Lecture_01 Introduction to Zoonoses

ZOONOSIS & ONE HEALTH
CONCEPT
Dr. Maina NGOTHO, BVM, MSc, PhD
Visiting Lecturer, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UON
Email: ngothomj@gmail.com
Tel: 0722 872 547
Expected Learning Outcomes
1. Understand terminology in zoonoses and One Health Concept
2. Develop a broad overview of zoonotic diseases in domestic

animals
3. Recognize the economically and socially important zoonotic

diseases as to give accurate advice to clients regarding source,
transmission, diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention
Definition of terminology
Zoonosis (Gk. zoo = animal, noosis = disease)
• Any disease caused by infectious agents that are transmitted or
shared between humans and animals
WHO:
• any disease and or infection naturally transmissible from
vertebrate animals to man
• when transmitted from human to animals its called reverse
zoonosis
• Zoonosis vs Zoonoses
Classification of Zoonotic Diseases
A. Type of agent causing disease
1. Virus – viral diseases e.g. rabies

2. Bacteria – bacterial diseases e.g. anthrax
3. Fungi – fungal e.g. systemic mycosis, aflatoxicosis
4. Parasite – parasitic e.g. hydatidosis
5. Unconventional agents (prions) e.g. mad cow disease (BSE
bovine spongiform encephalopathy), CJD in humans
B. Type of Reservoir Host
1. Anthropozoonoses- transmitted to man from lower vertebrates

e.g. toxoplasmosis, hydatidosis
2. Zooanthroponosis- transmitted from man to lower vertebrates
e.g. tuberculosis
3. Amphixenosis- maintained in both man and lower vertebrates,
transmitted in either direction e.g. salmonellosis,
campylobacteriosis
C. Based on lifecycle of infectious agent
1. Direct / Orthozoonosis
a. transmitted from infected to susceptible host by direct contact,
formite/mechanical vector
b. Agent undergoes little or no developmental change during
transmission
c. Can be maintained in nature by single vertebrate species
e.g. rabies, brucellosis, sarcoptic mange, dermatophytosis

C. Based on lifecycle of infectious agent…
2. Cyclozoonosis
a. Requires more than vertebrate host species – not invertebrate
host- to complete the development lifecycle of the agent
e.g. hydatidosis: dog – ruminant (sheep/goat) – dog

e.g. cysticercosis, taeniasis, trichinosis
3. Metazoonosis
a. transmitted mechanically by invertebrate vectors
b. in invertebrate host, the agent multiplies and or develops
c. there is always a extrinsic incubation (incubation) period
before transmission to another vertebrate host
e.g. yellow fever (viral, mosquito), plague (bacterial, rat),

babesiosis (parasitic, tick)
4. Saprozoonosis
a. require a non-animal to serve either as true reservoir or site for
an essential phase of development
b. considered as non-animal organic matter e.g. food, soil
c. Usually acquired by ingestion or direct inoculation
e.g. botulism, tetanus (bacterial), toxoplasmosis (parasitic)

5. Sapro-Cyclo-zoonosis and Indeterminate zoonoses
a. Maintained in nature by transmission among vertebrate species

and their persistence in the environment
b. Tick paralysis, caused by the salivary neurotoxin of several
species of ticks akin to Gullian-Barre syndrome, with features in
both Cyclo- & Sapro-zoonoses
D. Based on type of AH Practioner
1. Small / Companion Animal Vet/AH Practioner

a. in dog and cat
2. Food Production / Large Animal Vet/AH Practioner

a. Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Avian
b. Further classified by system affected e.g. skin and integument, gastro-intestinal tract
(GIT), systemic infections depending on body system affected and showing disease
c. considered as non-animal organic matter e.g. food, soil
d. Usually acquired by ingestion or direct inoculation
e.g. botulism, tetanus (bacterial), toxoplasmosis (parasitic)

Impact on Human Health & Economy
People at Risk
a. 200 zoonotic diseases have been described

b. 80% of all described human infections are shared by other
vertebrates
c. Spectrum different between developing and
developed/industrialised countries
d. Rural areas (where 50% of population lives) people share
home environment with animals leading to sanitation and
hygiene challenges e.g. Turkana described as hydatidosis centre
People at Risk….
• Vet health care often lacking, human health care often limited…
• In industrialised countries, urbanisation means limited contact

with farm animals e.g. 2% Australian in animal agriculture vs
75% Kenya involvement
• Affluent urban settings have pets such as dogs, cats
• Most at risk are children and immunocompromised persons

(HIV), (behavioural characteristics of animal owners)
Incidence of Zoonotic Diseases
• 200 zoonotic disease described in the world
• Incidence in Kenya difficult to estimate as most are not notifiable
to local department of health
• Steady increase from many causes varied from country to
country:
• Overpopulation
• War and resultant migration leading to slum cities
• Proximity to huge garbage dumping grounds, poor water supply
system
Incidence of Zoonotic Diseases…
• Scarcity of food, clearance of forests, new settlements in areas
where animals populations and their pathogens were separated
• Humans unwittingly involved in unknown parasite-host cycles;
and when unadapted to new pathogenic species e.g. ebola virus
• Artificial orrigation changes ecosystem e.g. ponds for breeding
mosquito and schistosomiasis
Economic Costs of Zoonotic Diseases
1. Incidence of clinically relevant disease

2. Estimated number of physician visit per patient per year
3. Hospitalisation rate in clinically significant disease
4. Average length of hospital stay
5. Cost of pharmaceuticals
6. Loss of Income
Role of AH Practioners in Control of Zoonoses
A. Legal Responsibility
AH expected to have reasonable knowledge of zoonotic diseases
Potential legal concerns:
a. Failure to warn people regarding risk
b. Improper execution of health certificate for infected animal
c. Failure to isolate an animal with zoonotic disease
d. Inadequate work-place protection
e. Violtating statutes or regulations regarding zoonotic diseases
Role of AH Practioners in Control of Zoonoses
B. Ethical Responsibility
Medical Doctors view- pets bring joy but present potential danger
Vet view- its for the Vet to ensure sensible public perspective is
maintained rather than ‘us’ vs ‘them’
Vets think it is the role of Medical Doctor to discuss people health

but who informs the doctor
Advise your pet owners, especially when they are
immunocompromised

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ZOONOSIS & ONE HEALTH

1. Understand terminology in zoonoses and One Health Concept

2. Develop a broad overview of zoonotic diseases in domestic

3. Recognize the economically and socially important zoonotic

1. Virus – viral diseases e.g. rabies

1. Anthropozoonoses- transmitted to man from lower vertebrates

e.g. rabies, brucellosis, sarcoptic mange, dermatophytosis

e.g. hydatidosis: dog – ruminant (sheep/goat) – dog

e.g. yellow fever (viral, mosquito), plague (bacterial, rat),

e.g. botulism, tetanus (bacterial), toxoplasmosis (parasitic)

5. Sapro-Cyclo-zoonosis and Indeterminate zoonoses

a. Maintained in nature by transmission among vertebrate species

1. Small / Companion Animal Vet/AH Practioner

2. Food Production / Large Animal Vet/AH Practioner

e.g. botulism, tetanus (bacterial), toxoplasmosis (parasitic)

a. 200 zoonotic diseases have been described

• In industrialised countries, urbanisation means limited contact

• Most at risk are children and immunocompromised persons

1. Incidence of clinically relevant disease

Vets think it is the role of Medical Doctor to discuss people health

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