Name - Feroza Akhtar Student ID 0000633906

Course – Understanding math Level – BS

& stat (9417) Assignment - 2
Semester - Spring 2024
Question.1

(a) What is the statistical average? How many types of average? Explain each with examples.

(b) What is the Principal criteria for the satisfactory average? State giving reasons for the
circumstances in which it would be preferable to use?

Answer. (a) Statistical average,

In statistics, the average is a measure that summarizes or represents the central point of a dataset. It's a
single value that is used to represent a set of data points, providing insight into the overall trend of the
data.

Types of average,

There are three main types of averages commonly used in statistics,

1. Mean

2. Median

3. Mode

Mean; Sum of values divided by the number of values.

Example For {2, 4, 6}, mean = (2+4+6)/3 = 4.

Median; Middle value in ordered data.

Example For {1, 3, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9}, median = 6; for {1, 2, 3, 4}, median = (2+3)/2 = 2.5.

Mode; Most frequent value.

Example: In {1, 2, 2, 3, 4}, mode = 2.

(b) Principal criteria for the satisfactory average,

The principal criteria for a satisfactory average include:

1. Simplicity

2. Representativeness

3. Use of All Observations

4. Resistant to Extreme Values (Outliers)

5. Capability of Further Mathematical Treatment

6. Consistency with Sampling

7. Clarity and Uniqueness

1. Simplicity, a satisfactory average should be easy to compute and understand. It should be intuitive for
the general public and accessible to those without advanced statistical knowledge.

2. Representativeness, the average should accurately represent the data. It should give a central value
that reflects the overall pattern of the dataset.

3. Use of All Observations, a good average should take into account all the values in the dataset to
provide a comprehensive picture of the data.

4. Resistant to Extreme Values (Outliers), an ideal average should not be overly sensitive to outliers,
which can distort the result.

5. Capability of Further Mathematical Treatment, the average should be capable of further

mathematical manipulation, such as being used in calculations for other statistical measures.

6. Consistency with Sampling, a good average should be stable and consistent across different samples
from the same population. A reliable average should not fluctuate wildly with small changes in the
sample data.

7. Clarity and Uniqueness, an average should provide a unique and clear value that identifies the central
tendency of the data. The average should not be ambiguous, and there should be one clear answer.

Circumstances in Which Different use Preferable are,

 Mean
 Median
 Mode

Mean, is best when you have normally distributed data without outliers and need a value that considers
all data points.

Median, is preferable for skewed data or datasets with extreme values, providing a better measure of
central tendency.

Mode, is ideal for categorical data or when identifying the most frequent occurrence is important.

Question.2

(a) A survey of 145 people revealed their favorite fruit. Construct a histogram of data:

Fruit Orange Apple Kiwifruit Banana Blueberry Grapes

People 29 37 9 40 25 5

(b) The following data shows number of absent students during the month of April for Physics
class.8,5,7,4,3,1,2,5,4,3,9,6,5,8,2,6,3,7,8,9,4,10,2,0,6,7.

Form a cumulative frequency distribution by taking one as class interval?

Answer. (a) People 29 37 9 40 25 5

Here is the histogram representing the survey results of 145 people's Favorite fruits. The number of
people who preferred each fruit is displayed as follows:

 Apple: 37 people
 Orange: 29 people
 Banana: 40 people
 Kiwifruit: 9 people
 Grapes: 5 people
 Blueberry: 25 people

Most Favorite fruits for the people are Banana

(b)
cumulative frequency distribution for the number of absent students during the month of April in the
Physics class:

Class Interval Frequency Cumulative Frequency

0-0 1 1
1-1 1 2
2-2 3 5
3-3 3 8
4-4 3 11
5-5 3 14
6-6 3 17
7-7 3 20
8-8 3 23
9-9 2 25
10 - 10 1 26

This table shows the cumulative count of absentees up to each class interval.

Question. 3

Differentiate between the following:

(i) Population and sample

(ii) Variable and its type
(iii) Descriptive and inferential statistics
(iv) Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative variables?

Answer.

(1) Population and sample,

Population: The entire group of individuals, objects, or events that a researcher is interested in studying.
It includes every possible member that fits the criteria of interest.

example, All students in a school.

Sample: A subset of the population that is selected for the actual study. It is used to draw inferences
about the population.

example, A group of 50 students randomly selected from the school.

(2) Variable and its Type,

Variable: A characteristic, number, or quantity that can vary or take on different values. It represents
the properties being measured or observed in a study.

example, Age, gender, income, or test scores.

Types of Variables:

Numerical Variables: These represent numerical values or quantities that can be measured.

Example, Height, weight, or income.

Categorical Variables: These represent categories or qualities that cannot be measured numerically but
can be classified.

Example, Gender (Male/Female), colour (Red/Blue/Green).

(3) Descriptive and Inferential Statistics,

Descriptive Statistics: Deals with summarizing, organizing, and presenting data using tools like graphs,
charts, averages (mean, median), etc. It does not make conclusions or predictions.

Example, Calculating the average test score in a class.

Inferential Statistics: Involves making predictions or inferences about a population based on the data
collected from a sample. It uses probability theory to generalize beyond the sample data.

example, Predicting the average score of all students in a school based on a sample.

(4) Qualitative and Quantitative Variables

Qualitative Variables (Categorical): Variables that represent non-numerical categories or labels. They
describe qualities or characteristics.

example, Eye colour (blue, brown, green), type of car (SUV, sedan).

Quantitative Variables (Numerical): Variables that can be measured numerically and express amounts
or quantities.

Example, Age, weight, salary.

Question. 4

(a) Find mean for the following distribution, where 𝑫 = 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟖

D -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 16
f 2 5 8 18 22 13 8 4
(b) Reciprocals of 𝒙 are given 0.0267, 0.0235, 0.0211, 0.0191, 0.0174, 0.0160, 0.0148.

Calculate Harmonic mean of the data

Answer. (a)

To find the mean of the given distribution where D=X−18,

1. Find the formula for X

From the given equation D=X−18, we can express X as,

X=D+18

2. Create a table to compute 𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝑿

D 𝑓 X=D+18 𝑓𝑋
-12 2 6 12
-8 5 10 50
-4 8 14 112
0 18 18 324
4 22 22 484
8 13 26 338
12 8 30 240
16 4 34 136

3. Calculate the total of 𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝑿

∑𝑓 = 80(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠)

∑𝑓𝑋 = 1696(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑋 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠)

4. Calculate the Mean

The formula for the mean Xˉ is,

∑𝑓𝑋
𝐗ˉ =
∑𝑓

Substituting the values,

1696
𝐗ˉ = = 21.2
80
given distribution is 21.2.

(b)

Calculate the sum of the reciprocals: 0.0267 + 0.0235 + 0.0211 + 0.0191 + 0.0174 + 0.0160 + 0.0148 =
0.1186

Count the number of values: There are 7 values

Use the formula for Harmonic Mean: HM = n / (sum of reciprocals) = 7 / 0.1186

Calculate HM: 7 / 0.1186 ≈ 59.014

59.014

Question. 5

(a) Explain the Statistics with different definitions.

(b) What is the importance of Statistics?

Answer.

Statistics is a branch of mathematics focused on collecting, analysing, interpreting, presenting, and

organizing data. It provides tools and methods to make informed decisions and conclusions based on
data. Here are some definitions of statistics from different perspectives:

1. Descriptive Definition

Statistics refers to the techniques and tools used to describe, summarize, and organize data in a
meaningful way. example, Calculating the mean, median, or mode of a dataset is part of descriptive
statistics.

2. Inferential Definition

Statistics involves making inferences or predictions about a population based on a sample of data. It
uses probability theory to estimate population parameters. example, Using a sample of voters to predict
the outcome of an election for an entire country.

3. Mathematical Definition

Statistics is a branch of applied mathematics that deals with data collection, interpretation, and analysis
using mathematical theories, especially probability theory. Example, The use of probability distributions,
hypothesis testing, and regression models is part of statistical mathematics.

4. Applied Definition
Statistics is the science of collecting, analysing, interpreting, and presenting data in specific fields such as
economics, biology, engineering, and social sciences. example, in medical research, statistics is used to
evaluate the effectiveness of a new drug or treatment by analysing patient outcomes.

5. Plural Definition

Statistics refers to the numerical data itself, often in a quantitative form. example, Unemployment rates,
population growth rates, or sports performance figures are often referred to as statistics.

6. Business Definition

Statistics is a tool for making business decisions based on data analysis. It helps businesses evaluate
performance, market trends, and customer preferences to make informed decisions. Example,
Companies use statistics to analyse sales trends, customer feedback, and financial performance to make
data-driven decisions.

(b)

Statistics is important for several reasons:

1. Data Interpretation,

It helps in summarizing and interpreting complex data sets, making it easier to understand
trends and patterns.

2. Informed Decision-Making,

Statistics provides the tools to make informed decisions based on empirical evidence rather
than assumptions or intuition.

3. Research and Development,

In fields like science, medicine, and social sciences, statistics is crucial for designing experiments,
analysing results, and validating findings.

4. Quality Control,

In industries, statistical methods are used to monitor processes and ensure product quality,
leading to improved efficiency and reduced waste.

5. Policy Formulation,

Governments and organizations use statistics to assess social issues, evaluate programs, and
allocate resources effectively.

6. Predictive Analysis,
 Statistics enables forecasting future trends based on historical data, which is valuable in various
fields like finance, marketing, and healthcare.

7. Risk Assessment,

It helps in identifying, analysing, and mitigating risks in different contexts, such as investments
and public health.
.