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14 views3 pages

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Uploaded by

hamdahhammad
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Here are some key notes on atomic structure:

### Basic Structure of an Atom:

- **Nucleus**: The central part of the atom, containing protons and neutrons.

- **Protons**: Positively charged particles. Each proton has a charge of +1.

- **Neutrons**: Neutral particles with no charge. They add mass to the nucleus but do not affect the
charge.

- **Electron Cloud**: The region surrounding the nucleus, where electrons are found.

- **Electrons**: Negatively charged particles. Each electron has a charge of -1. Electrons orbit the
nucleus in various energy levels (shells).

### Key Terms:

- **Atomic Number (Z)**: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the
element's identity.

- **Mass Number (A)**: The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

\[

\text{Mass Number} = \text{Protons} + \text{Neutrons}

\]

- **Isotopes**: Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different
numbers of neutrons. They have different mass numbers.

- **Ions**: Atoms that have gained or lost electrons, resulting in a net charge.

- **Cations**: Positively charged ions (lost electrons).

- **Anions**: Negatively charged ions (gained electrons).

### Electron Configuration:

- Electrons are arranged in energy levels or shells around the nucleus.

- **Electron Shells**: Represented as \( n=1, 2, 3, \ldots \) Each shell can hold a specific number of
electrons.
\[

\text{First shell} (n=1): 2 \, \text{electrons}

\]

\[

\text{Second shell} (n=2): 8 \, \text{electrons}

\]

\[

\text{Third shell} (n=3): 18 \, \text{electrons}

\]

### Quantum Mechanical Model:

- Describes the behavior of electrons in atoms as both particles and waves.

- **Orbitals**: Regions of space around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found. Each orbital
can hold up to 2 electrons.

- **s-orbitals**: Spherical shape, one per energy level.

- **p-orbitals**: Dumbbell shape, three per energy level (starting from the second level).

- **d-orbitals**: Complex shapes, five per energy level (starting from the third level).

- **f-orbitals**: More complex shapes, seven per energy level (starting from the fourth level).

### Periodic Table and Atomic Structure:

- **Periodic Table**: Organizes elements by increasing atomic number.

- Elements in the same group (column) have similar chemical properties and the same number of
valence electrons.

- Elements in the same period (row) have the same number of electron shells.

### Chemical Bonds:

- **Covalent Bonds**: Formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

- **Ionic Bonds**: Formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in oppositely
charged ions.
### Important Concepts:

- **Valence Electrons**: Electrons in the outermost shell, involved in chemical bonding.

- **Atomic Orbitals**: Probability distributions describing where an electron can be found in an atom.

If you have more questions or need further details, feel free to ask! 😊

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