Practical No.

2: Observe the different analog and Digital Signals on CRO and spectrum
analyzer in time domain and frequency domain.

I. Observation Table
a. Time Domain

Sr. Type of Horizontal Time Time Frequenc Vertical Voltage Peak to

No. Signal division of per period of y of division per Peak
one cycle division signal Signal (Peak division Amplitude
(Dh) (t) T=Dh x t (f = 1/T) to Peak) of signal
(division) sec/div (sec) (Hz) (Dv) (v)
(divis volts/ (Vpp=
on) div Dv x v)
(vols)

1 Analog Signal 5 1 5 0.2 4 2 8

2 Digital Signal 3 0.5 1.5 0.67 3 1 3

b. Frequency Domain

Sr.no Type of Signal Amplitude of signal (V) Frequency of Signal (Hz)

1 Analog signal 2.5 1000

2 Digital Signal 1.2 2000

II. Results
1. Amplitude of Analog Signal on CRO 8 volts and frequency 0.2Hz

2. Amplitude of Digital Signal on CRO 3 volts and Frequency 0.67 Hz.

3. Amplitude of Analog Signal on Spectrum Analyze -10 dB and frequency 1000 Hz.

4. Amplitude of Digital Signal on Spectrum Analyzer -15 dB and frequency 2000Hz.

Practical No. 3: Observe the AM modulated waveforms generated for different modulating
frequencies.

Table 3.1: Measurement of Vmax and Vmin

Sr. Modulating Signal Carrier Signal Frequency Amplitude Modulated
No. Signal
Amplitude(Vm) Frequency(fm) Amplitude Frequency Vmax Vmin
in Volts in KHz (Vc) in Volts (fc) in KHz in Volts in Volts
1 1V 1 KHz 2V 5 KHz 3 1
2 1V 1 KHz 2V 10 KHz 3.5 0.5
3 1V 1 KHz 2V 15 KHz 4 0
4 1V 1 KHz 2V 20 KHz 3.5 0.5
5 1V 1 KHz 2V 25 KHz 3 1
Practical No. 4 : Generate AM wave and measure its modulation index for different values of
modulating signal amplitude

I. Observation Table

Sr Amplitude of Vmax (V) Vmin (V) Percentage Modulation

No. Modulating signal 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
% m= x 100
(V) 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛

1 0.5 2.25 1.75 18.18

2 1 2.75 1.25 40
3 1.5 3.0 1.0 50
4 2 3.25 0.75 57.14
5 2.5 3.5 0.5 60
Calculations
Percentage Modulation = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 x 100
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛

Modulation Index = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛

II. Results
Practical No. 5: Build and test the AM demodulator circuit

I. Observation Table
Input AM signal frequency = 100 KHz
Table 1:Measurement of % modulation and observation of demodulated signal
Sr No. Vmax of input AM Vmin of input %m Peak to Peak Frequency of
signal (Volts) AM signal 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 − 𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏 amplitude of
= x demodulated
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 + 𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏
(Volts) 100 detected output signal
output (Hz)
signal in
volts
1
7 3 25 4 1000
2
8 2 37.5 6 1000
3
9 1 50 8 1000
4
10 0 100 10 1000
Practical No. 6: Display the AM modulator and demodulator signal using MATLAB
Simulink/SCILAB/relevant software for different modulating frequencies

I. Observations Table
Amplitude of carrier signal= 2V

Frequency of carrier signal= 1000Hz

Keep frequency of modulating signal constant and vary amplitude
Frequency of modulating signal= 10 Hz

Table 6.1:Measurement of Vmax and Vmin

Sr Amplitude of Vmax Vmin

Modulating
No. Signal (volts) (volts)
1 0.5 2.7 1.3
2 1.0 3.2 0.8
3 1.5 3.7 0.3
Practical No.7: Test the output of various stages/blocks of the AM receiver

I. Observation Table

Sr.No. Stages Amplitude (V) Frequency(Hz) Waveform

1 RF mixer stage (RF Amplifier) 0.5 1000000 Draw the all

waveforms on
the graph
2 First IF Amplifier 1.5 455000 paper

3 Second IF Amplifier 2.5 455000

4 Detector Stage 0.8 1000

5 Audio Amplifier 1.2 1000

6 Local Oscillator 1455000 1455000

Practical No. 8: Build and test FM signal using voltage controlled oscillator/IC 566 to measure
frequency deviation and modulation index

I. Observation Table
Table 8.1: Calculation of frequency deviation of FM
Vary Amplitude Vm and keep the modulating frequency constant
Fm= 100 Hz

Sr No. Modulating Signal tmax fmin (KHz) Frequency

Amplitude(Vm) Deviation=fc - fmin

1 1 2 98 2

2 2 4 96 4

3 3 6 94 6

4 4 8 92 8

Table 8. 2:Calculation of frequency deviation of FM

Vary frequency fm and keep the modulating voltage constant
Vm= 3 V

Modulating Signal Frequency

Sr No.
Frequency(fm)
tmax fmin (KHz) Deviation=fc - fmin
1 100 2 98 2
2 200 2 96 4
3 300 6 94 6
4 400 8 92 8

Calculations:
 Table 8.3:Calculation of modulation
index of FM Vary amplitude Vm and keep the modulating
frequency (fm) constant fm= 100 Hz
Modulating Modulation
Frequency
Signal tmax Index=Frequency
Sr No. fmin (KHz) Deviation=
Amplitude (ms) Deviation/fm
fc -fmin
(Vm)

1 1 2 98 2 0.02

2 2 4 96 4 0.04

3 3 6 94 6 0.06

4 4 8 92 8 0.08

Table 8.4:Calculation of modulation index of FM

Vary frequency fm and keep the modulating voltage

(Vm) constant Vm= 3 Volts
Modulating Modulation
Frequency
Signal tmax Index=Frequency
Sr No. fmin (KHz) Deviation=
Frequency (ms) Deviation/fm
fc - fmin
(fm)

1 100 2 98 2 0.02

2 200 4 96 4 0.02

3 300 6 94 6 0.02

4 400 8 92 8 0.02

Calculations:
Tmax= 4 ms
Fmin= 96 KHz
Frequency Deviation=fc – fmin =100-96= 4KHz
Modulation Index= 4/200= 0.02
Practical No. 10: Demodulate the given FM signal using IC 565 and test the
output from the given input waveforms

I. Observation Table
Table 10.1:Modulation index of FM signal and observation of demodulated signal
Modulating signal
frequency=
Carrier
Frequency=
Sr Modulating tmax fmin = Frequency Modulation Demodulated
No. signal 1/tmax KHz Deviation Index signal
Voltage Vm (fc - fmin) frequency in
KHz
1 1 0.002 100 15 0.15 100
2 2 0.0015 95 20 0.20 95
3 3 0.001 90 25 0.25 90
4 4 0.0008 85 30 0.30 85
5 5 0.0006 80 35 0.35 80
Calculations:
Practical No. 11: Test the output of various stages/blocks of the FM receiver

I. Observation Table

Sr.No. Stage /Block Amplitude of signal Waveform

(in volts)

1 RF Amplifier Draw all

0.02 waveforms on
graph paper
2 Local Oscillator 1.5
3 IF Amplifier 0.5
4 FM Detector 0.2
5 AF Power Amplifier 2
Practical No. 12: Use simulation software to measure MUF for the given critical
frequency and incident angle
I. Observations Table
Table 12.1: Calculation of MUF

Sr Critical Frequency (MHz) Angle of Incidence(𝜃) MUF (Hz)

No.

1 5 MHz 30 5.77 MHz

2 7.5 MHz 45 1.61 MHz
3 10 MHz 60 20 MHz

Table 12.2 : Calculation of Radio Horizon

Sr Transmitting Antenna Receiving Antenna Height (m) D (Km)
No. Height (m)

1 50 30 36.06

2 75 50 45.83

3 100 70 54.46

4 125 90 62.45

Sample Calculation:
i. Critical frequency(fc)= 8.5 MHz
ii. Angle of incidence(𝜃)= 30

𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
MUF =
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃

= 9.8 MHz
iii. Transmitting Antenna Height(ht)=50 m
iv. Receiving Antenna Height(hr)=30 m

d=dr + dt = 4 √ℎ𝑡 + 4 √ℎ𝑟

Radio horizon(d) =36.06 Km

II. Results
1. Maximum Usable Frequency (MUF) =9.8 MHz
2. Radio Horizon for the space wave (d) =36.06 Km
 Practical No. 13: Test the performance of given dipole antenna, measure the field
strength and plot the radiation pattern for different length of antenna

I. Observations Table
Table 13.1: Measurement of field strength w.r.t rotation angle

Angle of rotation in degree Received signal strength in dB

0 -20
30 -25
60 -30
90 -35
120 -30
150 -25
180 -20
210 -25
240 -30
270 -35
300 -30
330 -25
360 -20

II. Results
For Dipole antenna, the radiation pattern is figure of Eight

Practical No. 14: Test the performance of given Yagi - Uda antenna
I. Observations Table
Table 14.1: Measurement of field strength w.r.t rotation angle

Angle of rotation in degree Received signal strength in dB

0 -5
30 -8
60 -12
90 -15
120 -12
150 -8
180 -5
210 -8
240 -12
270 -15
300 -12
330 -8
360 -5

II. Results
For Yagi Uda Antenna ,the radiation pattern is figure of Eight