Index and Others Physics

INDEX
SR. CONTENT PAGE

NO. NO.
1
Introduction 5
2
Theory 6
3
Apparatus required 7
4
Procedure 8 - 10
5
Observations 11
6 Conclusions 12
Bibliography 14
INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use
electronic appliances and the use is increasing
every day. Thus, the batteries need to be made
more powerful so that their potential can be
increased greatly. Thus, this project report is
based on practical analysis for the factors
affecting the internal resistance of a cell. When
the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we
can increase the potential difference across it,
and hence make it more reliable.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by
the electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions.
• Its S.I. unit is Ohm.
For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (1),

connected to an external resistance (R) such that (I) is the
current flowing through the circuit,
THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance
offered by its electrolyte to the flow of ions . The
internal resistance of a cell:-
1) is directly proportional to the distance between

the electrodes.
2 )is inversely proportional to facing surface area of

the electrodes in electrolyte.
3) decreases with increase in temperature of

electrolyte.
4) is inversely proportional to concentration of

electrolyte.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
 A potentiometer
 a battery (or battery eliminator),
 two one way keys,
 a rheostat,
 a galvanometer,
 a resistance box,
 an ammeter,
 a cell (Leclanche cell),
 a jockey,
 a setsquare,
 connecting wires and sand paper.
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand
paper and make tight connections according to the
circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and
make sure that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of
the cell, otherwise null or balance point will not be
obtained.
To study variation of internal resistance with distance of
separation
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.
5. Take maximum current from the battery, making
rheostat resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the rheostat
so that a null point is obtained on the last wire of the
potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null point accurately
using a set square and measure the balancing length (Li)
between the null point and the end P.
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K, and K2. At the
same time, take out a small resistance (1 - 5 W) from the
shunt resistance box connected in parallel with the cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain
the null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (12) from end P.
Record these observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
12. Then remove the plugs of keys K, and K2. Wait for
some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain
another set of observations.
To study variation of internal resistance with area of
electrodes
14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area
of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping them into the
electrolyte at different depths for each observation.
15. Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7
to 10. Record your readings.
To study variation of internal resistance with
concentration of electrolyte
16. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the
concentration of electrolyte by adding distilled water for
different observations.
17. Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7
to 10. Record your readings.
OBSERVATIONS
RESULT AND INFERENCES
• The Electromotive Force of the cell is
constant and is equal to E = 0.98 Volt.
• The internal resistance of a cell is directly
proportional to the separation between the
electrodes.
• The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the area of the electrodes
dipped in electrolyte.
proportional to the temperature of
electrolytes.
proportional to the concentration of the
electrolyte.
CONCLUSION
1. The internal resistance of a cell is directly
proportional to the separation between the
electrodes.
2. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the area of the electrodes dipped
in electrolyte.
proportional to the temperature of electrolytes.
proportional to the concentration of the
electrolyte.
PRECAUTIONS
1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only
when the observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E, and
E2 should, all be connected to the terminal at the
zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the
wire. It should touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for
a particular set of observation. If necessary, adjust
the rheostat for this purpose.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform
cross- section and material density throughout its
length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) www.google.com
2) www.youtube.com
3) NCERT class 12th textbook
4) NCERT physics lab manual

Index and Others Physics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Index and Others Physics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Index and Others Physics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

INDEX

SR. CONTENT PAGE

For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (1),

1) is directly proportional to the distance between

2 )is inversely proportional to facing surface area of

3) decreases with increase in temperature of

4) is inversely proportional to concentration of

You might also like