Atanu Sen j1s6198a

Pratidhwani the Echo
A Peer-Reviewed International Journal of Humanities & Social Science

ISSN: 2278-5264 (Online) 2321-9319 (Print)
Impact Factor: 6.28 (Index Copernicus International)
Volume-VI, Issue-III, January 2018, Page No. 144-157
Published by Dept. of Bengali, Karimganj College, Karimganj, Assam, India
Website: http://www.thecho.in
Socio-Cultural Impression of Tourism:

A Case Study of Historical Temple Town Bishnupur, in Bankura
District, West Bengal
Atanu Sen
Asst. Professor, Dept. of Geography, Panchmura Mahavidyalaya, Bankura, West Bengal, India
Abstract:
Tourism and Amusement industry becomes one of the leading to gear up the national
economy of India. It earns the biggest share of national GDP and revenue at same time
providing job to skilled and unskilled workers in India. In this way tourism spreads itself
from marine environment to mountainous environment from rural landscape to urban
architecture. Tourism acts as a benediction by rejuvenating local economy and
developmental process but sometimes it may extinguish the local resources and create
disguised unemployment. From the socio-cultural point of view it can be said that it
combines the cultural traditions with the newer invention of cultural formulation. The
tourists from various sides arrived here helps to assemble their culture and living aspects
with the local socio-cultural arena. But it also helps to deterioration the unique identity and
traditional rural exposure during the context of globalization. The main problems
regarding the uncontrolled growth and propagation of tourism may damage local cultural,
economic and socio-anthropological dimension of that spots. In this paper it is trying to
focus upon negative role of tourism in Bishnupur temple town on its socio-cultural
environment. Bishnupur in Bankura district has internationally recognized as one of the
cultural heritage for its renowned terracotta made temple, expressing the exotic sculptural
beauty and architect of Malla dynasty. This temple town not only famous for its religious
significance but it adorns its sculptural beauty, handmade Terracotta craft, conch shells,
Baluchari Sari(clothing) and other cultural heritage that makes it as an attractive
recreational spot in this district. An Environmental Impact Assessment survey was
conducted through sample survey method at major tourist spots in this town to analyze the
tourism impact on the livelihood and socio-economic conditions of the local inhabitants.
This study shows tourism has sequential influences on local communities by various
untreated sewage and wastes, pollutions, road congestions etc. The study also contributes
to share real spectrum and information on the contemporaneous tourism impacts and some
valuable recommendations on the preservation of its social and civic environmental values.
Key words: cultural tourism, Tourism and Amusement industry, Terracotta, conch shells.
Volume- VI, Issue-III January 2018 144

Socio-Cultural Impression of Tourism: A Case Study of Historical Temple Town … Atanu Sen
Introduction: Tourism is a temporary mobility of peoples rom their own residence to other
places for recreation, enjoyment, enrichment of mental health, business and other purposes.
Tourist spots are the culturally melting pot in which tourists from various provinces get
assimilated with the local residents and this acculturation process influences the host’s
socio-cultural life. At 21st century tourism is a multidisciplinary and complex discipline
which can spatially investigated from various aspect of social science including human
geography. The sociological approach focuses the tourism phenomena and its impact on
customs, rituals, faith and other socio-cultural and socio-economic life of the inhabitants of
the tourist Centre. Now tourism becomes the leading industry of the world (Sarhan et al.
2004) and largest service oriented industry that contribute 6.37% of national Gross
Domestic Product. In 2010, total foreign tourist arrival in India was 5.78 million and India
has generated about 200 billion US dollars in 2008 and that is expected to increase to
US$375. 5 Billion by 2018 at a 9.4% annual growth rate (Ministry of Tourism, 2012). Up to
2010 statistical bureau total foreign arrival in India was 5.78million which generates 200
billion US Dollar in 2008 and it expected to increase 375.5 Billion US Dollar by 2018 at a
9.4% annual growth rate. (Ministry of Tourism, 2012) . The growing population and
economic status often increased the need of leisure and tourism industry at many portions of
the globe at present arena.(Shivaru and Kumar, 2015).Today tourism has been emerged as
socio-economic giant at Global regional and national level. According to UNWTO tourism
industry is helpful for warm up local economy, job creation and multiplier effect in
economy. In developing countries, where economy acutely depends on traditional
agriculture, which corresponds poverty, less earning, low industrial development and
unequal regional development, tourism can be an effective heal all of this problems. The
research on tourism, which acts as a multiple industries having its impact on societal
changes at tourism destination is a very emerging issues in sociology. The tourism is now
progressed as a multidisciplinary studies that incorporates Sociology, Anthropology,
Geography, Economics, and Management. At present tourism impact on contemporary
social and economic life mainly thrusts on social roles of guests, their motivation, and
relation between host and tourists. There are very few areas where tourists are not arrived.
Today almost every nations, communities irrespective of small or large are benefited by the
influence of tourism.
Rationality of selection of this study area: Bishnupur in Bankura district of West Bengal
named by lord Vishnu, the family deity of Malla kings. Bishnupur is famous not only by its
terracotta temple but its traditional architecture and handicrafts like pottery items, silk
weaving makes this place praiseworthy. During 17th to 18th century it was the capital of
Malla kings. Bishnupur flourished for its brilliant and vibrant Terracotta work. The key
attraction of this town is its incomparable Terracotta temples. The unique architectures that
adopted by the Malla king to build up this temples having influences of the neighboring
regions. Stone bricks and Terracotta sculpture along with curved roof makes it well
combination of Muslim dome shape and multiple lobe arch types of features. The
spectacular temples located at various portions of the town like Rasmancha, Madanmohon
Temple, Jor Bangla, temple, Chinnamasta temple and its fort structures of Malla dynasty are
the centre of attractions for last few decades. Bishnupur temple town is located between
22012/32// N to 22057/15//N latitude and 87024/11//E to 87031/46//E longitude. Local bricks
and lateritic elements are taken to build up this temples covered with Terracotta tiles
depicting the historic scenes of Ramayana and Mahabharata. Bishnupur also famous for its
handloom saris(Baluchari), patachitra, conch shell, brass metal, besides the spectacular
terracotta temple. The enriched Bishnupur Gharana music art also famous worldwide for
that a school of Hindustani Classical Music still works to alive the local folklore and related
practices.
Fig: Study area map
Database and Methodology: The research work is conducted through a proper blend of
primary and secondary data. Primary data has been collected through observations,
structured and semi structured interview. A questionnaire survey has been operated in the
study area upon various stakeholders like local residents, lodge owners, artisans and
tourists. On the other hand secondary data has been collected through district hand books,
various journals, and published and unpublished web resources. Various seminar
Proceedings, articles, journals, environmental documents are deeply assessed for this
research work. This present research study focuses upon the tourism impact on socio-
cultural attributes and scenario of Bishnupur. The core adverse impact of tourism on the
socio-cultural environment and lifestyles of the local community includes decaying values
of Social and cultural systems are the essential elements taken for discussion.
Major objectives:
This research work focusing upon its objectives like.
a. To find out the positive and negative impact of tourism on the contemporary socio-
cultural profile of Bishnupur.
b. To make a suitable statistical analysis for the direct impact of tourism and
recreational industry on the socio-cultural periphery of Bishnupur.
c. To delimitate the major problems made by tourism and its feasible management
techniques.
Literature review: Kumar and Kumar (2014) in their research paper analyzed the role of
tourism on socio-cultural environment from sociological point of view. According to them
the attributes of social system are highly governed by tourist behavior which corresponds
the norms, beliefs, societal behavior and traditions. Zhong et al (2010) in their research
paper focused on problem and prospect of tourism and it reflects. The tourism operation
over the carrying capacities creates harmful situations to their social life’s. Matsuoka and
Kelly (1988) in their paper focused on the role of tourism development and resort
constructions on native Hawaiians socio cultural and environmental conditions. Nayomi and
Gnanapala (2015) in their article focused in the area of Impacts of tourism on socio cultural
sphere of residents at Kandalama district in Sri Lanka. Proper training, skill enhancement,
educational development will lead the tourism positive impacts. Shivaraju and Kumar
(2015), in their research article indicated that the unplanned and abrupt expansion of
tourism may degrade the socio cultural and economic situation through their case study on
Kodagu district in Karnataka.
A theoretical overview of the impact of tourism in Socio-Cultural environment in
Temple town Bishnupur: Tourism can enhances the level of living in an area by
amusement and other recreational opportunities. Tourism provides opportunities to the local
people by interacting with tourists, making friendship, getting knowledge about the external
world and discover newer possibilities.
The well combination of guests and hosts assimilates the culture and upgrade the level of
living. The tourism attraction of local culture and ethnicity enhances the opportunity to
preserve its uniqueness and sustainability of existing culture. (Brown 1998).
This type of tourism interest may help to reduce the cultural disparities, and it will
provide psychological gratification from the convenience to interplay with various tourists
and their demands. The nature of complex interrelation between host and guests (Tourists)
may interpreted in four evolutionary stages as connoted by Doxley (Fennel 2007:47-48).
These are as follows

I. Euphoria – tourists are welcomed barring of any planning or scheduling by the local
community,
II. Apathy –In this stage tourists and host relationship becomes formal and commercial.
They are considered as a arrival community from which earning can be done.
III. Discomfort – Local people change their orientation towards tourists. Tourism
planner develop the infrastructures planning.
IV. Antagonism – Irritation and complexities are generated due to unplanned tourism
growth. A proper planning should require adopting for overcome this issues.
Tourism must be analyzed with the help of globalization and global consumerism.
Tourists, who are the part of consumer oriented society must need the variety of goods,
service and amusement. So diversity of tourism products and up gradation as per need of the
trend are follows in tourism centres. In our case study area the impact of tourism on
concurrent society are as follows.
Positive impact of Tourism:
I. Enhancement of social way of living.
II. Enrichment of educational and training facilities.
III. Enrichment of values and peace education.
IV. Promotion of cultural modification.
V. Enhancement of cultural bonding, adoption of newer cultures.
VI. Conserve the existing cultural identity.
VII. Historical, archeological sites conservation.
VIII. Acceptance of social differentiation.
IX. Psychological attachment.
Negative impact of Tourism:
I. Abrupt alcoholism, drag abusement.
II. Pre mature drinking trends.
III. Sex reacting, prostitution, abolition of social values.
IV. Language and cultural effects.
V. Ultramodern lifestyles.
VI. Slum and ghettos related complexity.
VII. Earnings and revenue generation becomes slow down.
VIII. Degradation of traditional social structures.
IX. Natural and anthropogenic calamities.
Result and Analysis: The social impact of tourism showing socio cultural modification and
enhancement of the level of living of local community life and promotes social paradigm
shift. It indicates the transformation of moral, law, ethics, interpersonal bonding of
community life. This interaction between host and tourists may influence their socio-
cultural profile in various way. First tourists brought souvenir, terracotta cart idols, Shari in
temple town, secondly tourists got the knowledge of international understanding and
consumer’s preference through their direct conversation. The local people, service

providers, vendors can motivated by the lifestyle and the level of living of the tourists come
from the metropolitan and other culturally different provinces. Besides cultural
commercialization sometimes theft, smuggling, snatching, and other social pathogens are
found simultaneously as the effect of tourism in this study area. The impact of tourism can
be assessed from two side, like tourist factor and demonstration factor. Tourists factor are
those which are brought by tourists like the demographic and social differentiation on the
other side destination factor incorporate the community behavior, social and cultural
system, travel circuit, linkages and local acceptance. During the initial phase the tourists are
mostly welcomed by the local residents due to promote the local economy but later when
the carrying capacity attains saturation the service quality degrades, local residents (hosts)
getting irritated, this occurs because the un planned and over expansion of tourism in the
destination area. So over utilization of local resources, infrastructural expansion sometimes
abolish the parity of living of local community. Tourists mostly thrown plastics cups,
napkins, waste foods, plastic bottles, etc which remains in an untreated situations that may
generate urban sewage and degrade physical and socio-economic environment. A proper
monitoring by municipal agencies is required in this context and appropriate management
techniques need to implement by construction of flyovers to prevent congestion, eco-park
for bio conservation, conservation of historical sites and temples, town beautification and
cleanliness, afforestation etc. for its rejuvenation. To get the tourists opinion regarding the
impact of tourism on the physical environment Environmental Impact Assessment model is
adopted. For this survey we choose 25 respondent (Tourists) through Random sampling
methods during field survey in Bishnupur during the month of October 2017 to November
2017. Their frequencies and percentage distributions are given blow through tables.
(Table:1)
Table:1-Environmental Impact Assessment
(Tourist perception on some selected attributes of Socio-Cultural environment and their
relative status in temple town Bishnupur).
Selected Area under construction phase Total Area under operation phase Tot
Parameters al
Low Medium High Low Medium High
impact % impact % impact % % impact % impact % impact % %
1.Residenti 7 28 11 44 7 28 100 4 16 13 52 8 32 100
al culture
2.Physical 18 72 4 16 3 12 100 17 68 6 24 2 8 100
and mental
health
3.Financial 10 40 9 36 6 24 100 12 48 6 24 7 28 100
condition
4.Infrastruc 4 16 12 48 9 36 100 4 16 11 44 10 40 100
tural
developme
nt.
5.Electricit 5 20 9 36 11 44 100 4 16 9 36 12 48 100
y
consumptio
n
6.Labour 7 28 8 32 10 40 100 5 20 8 32 12 48 100
force
7.Educatio 14 56 6 24 5 20 100 13 52 6 24 6 24 100
nal status
and
training.
8.Poupulati 8 32 8 32 9 36 100 7 28 8 32 10 40 100
on growth
9.congetion 3 12 8 32 14 56 100 2 8 6 24 17 68 100
, crime and
social
decaying.
10.Security 10 40 4 16 11 44 100 7 28 6 24 12 48 100
level
(Source: Data compiled by author,2018)
From the above data generated through Environmental Impact assessment (E.I.A) it can be
said that the high impact of tourism are found in the field of power consumption, labor
force, infrastructural development, in the tourism constructed areas, whereas level of road
congestion, theft, snatching and other social problems remains high in the tourism
operational areas is gradually increasing in its amount. As per the tourist review impact of
tourism on socio cultural decaying is not highly significant, although a proper strategic
intervention need to apply for protection the socio-cultural environment and architecturally
famous temples.
Perception of the local people (Residents) regarding the impact of Tourism on socio-
cultural ambience: Tourism itself a stronger tool to gear up the local economy, society,
through job creation and financial security. Although it have some of its own detrimental
impact to the tourist centre as well as for the local residents. For our survey work in
Bishnupur we select 50 inhabitant of this town from various ward through random sampling
method. We collect numeric data through Likert three point scale. So we easily categories
the opinion quantitatively according to their level of intensity (Table:2). For the evaluation
of socio-cultural influence of tourism on the local residents, repercussion at some selected
ward in Bishnupur town are collected. The socio-cultural impact of tourism is calculated
through mean values given in the table
Table:2-Tourism effect on socio-cultural environment in the study area: (Table:2)
Sl. Socio-cultural Indicator Mean values. Standard Deviation

No.
1. Growth of population in Bishnupur 1.04 1.26
town
2. Level of Security. 0.76 1.13
3. Level of strain of administration to -0.16 1.43
provide tourists protection
4. Crime rate acceleration. 0.56 0.95
5. Cultural commodification. 1.92 1.18
6. Enrichment of standard of living. 0.52 1.35
7. Modification of occupational status/ 1.40 1.44
job orientation
8. Role of tourism agencies in 0.28 1.04
development of pilgrim sites.
9. Drug abasement and alcoholic 0.88 1.44
addiction.
10. Decaying of moral values. -0.4 1.61
11. Activity of local developmental 0.80 1.09
organization for its development.
12. Consciousness about cultural ethics 1.00 135
and heritage.
0.72 1.27
From the above table (Table:2) it shows that the socio-cultural impacts of tourism on some
certain selected parameters are remains more than normal level. As per residents perception
survey the mean values are remaining high in the field of cultural commodification (+1.92),
modification in occupational status (+1.40) population growth (+1.04). So higher the values
showing high level of tourism impacts. During winter session when mass tourism arrives
here to enjoy the flavor of architectural, sculptural, folk art and craft this impacts are found
adequately. It need immediately to adopt a proper management and alternative way to
sustain the tourism in a better balanced way so that it becomes a blessing to this area.
Table:3-The Perception Index based on mean and their corresponds percentage values
of local respondents.
Sl. Average Score Percentage of

No. Respondents(Residents)
1. 2-2.99 11
2. 1-1.99 40
3. 0-0.99 19
4. 0 5
5. 0-(-0.99) 15
6. (-0.99)-(-1.99) 7

7. (-1.99)-(-2.99) 3
(Source: Data compiled by author, 2018)
From the above table (Table:3) it is found that 11% residents are strongly agree the impact
of tourism on socio-cultural environment Nearly 40% residents are moderately agree, where
as 19% are slightly agree in this issues. 5% residents are remaining at neutral situation. We
also found that 15% are slightly disagree, 7% are moderately disagree, where as 3% are
strongly disagree on the potential threat of tourism on socio-cultural environment.
Table:4- Residents perception Index Mean in the study area (Bishnupur).
Index Mean Standard Deviation
0.72 1.27
+ =Showing positive impact values.
- = Showing negative impact values.
Higher the values more impacts are found.

From this above table (Table:4) it can be resolved that in this famous temple town
Bishnupur, the Index Mean of respondent survey is found +0.72. So a slight moderate
impact is noted from it. During the month of October to March (winter to spring) time
maximum tourists visited here. A strategic interventions is needed to apply on this period in
this study area for better management of tourism in here.
Table:5-Community Perception on Tourism progression in temple town Bishnupur.
Sl. Parameter Scale of agree
No. Strongly agree No idea Disagree Strongly
agree disagree
1. Revenue generation 56 44 - - -
from tourism.
2. Willingness to 40 57 3 - -
continue the host-
tourist relation.
3. Role of tourism in 37 60 3 - -
sustaining the level
of living.
4. Tourism helps to 42 56 4 - -
accelerate
infrastructure.
5. Community 56 42 2 - -
participation
importance in
tourism
development
6 Importance of -
community 66 27 5 2
participation in
regional planning.
7. Tourism are the soul 67 28 3 2 -
effort for
marketization the
terracotta craft
items.
8. Tourism helps for 65 23 4 6 2
sustaining the local
craft and culture
9. Tourism creates road 49 23 3 15 10
congestion and
traffic problems.
10 Tourism persists - - 2 3 95
local community
irritation.
11. Tourism influence 27 56 3 11 3
for modification of
local cultures.
12. Overall development 78 20 2 - -
of local community
by tourism and
leisure industry.
(Source: Data compiled by author, 2018)
For community perception we take the opinion of that 50 respondents (local residents)
are selected from various ward of Bishnupur through random sampling method. According
their viewpoint, 56% and 44% respondents are strongly agree and agree respectively in the
issue of that tourism contribution in generating more revenue,40% and 57% are strongly
agree and agree in the issue of host guest relationship for societal development, 37% and
60% respondents are strongly agree and agree respectively in the issue of tourism role in
sustaining the level of living . Whereas 56% and 42% respondents are strongly agree and
agree respectively in the issue of community participation impact in tourism development,
66% and 27% respondents are strongly agree and agree respectively in the issue of in the
importance of tourism in planning operations, 67% and 28% respondents are strongly agree
and agree respectively in the issue of tourism role in commercialization of terracotta craft
objects, 49% and 21% respondents are strongly agree and agree respectively in the issue of
tourism role in road congestion and traffic problems. In contrary 95% and 3% respondents
are strongly disagree and disagree respectively in the issue of tourism creates irritation and
negative feeling of the local residents. On the other side 27% and 56% respondents are
strongly agree and agree respectively in the issue of tourism role in modification and
transformation of local culture, and 78% and 20% respondents are strongly agree and agree
respectively in the issue of tourism playing positive role in overall development in this
study area.
Suggestions and further recommendation: Tourism a key factor of development in any
tourist spot, which grown up with an ideal blend of natural and socio-cultural attributes of
that area. A proper planning and managerial techniques need to adopt in this tourist spot for
makes a balance between tourists need and their satisfaction. Besides that the culture, craft
items, level of living, ethnic expression, heritage this elements also need to conserve. In a
progressive society it is expected to modify and upgrade the social and cultural life of the
inhabitants but the leak out of traditional heritage by the modern tourists arrival, is never
expected. We must adopt a scientific management of resource that may check its
misutilization and it would conserve the nature as well as society from its decaying.
Tourism helps to elevate the local economy, financial security for both trained and
untrained workers. Sometimes tourists attract by the culture, art and craft and sculpture
rather than physical diversity. To protect the negative vibes of tourism in society, NGO and
other tourism agencies may play a significant role in Bishnupur. To prevent the scarcity of
jobs, various professional and skill development training and programs can be initiated here,
students and other aspirants can go through this types of training. A workshop may be
arranged on the issues of an ideal way of living and enhancement of life quality. A proper
strategy should be taken on improvement of community personality to represent their
thoughts, inform every tourism planers and associates regarding the values and ethics of
community thought, ideas, and beliefs. A proper monitoring, better management practice,
spontaneous participation of community in a broader arena may implement this strategies.
So sustainable management of tourism resources, conservation of cultural traits besides its
modification, eco-tourism strategy may be taken in this temple town as an alternative way
of its further achievement.
Major Findings: This research shows mainly the socio-cultural role of tourism in selected
study area Bishnupur. It found that both positive and negative factors are governing this
types of tourism influence among the positive role job creation, financial security, revenue
and tax collection, infrastructural development planning execution are important. On the
other hand there are some alarming problems found in this area due to tourism, among them
price hiking of land, congestion, pollution social decaying, theft, leak out of local resources,
less income from tourism activity, unemployment during non-peak tenure etc. The negative
factors associated with social systems are, low level of living, less wages, lower
contribution of local community. This study reveals that community playing a positive role
in tourism development, they possess a positive attitude to tourism and also aspired to
participate this activities. The hotels and lodges also took lots of planning for tourism
development like circuit tourism, package tourism, discount offers on lodge booking etc. As
tourism consists both positive and negative effect in this temple town, so a careful strategy,
proper management, community awareness and participation, financial infrastructural
development, capacity building is highly needed in this context to minimize all this negative
effect of tourism in this context.
Conclusion: In 21st century society and culture of a region becomes mobile and dynamic.
So it can be easily assessed that with or without effect of tourism social cultural ambience
may be alterable. Tourism influence may not be always harmful for a society, at first
community need to understand the power and unity to protect social eradication. If
community makes a proper involvement and participation for retaining the cultural traits,
beliefs, tradition then the society may be less affected and the negative impact of cultural
tourism may be reduced. The present research work focuses on the tourism impact on socio-
cultural ambience of the temple town, Bishnupur. Sometime this unplanned and
unmanageable tourism expansion may lead to various complexities like pollution,
deforestation, and generation of waste disposal in this study area. The road congestion,
pollution may hamper the life of the local inhabitants. In contrary tourism played a very
significant and satisfactory role in development of socio-cultural environment by increasing
infrastructural development, transportation accessibility, commercialization of craft, media
promotion etc. Tourism creates some deformity in society as it promoted theft, snatching
and other mild crime, less employment, decelerating income in non-peak season in this case
study area. Based on the statistical result of survey data it can be recommended for this
tourist area, that tourism may implemented in this temple town, in a sustainable and
profitable way without deterioration the concurrent environmental health and local cultural
ethics and tradition by redacting the eco-tourism conception, cooperation of travel and
tourism agencies, implementation of tourism facilitation centres, community participation
etc. On the other side if a proper tourism management policies, decision making abilities of
the community may not receive and accepted the control over tourism will completely
beyond of manageable level.
Acknowledgements: The authors is thankful to the Professor Dr. Nilanjana Das Chatterjee,
Department of Geography, Vidyasagar University for providing valuable research opinions.
The author would also like to thank to hotel owners, tourists, tourism administrators for full
cooperation and providing the valuable suggestions and opinions regarding the tourism
impact on society and culture in this temple town. Finally the author also like to thank
Professor Dr. Chandan Kumar Jana, department of chemistry, Panchmura Mahavidyalaya
for providing valuable orientation of tis research work.
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Pratidhwani the Echo

A Peer-Reviewed International Journal of Humanities & Social Science

Socio-Cultural Impression of Tourism:

Volume- VI, Issue-III January 2018 144

Volume- VI, Issue-III January 2018 147

Volume- VI, Issue-III January 2018 148

Sl. Socio-cultural Indicator Mean values. Standard Deviation

Sl. Average Score Percentage of

Volume- VI, Issue-III January 2018 151

(Source: Data compiled by author,2018)

Volume- VI, Issue-III January 2018 155

Volume- VI, Issue-III January 2018 156

Volume- VI, Issue-III January 2018 157

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