Matrix.pptx

CE 403 - Numerical
Solutions to CE Problems
Week 1-2
Matrix Algebra
• Matrix
• Algebraic Properties on
Matrix Operations
• Determinants
Matrices are widely used in engineering applications, such
as structural analysis, electrical circuit analysis, and control
systems. Engineers use matrices to solve systems of linear
equations, model complex systems, and analyze the
behavior of physical systems.
Matrix
Matrix (plural matrices) is a rectangular array of numbers,

symbols, or expressions arranged in rows and columns. For
example, the dimension of the matrix below is 2 × 2, because
there are two rows and two columns:
If the number of row (m) and the number of column (n) are
equal, then the matrix is called square matrix. A matrix is said to
be real or complex matrix accordingly as its elements are real
or complex numbers.
while this one is a 3 x 2 matrix
Equality of matrices: Two matrices A and B are
equal if and only if they have the same order and
their corresponding elements are equal.
Square matrix: A matrix having the same number

of rows and columns.
Transposed matrix: The transpose of a matrix is a
new matrix whose rows are the columns of the
original. (This makes the columns of the new matrix the
rows of the original). Here is a matrix and its transpose.
Diagonal Matrix: A diagonal matrix is a matrix in which the
entries outside the main diagonal are all zero; the term
usually refers to square matrices.
Triangular Matrix: A triangular matrix is a special kind of

square matrix. A square matrix is called lower triangular if all
the entries above the main diagonal are zero. Similarly, a
square matrix is called upper triangular if all the entries below
the main diagonal are zero.
Scalar Matrix: The scalar matrix is basically a
square matrix, whose all off-diagonal elements are zero and
all on-diagonal elements are equal. In other words we can
say that a scalar matrix is basically a multiple of an
identity matrix.
Inverse Matrix: The inverse of A is A-1 and it satisfies the

equation A × A-1 = A-1 × A = I.
Unit Matrix: A unit matrix, commonly called identity matrix
of size n is the n × n square matrix with ones on the main
diagonal and zeros elsewhere. It is denoted by I.
Conjugate Matrix: A conjugate matrix is matrix obtained

from a given matrix by taking the complex conjugate of
each element.
Algebraic Properties on Matrix Operations
1. Properties involving Addition. Let A, B, and C be m x n
matrices meaning have same size then,
a. Commutative: A + B = B + A
b. Associative: (A+B)+C = A + (B+C)
c. Distributive: k(A+B) = kA + kB, where k is scalar
d. Matrix A added to zero matrix is equal to A: A+ 0 = A
e. Sum of 2 matrices A and B is zero matrix if matrix B is the
negative of Matrix A: A + B = 0 Or A + B = 0 , if B = -A
2.Properties involving Multiplication. Only conformable
matrices can be multiplied. Matrices are conformable for
Multiplication if the number of columns of the first matrix is
equal to the number of rows of the second matrix.
a. Not commutative: AB = BA
b. If AB is 0 does not mean that A = 0 , or B = 0.
c. Distributive over addition for 3 conformable matrices
A( B + C) = AB + AC
d. Associative for 3 conformable matrices
(AB)C = A(BC)
e.
f.If a scalar a and matrix B are multiplied then the product is
a matrix whose elements are all multiplied by a ,
g.If a and B are scalars and A is a matrix then

a(BA) = (aB)A
h.If a is a scalar , A and B are matrices conformable for
multiplication then
a(AB) = (aA)B = A(aB)
i.If a and B are scalars, A and B are matrices, then
a(A + B) = aA + aB and (a + B)A = aA + BA
Division of Matrices:
Division of matrices is done by Inverse-Multiplication Divisor Matrix
that is
Rules for Finding Inverse of a Matrix
1.Given matrix A, first find /A/ or det A, if /A/ = 0 , A has no inverse.
Otherwise, proceed to step 2.
2.Form AT
3.Form the adjoint Matrix A or AAdj by replacing each element of AT by
each corresponding co-factor.
4.Then A-1will be obtained by dividing each element of AAdj by /A/.
Determinants
The determinant of a matrix is the scalar value computed for a given
square matrix. Linear algebra deals with the determinant, it is computed
using the elements of a square matrix. It can be considered as the
scaling factor for the transformation of a matrix.
Every square matrix consisting of scalars (for example, real numbers) has
a determinant, which is also a scalar.
Symbol
The determinant of a matrix is represented by two vertical lines or simply
by writing det and writing the matrix name. eg. |A|, det(A), det A
Methods of Evaluating Determinant
(1x1)
Methods of Evaluating Determinant
(2x2) “Butterfly Rule”
Methods of Evaluating Determinant (3x3)
Sarrus’ Rule
Methods of Evaluating Determinant (3x3)
MATRICES and SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS
THE AUGMENTED MATRIX FOR A SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
ELEMENTARY ROW OPERATIONS (EROs)
Elementary Row Operations (EROs) represent the legal moves that

allow us to write a sequence of row-equivalent matrices
(corresponding to equivalent systems) until we obtain one whose
corresponding solution set is easy to find.
Three Types of EROs
Three Types of EROs
Three Types of EROs
GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION (WITH BACK-SUBSTITUTION)
This is a method for solving systems of linear equations.

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CE 403 - Numerical

Matrix (plural matrices) is a rectangular array of numbers,

Square matrix: A matrix having the same number

Triangular Matrix: A triangular matrix is a special kind of

Inverse Matrix: The inverse of A is A-1 and it satisfies the

Conjugate Matrix: A conjugate matrix is matrix obtained

g.If a and B are scalars and A is a matrix then

Elementary Row Operations (EROs) represent the legal moves that

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