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DSE-B-03-Prac - Hope Scale

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70 views10 pages

DSE-B-03-Prac - Hope Scale

Uploaded by

heboram295
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ADULT HOPE SCALE (AHS)

Presented by
Debanjana Basu
Bethune College
 GENERAL PROBLEM: On hope
 SPECIFIC PROBLEM: To determine the level of hope in your testee using a suitable
test.
 BASIC CONCEPT:
Introduction on Health Psychology and Positive Psychology and their relationship (health and
wellbeing)
Hope is defined as the perceived capability to derive pathways to desired goals, and motivate
oneself via agency thinking to use those pathways. Hope theory is compared to theories of
learned optimism, optimism, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Higher hope consistently is
related to better outcomes in academics, athletics, physical health, psychological
adjustment, and psychotherapy. In this context, hope theory was described by Charles
Richard Snyder who was an American psychologist specialised in positive psychology. He
garnered international fame for his work in clinical, social, personality, and health
psychology. His theories from the ’80s and ’90s relate to, among other things, human
responses to personal feedback, human need for uniqueness and the hope motive.
Hope can be seen as the perceived ability to walk certain paths leading to a desired
destination. In addition, hope helps people stay motivated when walking these paths. Hope
consists of both cognitive elements and affective elements. Snyder’s Hope Theory
includes goals, paths, and freedom of choice. According to him, there are at least three
components that people can relate to hope, being:focused thoughts, strategies in advance
in order to achieve these goals, motivation to make the effort required to actually reach
these goals. The more the individual believes in their own ability to achieve these
components, the greater the chance that they will develop a feeling of hope.
Goals are abstract but have the power to guide human behaviour. Snyder noticed that much
of human behaviour is goal-oriented. In addition to the previously mentioned
components, Snyder’s Hope Theory therefore distinguishes two other important factors
that influence movement towards the goal: Pathways thinking and Agency Thinking.
Pathways thinking is the cognitive ability to generate different pathways from the
present to the desired future. Pathways focus on the perceived ability to plan multiple
routes. Agency thinking refers to the level of intention, confidence, and ability to
actually follow those different pathways to the desired future. The belief and positive
motivation to follow the path are the key aspects of agency thinking.
The goals themselves also play an important role in Snyder’s Hope Theory. Goals that are
valuable but uncertain are described as the anchors of Snyder’s Hope Theory. They offer
direction and guide a person to the final destination. Barriers can also play a role. They
may make it difficult to reach the goals. If there’s a barrier, an easy solution would be to
quit unless Pathways Thinking is strengthened to create a new pathway.
Goals are reached more easily if emotions are positive. In many cases barriers lead to
negative emotions. By coming up with new, alternative pathways, the conviction and
motivation from Agency Thinking is reactivated, making it possible to reach the goal
sooner. Barriers are then considered challenges, not permanent roadblocks. The key in
Snyder’s Hope Theory requires different pathways to a goal and the intention to stick to
those paths. It’s about a cyclical relationship between Pathways and Agency Thinking,
with Pathways Thinking leading to more routes. The development of more routes in turn
leads to Agency Thinking and positive emotions.
The present study aims to test the hope level of the testee using the Adult Hope Scale
(Snyder, Irving, & Anderson, 1991).
 PRELIMINARIES:
Name:
Age:
Qualification:
Condition:
Date of testing:
Time of testing:

 MATERIALS REQUIRED: Adult Hope Scale,


Scoring standards, stationeries
 DESCRIPTION OF THE TEST:

The adult hope scale (AHS) measures Snyder's cognitive model of hope which defines
hope as "a positive motivational state that is based on an interactively derived sense of
successful (a) agency (goal-directed energy), and (b) pathways (planning to meet
goals)" (Snyder, Irving, & Anderson, 1999). The adult hope scale is a 12-item measure
of respondent’s level of hope for people above 15 years of age. Four items measure
pathways thinking, four items measure agency thinking, and four items are given as
distracters. Participants respond to each item using 8-point Likert type scale in which
response categories range from Definitely False, Mostly False, Somewhat False,
Slightly False to Slightly True, Somewhat True, Mostly True, Definitely True. The scale
takes only a few minutes to complete. It should be noted that the authors recommend
that when administering the scale, it is called “The Future Scale”.

Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to test several psychometric hypotheses


regarding the Hope Scale. Across four large samples of college students, a two-factor
(agency and pathways) model of hope reproduced the observed data consistently better
than did a one-factor model. Support also was found for the tenabiIity of a higher-order
latent construct overarching these two factors. Neither the assumption of parallel nor
tau-equivalent measures were met, however, suggesting that the items within a given
factor are not interchangeable. Reliability estimates of (1) the items as indicators of the
first-order construct, and (2) the first-order constructs as indicators of the higher-order
latent variable also are presented (Babyak, M. A., Snyder, C. R., & Yoshinobu, L.
1993).
The reliability and validity of the Adult Hope Scale was examined among older adults
with and without cognitive impairment who were recently admitted to a nursing
home. Sixty-four recently admitted nursing home residents, 32 of whom had
cognitive impairment, were administered the Adult Hope Scale and measures of
concurrent and divergent validity. The Adult Hope Scale demonstrated good to
excellent reliability in the given sample. The Adult Hope Scale also correlated as
expected with measures of concurrent and divergent validity, thus supporting the
validity of the scale to measure hope in older adults despite level of cognitive
functioning. This study shows that the Adult Hope Scale is a reliable and valid
measure of hope in this sample of older adults with and without cognitive
impairment. Given the small sample size, additional research on the psychometric
properties of the utility of the Adult Hope Scale in older adults with and without
cognitive impairment is warranted. These preliminary findings allow future
researchers and clinicians to consider administration of the Adult Hope Scale to
individuals with and without cognitive impairment living in long-term care
facilities. Gathering additional data on the psychometrics of this measure will
enable new directions in research involving self-report measures for older adults
with cognitive impairment, and in the development of interventions involving
hope to improve physical and mental health in long-term care
residents.(DiGasbarro, Midden, Haitsma, Meeks, Mast, 2019)
 PROCEDURE:
Rapport was established with the testee and the testee was given the instructions
verbally. The test was administered as “The Future Scale” when instructions were
read out. Testee was required to indicate his response from among the 8 response
categories for all the 12 items. After completion of administration, the scores of the
subscales were added up separately as well as all together to give the pathways and
agency thinking scores and total score respectively.

 SCORING STANDARDS:
The scale is divided into two sub-scales that comprise Snyder’s cognitive model of
hope: (1) Agency (i.e., goal-directed energy) and (2) Pathways (i.e., planning to
accomplish goals).
Agency thinking (goal-directed energy) subscale-Items 2, 9, 10, and 12 make up the
agency subscale. Scores range from a 4 to a 32 for agency thinking. Higher scores
reflect higher agency thinking.
Pathways thinking (planning to accomplish goals) subscale- Items 1, 4, 6, and 8 make
up the pathway subscale. Scores range from a 4 to a 32 for pathway thinking.
Higher scores reflect higher pathways thinking.
Researchers can either examine results at the subscale level or combine the two
subscales to create a total hope score. Scores of 40 – 48 are hopeful, 48 – 56
moderately hopeful, and 56 or higher as high hope.
 INSTRUCTIONS: As provided in the questionnaire

 RESULT TABLE:

Subscales Scores Remarks


Agency Thinking

Pathways Thinking

Full scale
 INTERPRETATION:

Higher agency thinking corresponds to greater belief and confidence in onseself to


achieve goals. It reflects higher levels of self-esteem and sense of competence.
Higher pathways thinking correspond to greater ability to design ways to reach one’s
goals. It reflects higher levels of planning ability, motivation and exercise of
subsequent efforts to navigate the paths to reach the goals.
Higher score on the full scale indicates greater optimism and self-efficacy to create
realistic goals, accomplish the goals through judicious planning and overcome
barriers in reaching the desired goals.

 CONCLUSION:

The present testee’s level of hope is determined using the Adult Hope Scale (Snyder,
Irving, & Anderson, 1991). It has been observed that the agency thinking score is
______, the pathways thinking score is ________ and the total score is _________
.
 Adult Hope Scale- Synder, C.R., Harris, C., Anderson, J.R., Holleran, S.A., Irving,
L.M., Sigmon, S.T. et. al (1991). The will and the ways: Development and
validation of an individual differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 60, 570-585.

 Snyder, C.R. (2002).Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry,


13,249-275

 Everson, S.A. Goldberg,D.E. Kaplan, G.A., Cohen R.D. Pukkala,E.Tuomilehto J.,


& Salonen J.T (1996). Hopelessness and Risk of mortality and incidence of
myocardial infarction and cancer. Psychosomatic Medicine, 58, 113-121

 Babyak,M.A., Snyder, C.R., & Yoshinobu, L. (1993). Psychometric properties of


the Hope Scale: A Confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Research in
Personality,27, 154-169.

 DiGasbarro, D. Midden,A. Haitsma, K.V. Meeks,S. Mast, B. (2019). Reliability


and Validity of the Adult Hope Scale among Nursing Home Residents with and
without Cognitive Impairment. Clin Gerontol May-Jun 2020;43(3):340-349. doi:
10.1080/07317115.2019.1656696. Epub 2019 Aug 27.

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