, as these individuals are typically

responsible for overseeing waste disposal efforts and bringing waste to the barangay

hall. This approach enhanced the reliability and validity of the findings related to waste

management practices.

Research Instrument

The survey questionnaire will serve as the primary research instrument for this

study. To streamline the data collection process, we will conduct the survey exclusively

using Google Forms. A link of the Google Form will be shared by respondents, allowing

them to complete the survey at their convenience. The questionnaire will include closed-

ended and likert scale demographic questions, ensuring the collection of all data

relevant to achieving the research objectives.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers secured an informed consent and a letter of approval for

administering survey questionnaires.

The researchers developed a survey questionnaire, ensuring its appropriateness

and relevance to the focus of the current research study. This survey, composed of

various targeted questions, was designed to gather data pertinent to the waste

management practices in Barangay Taywanak Ibaba, Alfonso, Cavite. After securing

both a consent letter and a letter of approval, the researchers created a Google Form to

facilitate the survey and distributed the link among residents of the barangay. Analyzing

the collected data through a criminological lens can provide valuable insights into waste

management practices. By examining the quantitative aspects of garbage collection,

such as the number of households affected and the level of community involvement,
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researchers can gain a clearer understanding of the current status of the program in

Barangay Taywanak Ibaba. This criminological approach allows for a comprehensive

assessment of the potential strengths and limitations of the waste collection system.

Descriptive data analysis enables a full assessment of infrastructure gaps, community

awareness levels and viable application possibilities. This method highlights the

measurable achievements of the program while suggesting areas for improvement.

Researchers can use descriptive statistics to evaluate the overall effectiveness of waste

collection initiatives. Significant statistical information, including the proportion of open

sterile sites, the amount of waste disposed of properly, and the level of community

participation, can be used to assess the success of the program and areas for

improvement. Analyzing data through a criminological lens can reveal valuable

information about waste management methods.

Researchers can gain a better understanding of the current state of the garbage

collection program in Barangay Taywanak Ibaba by examining quantitative data. This

could include looking into the number of affected properties as well as the extent of

community involvement. Using a criminological lens, researchers can accurately assess

the potential strengths and weaknesses of the garbage collection operation.

Statistical Treatment

These statistical treatments will provide insights into the similarities and

differences in perceptions of waste management practices between residents and

officials, contributing to a better understanding of community attitudes and involvement

in waste management efforts in Barangay Taywanak Ibaba. To facilitate a clear

interpretation of the findings, the researchers set hypothetical scores and mean ranges

for the scale used. The following hypothetical mean and score ranges were established

to indicate the level of satisfaction and effectiveness of current garbage collection

practices.
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The following 4-point Likert scale was used with the Self-made survey questionnaires:

4 = Strongly Agree: Indicates that the respondent fully agrees with the statement,

showing a high level of understanding and strong support for the concept or practice

being evaluated.

3 = Agree: Indicates that the respondent agrees with the statement, expressing a

generally positive view of the concept or practice, though without as strong an

endorsement as “Strongly Agree.”

2 = Disagree: Indicates that the respondent does not support the statement,

showing reservations or a generally unfavorable view of the concept or practice.

1 = Strongly Disagree: Indicates that the respondent strongly opposes the

statement, demonstrating significant reservations or a strong negative perspective on

the concept or practice being evaluated.

This study utilizes a standardized Likert scale to quantitatively evaluate

perceptions of waste management practices and garbage collection in Barangay

Taywanak Ibaba. By applying this scale consistently, the research ensures reliable

survey administration, which is essential for generating meaningful insights and

formulating evidence-based recommendations for policy enhancement.

The legend provided for the Likert scale indicates the following:

3.26 - 4.00 = Very High Level of Perceived Understanding: Respondents in this

range exhibit a strong understanding of waste management practices, indicating

effective communication and engagement on the topic.

2.51 - 3.25 = High Level of Perceived Understanding: This range indicates a

positive understanding of waste management practices, though respondents may not

possess the same depth of knowledge as those in the "Very High" category.

1.76 - 2.50 = Low Level of Perceived Understanding: Respondents scoring in this

range show limited comprehension of waste management practices, suggesting the

need for further education and outreach.

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1.00 - 1.75 = Very Low Level of Perceived Understanding: This range signifies a

very limited understanding of the topic, highlighting a significant gap in knowledge that

requires targeted intervention and clarification.

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