Yogesh Tyagi

@ytyagi782

SQL
COMMANDS

100 Commands
Yogesh Tyagi
@ytyagi782

SELECT - retrieves data from a database

INSERT - inserts new data into a database
UPDATE - updates existing data in a database
DELETE - deletes data from a database
CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
CREATE TABLE - creates a new table in a
database
ALTER TABLE - modifies an existing table
structure
DROP TABLE - deletes a table from a database
TRUNCATE TABLE - removes all records from a
table
CREATE INDEX - creates an index on a table
DROP INDEX - deletes an index from a table
JOIN - combines rows from two or more tables
based on a related column
INNER JOIN - returns rows when there is a match
in both tables
LEFT JOIN - returns all rows from the left table,
and the matched rows from the right table
RIGHT JOIN - returns all rows from the right table,
and the matched rows from the left table
Yogesh Tyagi
@ytyagi782

FULL JOIN - returns rows when there is a match

in one of the tables
UNION - combines the results of two or more
SELECT statements
UNION ALL - combines the results of two or more
SELECT statements, including duplicates
GROUP BY - groups rows that have the same
values into summary rows
HAVING - filters records based on a specified
condition
ORDER BY - sorts the result set in ascending or
descending order
COUNT - returns the number of rows that satisfy
the condition
SUM - calculates the sum of a set of values
AVG - calculates the average of a set of values
MIN - returns the smallest value in a set of
values
MAX - returns the largest value in a set of
values
DISTINCT - selects unique values from a column
WHERE - filters records based on specified
conditions
Yogesh Tyagi
@ytyagi782

AND - combines multiple conditions in a WHERE

clause
OR - specifies multiple alternative conditions in
a WHERE clause
NOT - negates a condition in a WHERE clause
BETWEEN - selects values within a specified
range
IN - specifies multiple values for a column
LIKE - selects rows that match a specified
pattern
IS NULL - checks for NULL values in a column
IS NOT NULL - checks for non-NULL values in a
column
EXISTS - tests for the existence of any record in
a subquery
CASE - performs conditional logic in SQL
statements
WHEN - specifies conditions in a CASE
statement
THEN - specifies the result if a condition is true
in a CASE statement
ELSE - specifies the result if no condition is true
in a CASE statement
END - ends the CASE statement
Yogesh Tyagi
@ytyagi782

RESTRICT - restricts the deletion of a referenced

record if there are related records
CASE WHEN - conditional expression in SELECT
statements
WITH - defines a common table expression
(CTE)
INTO - specifies a target table for the result set
of a SELECT statement
TOP - limits the number of rows returned by a
query
LIMIT - limits the number of rows returned by a
query (used in some SQL dialects)
OFFSET - specifies the number of rows to skip
before starting to return rows
FETCH - retrieves rows from a result set one at a
time
ROW_NUMBER) - assigns a unique sequential
integer to each row in a result set
RANK() - assigns a unique rank to each row in a
result set, with gaps in the ranking sequence
possible
DENSE_RANK() - assigns a unique rank to each
row in a result set, with no gaps in the ranking
sequence
Yogesh Tyagi
@ytyagi782

PRIMARY KEY - uniquely identifies each record in

a table
FOREIGN KEY - establishes a relationship
between tables
CONSTRAINT - enforces rules for data in a table
DEFAULT - specifies a default value for a column
NOT NULL - ensures that a column cannot
contain NULL values
UNIQUE - ensures that all values in a column are
unique
CHECK - enforces a condition on the values in a
column
CASCADE - automatically performs a specified
action on related records
SET NULL - sets the value of foreign key columns
to NULL when a referenced record is deleted
SET DEFAULT - sets the value of foreign key
columns to their default value when a
referenced record is deleted
NO ACTION - specifies that no action should be
taken on related records when a referenced
record is deleted
Yogesh Tyagi
@ytyagi782

DATEPART - extracts a specific part of a date

GETDATE - returns the current date and time
(similar to CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)
GROUPING SETS - specifies multiple groupings
for aggregation
CUBE - generates all possible combinations of
grouping sets for aggregation
ROLLUP - generates subtotal values for a
hierarchy of values
INTERSECT - returns the intersection of two
result sets
EXCEPT - returns the difference between two
result sets
MERGE - performs insert, update, or delete
operations on a target table based on the
results of a join with a source table
CROSS APPLY - performs a correlated subquery
against each row of the outer table
OUTER APPLY - similar to CROSS APPLY, but also
returns rows from the outer table that have no
matching rows in the inner table
PIVOT - rotates a table-valued expression by
turning the unique values from one column into
multiple columns in the output
Yogesh Tyagi
@ytyagi782

NTILE() - divides the result set into a specified

number of equally sized groups
LEAD - retrieves the value from the next row in a
result set
LAG() - retrieves the value from the previous
row in a result set
PARTITION BY - divides the result set into
partitions to which the window function is
applied separately
ORDER BY - specifies the order of rows within
each partition for window functions
ROWS - specifies the window frame for window
functions
RANGE - specifies the window frame based on
values rather than rows for window functions
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP - returns the current date
and time
CURRENT_DATE - returns the current date
CURRENT_TIME - returns the current time
DATEADD - adds a specified time interval to a
date
DATEDIFF - calculates the difference between
two dates
Yogesh Tyagi
@ytyagi782

UNPIVOT - rotates a table-valued expression by

turning multiple columns into unique rows in
the output
COALESCE - returns the first non-NULL
expression in a list
NULLIF - returns NULL if the two specified
expressions are equal, otherwise returns the
first expression
lIF - returns one of two values based on a
Boolean expression
CONCAT - concatenates two or more strings
SUBSTRING - extracts a substring from a string
CHARINDEX - finds the position of a substring
within a string
REPLACE - replaces all occurrences of a
specified substring within a string with another
substring
LEN - returns the length of a string
UPPER - converts a string to uppercase
LOWER - converts a string to lowercase
TRIM - removes leading and trailing spaces
from a string
ROUND - rounds a numeric value to a specified
number of decimal places
Yogesh Tyagi
@ytyagi782

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