Chemistry for Engineering CHEM102

LECTURE 1_WS2022
Atomic Theory & Atoms

Dr. Marwa Hany

Marwa.hany@giu-uni.de
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 CHEM102 Course Description

Name Room number Office hrs E-mail

Lecturer
Dr. Marwa Hany S-602 By Appointment Marwa.hany@giu-uni.de

Teaching Assistants

Nada Barakat Wednesday 3rd & 4th Nada.saied@giu-uni.de

Ola Ahmed Sunday 4th & Ola.Ahmed@giu-uni.de

S-611 Wednesday 4th
Menna Desouky Monday 1st & Menna.Desouky@giu-uni.de
Wednesday 3rd

Rokia Abdelfattah Thursday 3rd & 4th Rokia.ibraheem@giu-uni.de

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 CHEM102 Course Description

Assessment:
Assessment methods Weight
Assignments 10%
Punctuality & In-class Participation 10%
Quizzes (Best 1 quiz out of 2) 10%
Midterm exam 30%
Final term exam 40%
References :
✓ S.S. Zumdahl, S.A. Zumdahl and D.J. DeCoste, Chemistry, 10th edn., Cengage Learning, ISBN 978-1-305-95740-4, 2016

✓R.Chang, Chemistry, 12th edn., McGraw Hill . ISB9781259254581, 2015

✓Library: 4.29

CMS link for course material:

https://cms.giu-uni.de

Relevant websites:
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry
https://chem.libretexts.org/
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 Theoretical Course Topics

Topics
1. Atoms, molecules and ions
2. Quantum Numbers and Electronic configuration
3. Periodic trends
4. Chemical bonding concepts
5. Molecular geometry and polarity
6. Hybridization concepts
7. Revision Week
8. Midterm Exams
9. Stoichiometry and Quantitative expressions I
10. Stoichiometry and Quantitative expressions II
11. Reactions in aqueous solutions
12. Chemical Kinetics
13. Chemical Equilibrium
14. Acids and bases
15. Final Exams 4

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 Practical Course Topics

Topics
1. Qualitative Analysis of Cations I
2. Qualitative Analysis of Cations II
3. Qualitative Analysis of Cations III
4. Qualitative Analysis of Cations IV
5. Qualitative Analysis of Cations V
6. Qualitative Analysis of Cations VI
7. Revision week ( No labs )
8. Midterm exams ( No labs )
9. Revision Cations
10. Qualitative Analysis of Anions I
11. Qualitative Analysis of Anions II
12. Revision Anions
13. Final lab Exam 5

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 LECTURE 1- learning outcomes
➢ Define the atom and the atomic theory

➢ Identify the components of the atom

➢ Identify atomic mass and atomic number of elements

➢ Define the term isotope

➢ Determine the isotopic abundance

➢ Identify the main patterns of the periodic table

➢ Identify properties of different groups in the periodic table

➢ Compare metals and non metals

➢ Know the difference between atoms, molecules and ions

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 The Atomic Theory- History

• The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from
ancient Greek philosophers; the scientists of their days

• In the fifth century B.C. the Greek philosopher Democritus expressed the
belief that matter consists of very small particles which he named atomos a
term derived from the Greek word for “indivisible”

• In 1808, the English Chemist; John Dalton formulated a more scientific

definition of the indivisible building blocks of matter called atoms

• Dalton’s outlining of the atomic theory was a start, but it still didn’t really tell
much about the nature of atoms themselves

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 The Atomic Theory- History

Dalton’s ‘Billiard ball’ model of the atom

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 The Atomic Theory
Dalton’s Atomic Theory

• The hypotheses on which Dalton’s atomic theory is based can be summarized as follows:

1 All matter is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms

2 An element consists of only one type of identical atoms, atoms of one

element differ in properties from atoms of all other elements

3 A compound consists of atoms of two or more elements combined together in

fixed whole number ratios

4 A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination or

rearrangement of atoms; it does not result in their creation or destruction

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 The Atomic Theory
Dalton’s hypotheses support some important laws:

Law of Conservation of Mass

Dalton’s last hypothesis is another way of stating the law of conservation of mass:

Matter can be neither created nor destroyed

Example:
Butane (C4H10) + Oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
58 grams + 208 grams → 176 grams + 90 grams
266 grams = 266 grams

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 The Structure of the Atom
✓ Atom mass in nucleus: ✓ Electrons and protons are
Protons and neutrons have only charged species:
the same mass, about 1.67 × 10- Electrons have a negative
24 grams (1 atomic mass unit amu charge (-1) = positive charge
or 1 Dalton) of a proton (+1) causing
atoms to be electrically
✓ Electrons mass is neglected: neutral
Electrons are much lighter
✓ Electrons mainly
than protons, mass is
contribute to chemical
concentrated in the nucleus
properties of the atom

Subatomic
Location Charge (C) Unit Charge Mass (amu) Mass (g)
particle

Outside nucleus 1− 0.00055

Electron -1.602×10−19 0.00091×10−24
electron orbitals (Negatively charged particles) ( ignored mass)

1+ 1.00727
Proton Nucleus 1.602×10−19 + 1.67262×10−24
(Positively charged particles) ( p mass = neutron mass)
1.00866
0
Neutron Nucleus 0 ( p+ mass = neutron mass) 1.67493×10−24
(uncharged particles)
Table I. Properties of the 3 subatomic particles
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 The Structure of the Atom

EXAMPLE:
➢ Data derived from atomic number (Proton number) (Z):
Carbon has 6 electrons (e-), 6 protons (p+)

➢ Data derived from Mass number (Nucleon number) (A):

Number of Neutrons =
Mass number- Atomic number
A-Z = 6 neutrons
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 The Structure of the Atom

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 Isotopes- when the neutrons’ numbers differ
➢ Atoms that have the same atomic number, but different mass numbers are called isotopes
➢ There are naturally occurring isotopes and isotopes that are artificially produced
➢ Isotopes show almost identical chemical properties

EXAMPLE: Hydrogen Isotopes

Electrons 1 1 1
Protons 1 1 1
Neutrons 0 1 2

• The 3 isotopes of hydrogen have different physical properties

✓ Protium is the hydrogen’s most common isotope

✓ It accounts for more than 99.98 percent of all universe hydrogen

✓ Tritium is hydrogen’s radioactive isotope

Dueterium H2O (heavy water) ice is
denser than Protium H20 ice
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 Isotopes- when the neutrons’ numbers differ
EXAMPLE: Uranium Isotopes

Uranium-235 is used in nuclear reactors and atomic bombs, whereas Uranium-238 lacks the
properties necessary for these applications

EXAMPLE: Carbon Isotopes

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 Isotopes- when the neutrons’ numbers differ
Now, Try it yourself ! :

Identify the main subatomic particles in the following isotope of copper:

63

29 Cu? Protons : 29

Atomic number: 29 Electrons: 29

Mass number: 63
Neutrons: 63-29: 34

Which of the following is the expected other isotope of copper?

64 63

29 Cu 30 Cu

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 Isotopic Abundance / Average Atomic Mass
Because most elements exist as mixtures of several stable isotopes, the atomic mass of an element
in the periodic table is the average of the masses of its isotopes

EXAMPLE:

What is the average atomic mass of carbon?

STRATEGY:

Naturally occurring carbon is largely a mixture of two main isotopes:

% abundance of 14C is
98.89% 12C (mass = 12 amu) 1.11% 13C (mass = 13.003355 amu) so low that it can be
ignored in this
calculation
So, average atomic mass =

% abundance /100 x atomic mass of 1st isotope + % abundance /100 x atomic mass of 2nd isotope

0.9889 x 12 amu + 0.0111 x 13.003355 amu = 12.011 amu

This makes sense where carbon is predominantly 12C, so its average atomic mass should be close to 12 amu
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 The Modern Periodic Table

https://sciencenotes.org/periodic-table-pdf-2/
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 The Modern Periodic Table
In the periodic table:

• The horizontal rows are named periods and are labeled from 1 to 7

• Elements are arranged in these rows by increasing atomic number

(shown above the element symbol)

• The vertical columns are named groups and are numbered from 1 to 18 starting
from the left

• Elements in the same group have the same physical and chemical properties
as they have the same number of valence (outer most orbital) electrons

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 The Modern Periodic Table
In the periodic table:

• Elements in Groups 1, 2 & 13 to 18 are referred to as main group elements (group A

elements)

• Elements in groups 3 to 12 are the transition metals (group B elements)

• Elements of group 1 are referred to as the alkali metals and those in group 2 are called
alkaline earth metals

• Elements of group 17 are the halogens and the noble gases constitute group 18 (rare
gases)
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 High Reactivity of Alkali metals
• The MOST reactive metals followed by alkaline earth metals, never found free in nature

• React violently with water, form alkaline solutions of metal hydroxides and Hydrogen gas is produced in a
vigorous exothermic reaction 2 Na + 2 H2O 2NaOH + H2
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 The Modern Periodic Table
In the periodic table:

• The two rows of elements at the bottom of the body of the periodic table are a
collection of transition metals called the lanthanides and actinides , also called rare
earth metals or inner transition elements
• These elements are conventionally set apart to keep the table from being too wide

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 The Modern Periodic Table
From left to right across any period, the physical and chemical properties of the elements
change gradually from metallic to nonmetallic

Periodic table can be broken into 3 main parts

Metals Metalloids (semiconductors) Nonmetals

✓ Good conductors of heat ✓ Intermediate properties between those of ✓ Poor conductors of
and electricity metals and nonmetals heat and electricity
✓ All solids except Boron (B)
mercury (liquid)
Silicon (Si)

Germanium (Ge) Arsenic (As)

E.g. silicon: Antimony (Sb) Tellurium (Te)

shiny, conducts electricity
Polonium (Po)
but doesn’t conduct heat
well, brittle
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 Ions- when electrons number differ
✓ Ions are charged atoms or groups of atoms with either a negative or positive charge indicated by a
superscript after the symbol

✓ Ions form when one or more electrons are added to or removed from an atom or molecule
Recall !
1 electron in the outer shell 7 electrons in the outer shell
of sodium atom ( 11p+, 11e-) of chlorine atom( 17p+, 17e-)
(2,8,1) (2,8,7)

8 electrons in the outer shell 8 electrons in the outer shell

of sodium ion( 11p+, 10e-) of chloride ion( 17p+, 18e-)
(2,8) (2,8,8)

When an ion is formed, the number of

protons in the nucleus is unchanged,
only electrons number differ

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 Ions- when electrons number differ
✓ Atoms form ions to become stable after achieving a full valence shell and have the same
number of electrons like its nearest noble gas

✓ All these sodium, magnesium and aluminum positive ions have the same number of electrons
as neon atom (10 electrons) , hence they are called isoelectronic

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 Ions- when electrons number differ

Metal atoms tend to lose electrons to form positively charged ions called cations

Non-metal atoms tend to gain electrons to form negatively charged ions called anions

Note the Pattern:

Elements in groups 1, 2, and 3 tend to form 1+, 2+, and 3+ ions, respectively
(electropositive elements)
Elements in groups 5, 6, and 7 tend to form 3−, 2−, and 1− ions, respectively

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 Ions- Now Try it yourself!
EXAMPLE: Determine the numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons in:
Sulphide anions S2- Barium cations Ba2+
STRATEGY:
✓ In Neutral atoms: The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons
✓ In both Ions and Neutral atoms: The atomic number always corresponds to the protons number which
never change

Sulphide anions S2- Barium cations Ba2+

✓ S2-Means has 2 more electrons than protons ✓ Ba2+ Means has 2 more protons than electrons
( 16 protons, 18 electrons) ( 56 protons, 54 electrons)

✓ Neutrons unchanged: 32-16= 16 ✓ Neutrons unchanged: 137-56= 81

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 Naming Cations & Anions
Cation name: element name + ion
Anion name: element root name + changing the end of the name to –ide

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 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds (Type I)

• Binary ionic compound : An ionic compound that contains only two elements, one present as a cation and
one as an anion

• The cation is always named first and the anion second

• The subscripts ( Xm) in the empirical formula can also be obtained by referring to group number then crossing
charges, reduce the subscripts to their simplest ratio if needed

Mg2+ O2-

Li N
+1 -3

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 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II)
• Many transition metals form more than one type of positive ion, in this case
Roman numerals indicate the charge of the cation

• Another older system for naming these ionic compounds:

The name of the ion with the higher charge ends in -ic and the one with the
lower charge ends in –ous
Example: Fe3+ is called the ferric ion, and Fe2+ is called the ferrous ion

Co Br
+2 -1

Ca Cl
+2 -1
Al O
+3 -2

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 Molecules

• A molecule is an aggregate of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement

held together by chemical forces (called chemical bonds)

• Molecules are called compounds ONLY when they are composed of two or
more elements

• Some elements exist as “diatomic molecules”; E.g Hydrogen, Nitrogen,

Oxygen, Halogens

• Most molecules contain more than two atoms, called “polyatomic

molecules”; E.g NH3, H2O

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 Important Families in the Periodic Table
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a non metal, it is placed Colorless, diatomic gas H2
in group 1A (alkali metals group)
although it is not a group member Reacts with nonmetals to form molecular
due to having 1 valence electron in compounds
its outer shell similar to alkali
metals EXAMPLE:
- Hydrogen + Halogen
H 2 (g) + Cl 2 (g) 2HCl(g)
Hydrogen Chlorine hydrogen chloride

❖ Hydrogen halides dissolve

in water to form acidic
solutions

- Hydrogen + Oxygen Water

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 Important Families in the Periodic Table
Alkali Metals-Group 1A metals

They have 1 valence electron in their

outermost shell, tend to form 1+ ions; Soft, low melting point, low density metals,
oxidation state: +1 Good conductors of heat and electricity

React violently with water, form alkaline

solutions of metal hydroxides and
Hydrogen gas is produced in a vigorous
exothermic reaction
Highly reactive metals, never found free in
nature 2 Na + 2 H 2 O 2NaOH + H 2

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 High Reactivity of Alkali metals
• The most reactive metals followed by alkaline earth metals, never found free in nature

• React violently with water, form alkaline solutions of metal hydroxides and Hydrogen gas is produced in a
vigorous exothermic reaction 2 Na + 2 H2O 2NaOH + H2
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 Important Families in the Periodic Table
Alkaline Earth Metals-Group 2A metals

2 valence electrons in their

The second most reactive family after alkali
outermost shell, tend to form
metals, not found free in nature
positive ions ( 2+ ions) oxidation
state: +2

- Form stable insoluble oxides from which

they are naturally extracted
Harder, higher melting, and denser - These oxides are basic, that is the reason
than alkali metals of their being named as alkaline earth
metals

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 Important Families in the Periodic Table
Halogens- Group 7A

Highly reactive nonmetallic diatomic elements

Gas

Increasing molecular size

Have 7 electrons in their outer shell, hence they
are "eager" to gain one more electron and form Gas
negative ions with -1 charge

Increasing Density
Liquid
Hydrogen halides like HCl, HBr are all acids

Color gets darker

Solid
React with metals to form ionic compounds formed
of cations and anions like NaCl salt ( table salt)
Solid

Solid
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 Important Families in the Periodic Table
Noble (Inert) Gases-Group 8A

Monoatomic gases, exist in nature as single atoms

- Have a full outer electron shell which makes them

chemically inert; unreactive
- They are stable and do not tend to form chemical bonds

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 References
R.Chang, Chemistry, 12th edn., Chapter 2

Zumdahl, Chemistry, 10th edn., chapter 2

Relevant websites and internet resources

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