International Diploma in Information and Communication Technology
Computational Mathematics 2.3 – Matrices Introduction to Matrices § It is an ordered rectangular array of collection of numbers or functions arranged in rows and columns called matrix.
§ The numbers of functions are known
as the elements or entries of the § matrix. Order of Matrix
● It tells us about the number of rows and columns of a matrix.
● It is represented by a x b means a matrix has rows and b columns.
For example: There are 3 rows and 3 columns,
Therefore the order of matrix A is 3x3.
Types of Matrices 1. Row Matrix
The horizontal arrangement of elements or entries are said to form
the row of a matrix.
[ 1 2 5 ] 1x3
Row Column 2. Column Matrix
The vertical arrangement of elements or entries are said to form the
column of a matrix.
𝟐 𝟑 𝟕 3x1
Row Column 3. Square Matrix
The number rows and numbers of columns are equal in the matrix.
The order of square matrix is always a x a, where a can be any
natural number.
3x3 4. Diagonal Matrix
If the diagonal elements are no zero and all the non-diagonal
elements of a matrix are zero, then such type of matrix is known as diagonal matrix.
Principal Diagonal
3x3 4. Identity Matrix
It is a type of diagonal matrix which all diagonal elements for equal
to 1.
Principal Diagonal
3x3 Equality of Matrices Two Matrices are equal if and only if the order of both the matrices are equal of one matrix is equal to the corresponding element of another matrix.
2x2 2x2
All the elements of matrix A is Equal to the corresponding elements of
matrix B and order of both matrix is Same, Hence A = B Operations in Matrices 1. Matrix Addition
§ The addition of two matrices can
be done only when they have the same order. § Addition can be done by adding corresponding entries of the two matrices. 2. Matrix Substraction
§ Two matrices can be subtracted
only when they have the same order.
§ Subtraction can be done by
subtracting the corresponding entries of the two matrices. 3. Matrix Multiplication
§ Linear Multiplication - When a
matrix is multiplied by scalar (Linear multiplication), then each element of matrix is multiplied by the scalar quantity and new matrix is obtained. § Vector Multiplication - Suppose we have two matrices A and B,
§ The multiplication of matrix A with
Matrix B can be given as (AB). How to Multiply Matrices? We can understand the general process of matrix multiplication by the technique, First rows are multiplied by columns (element by element) and then the rows are filled up.
Step 1: Make sure that the number of
columns in the 1st matrix equals the number of rows in the 2nd matrix (compatibility of matrices). Step 2: Multiply the elements of ith row of the first matrix by the elements of jth column in the second matrix and add the products. This would the element that is in the ith row and jth column of the resultant matrix.
Step 3: Place the added
products in the respective positions. 2 x 2 Matrix Multiplication
3 x 3 Matrix Multiplication Example 1 : Let us understand these steps for multiplication of matrices better using an example.
Multiply the matrices given below.
Solution: The given matrices are of order 3×2 and 2×1. So, the given matrices are compatible, we can perform the matrix multiplication and the product matrix will be of order 3×1. 4. Negative of Matrix
§ Multiplying a matrix -1 gives a negative of that matrix .
4. Determinant of Matrix
The determinant of a matrix is a single numerical value which is
used when calculating the inverse or when solving systems of linear equations.
The determinant of a matrix A is denoted |A|, or sometimes det(A).
The determinant is only defined for square matrices. § Determinant of a 2x2 Matrix § Determinant of a 3x3 Matrix
The determinant of a 3×3 matrix can be calculated by breaking it
down into smaller 2×2 matrices, as follows: Determinant with Sign Convention :
Multiple each entry in the selected row or column in the matrix by the determinate of the matrix that remains after deleting all the entries in the same row and column
We associate a plus or minus sign with every position in a matrix. Any Questions ? Thank You! Yasiri Ranasinghe – Lecturer | ICBT
