http://www.kingscollections.

org/exhibitions/specialcollections/great-leveller/smallpox/jenner-on-smallpox
http://plaza.ufl.edu/sesd/Paleopathological%20Evidence.htm
https://www.pinterest.com/hycreek76/lady-mary-wortley-montagu/
Edward Jenner
Algae strains grown with or without Predators !!!
 [ ] https:// neartamerica.com/featured/know-thyself-helena-kay.html
fi
Figure 43.2
Pathogens
(such as bacteria,
fungi, and viruses)

INNATE IMMUNITY Barrier defenses:

(all animals) Skin
• Recognition of traits Mucous membranes
shared by broad Secretions
ranges of pathogens, Internal defenses:
using a small set of Phagocytic cells
receptors Natural killer cells
• Rapid response Antimicrobial proteins
Inflammatory response

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Humoral response:

(vertebrates only) Antibodies defend against
• Recognition of traits infection in body fluids.
specific to particular
pathogens, using a Cell-mediated response:
vast array of receptors Cytotoxic cells defend
against infection in body
• Slower response cells.
© 2015 Pearson Education Ltd
http://authoritycure.com/structure-of-the-immune-system/
http://biology4alevel.blogspot.com/2015/04/59-immune-response-lymphocytes.html
http://biology4alevel.blogspot.com/2015/04/59-immune-response-lymphocytes.html
T cell matutation
https://jointsmedicine.com/branches/endocrinology/diseases-of-the-thymus-gland.html
http://mentalfloss.com/article/59550/era-body-snatchers
http://mentalfloss.com/article/59550/era-body-snatchers
T cell matutation
https://jointsmedicine.com/branches/endocrinology/diseases-of-the-thymus-gland.html
 Interstitial fluid
The Blood
capillary

Lymphatic Adenoid
Tonsils
system
Lymphatic
vessels
Thymus
Tissue Lymphatic
cells vessel
Lymphatic
Peyer’s Spleen vessel
patches
(in small
intestine) Lymph
nodes
Appendix
(cecum)

Lymph Masses of
node defensive cells
The Lymphatic system
1.
: Fe ion

2. T cell or B
cells foreign
material inspection

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/201928
 Cells ( ) Proteins ( )
Complement
Antibody
System

Natural Killer Cytotoxic T

Macrophages Dendritic Cells
White Blood Cells
 Leukocytes

Granulocytes Agranulocytes Megakaryocytes

Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Platelets

Lymphocytes Monocytes

Macrophages
B-lymphocytes T-lymphocytes Natural Killer
Cell
1. Helper T cells
1. Plasma cells
2. Killer T cells
2. Memory cells
3. Memory T cells
4. Suppressor cells
1. Louis Pasteur : Discovered that
microorganism could cause disease in
silkworm.
2. Robert Koch : Discovered that human
could also get sick by the toxin that
microorganisms generated.
(Tuberclosis)
Shibabro Kitasato Emil von Behring
Emil von Behring
 Antigen- Antigen-
binding binding site
site
Disulfide

V
bridge

V
Variable

V
regions

C
B cell Constant
antigen regions
receptor Light C C
chain Transmembrane
region

Heavy Plasma
chain membrane
B cell Cytoplasm of B cell
1. Neutralization
2. Opsonization
3. Activation of the Complement system
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:3D_medical_animation_coronavirus_structure.jpg
•

•
7X 7 X 7 = 343
A dendritic cell (colorized SEM)
 1 Pseudopodia surround pathogens.
Pathogen

2 Pathogens engulfed
PHAGOCYTIC
by endocytosis.
CELL
3 Vacuole forms.
Lysosome
Vacuole containing
enzymes
4 Vacuole and lysosome fuse.

5
Pathogens destroyed.

6 Debris from pathogens released.

© 2015 Pearson Education Ltd
© 2015 Pearson Education Ltd
 •

© 2015 Pearson Education Ltd

 Cellular Innate Defenses

© 2015 Pearson Education Ltd

EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID Lipopolysaccharide
Helper
protein Flagellin
TLR4

PHAGOCYTIC CELL
TLR5

CpG
DNA

TLR9
VESICLE Innate immune
responses
dsRNA
TLR3
 Inflammatory Responses

© 2015 Pearson Education Ltd

•

© 2015 Pearson Education Ltd

Figure 43.8-1

Pathogen Splinter

Signaling Macro-
Mast molecules phage
cell
Capillary

Red blood cells

Neutrophil

1
Histamines and
cytokines
released.
Capillaries dilate.
© 2015 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43.8-2

Pathogen Splinter

Movement
of fluid

Signaling Macro-
Mast molecules phage
cell
Capillary

Red blood cells

Neutrophil

1 2
Histamines and Antimicrobial
cytokines peptides enter tissue.
released. Neutrophils are
Capillaries dilate. recruited.
© 2015 Pearson Education Ltd
Figure 43.8-3

Pathogen Splinter

Movement
of fluid

Signaling Macro-
Mast molecules phage
cell
Capillary Phagocytosis

Red blood cells

Neutrophil

1 2 Antimicrobial 3
Histamines and
cytokines peptides enter Neutrophils
released. tissue. digest pathogens
Capillaries dilate. Neutrophils are and cell debris.
© 2015 Pearson Education Ltd
recruited. Tissue heals.
 Video: Leukocyte Adhesion and Rolling

© 2015 Pearson Education Ltd

 Video: Chemotaxis of a Neutrophil

© 2015 Pearson Education Ltd

• The adaptive response relies on two types of
lymphocytes, or white blood cells
• Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus above the
heart are called T cells, and those that mature in
bone marrow are called B cells
Vaccination worked but Jenner DID NOT know
why. Pasteur discovered the attenuation
1.

2. mRNA

3. DNA
(Central Dogma)
 Antigen
receptor Antibody

B cell

Antigen Epitope

Pathogen
(a) B cell antigen receptors and antibodies

Antibody C
Antibody A
Antibody B

Antigen
(b) Antigen receptor specificity
 Antigen-
binding
site

T cell Variable
antigen V V regions
receptor
Constant
C C
regions
Transmembrane
Disulfide region
bridge

α chain β chain

Plasma
membrane
T cell Cytoplasm of T cell
Displayed
antigen T cell
fragment
MHC T cell antigen
molecule receptor

Antigen
fragment
Pathogen

Host cell
(a) Antigen recognition by a T cell
Top view
Antigen
fragment
MHC
molecule
Host cell

(b) A closer look at antigen presentation

DNA of
undifferentiated
B cell
V37 V38 V39 V40 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 Intron C

DNA of 1 Recombination deletes DNA between

differentiated randomly selected V segment and J segment
B cell
V37 V38 V39 J5 Intron C

Functional gene
2 Transcription of permanently
rearranged, functional gene
pre-mRNA V39 J5 Intron C

3 RNA processing

mRNA Cap V39 J5 C Poly-A tail

V V
4 Translation V V

C C
Light-chain
polypeptide V C C C
Antigen receptor
Variable Constant
region region B cell
DNA of
undifferentiated
B cell
V37 V38 V39 V40 J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 Intron C

DNA of 1 Recombination deletes DNA between

differentiated randomly selected V segment and J segment
B cell
V37 V38 V39 J5 Intron C

Functional gene
2 Transcription of permanently
rearranged, functional gene
pre-mRNA V39 J5 Intron C
 V39 J5
pre-mRNA Intron C

3 RNA processing

mRNA Cap V39 J5 C Poly-A tail

V V
4 Translation
V V

C C
Light-chain
polypeptide V C C C
Antigen receptor
Variable Constant
region region B cell
 Antigen
Antigen
receptor

Antibody

Memory cells Plasma cells

Endoplasmic
reticulum of
plasma cell

2 µm
Primary immune Secondary immune Primary immune
response to response to response to
antigen A antigen A antigen B

104
Antibody concentration
(arbitrary units)

103
Antibodies
to A
102 Antibodies
to B

101

100
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56

Exposure Exposure to
to antigen A antigens A and B
Time (days)
 Antigen- Clone of activated helper T cells
presenting
cell Antigen
Pathogen
fragment

Class II
MHC B cell Cytotoxic
molecule T cell
Antigen
receptor Accessory HUMORAL CELL-
protein IMMUNITY MEDIATED
Cytokines (secretion of IMMUNITY
antibodies (attack on
Helper T cell by plasma infected cells)
cells)
 Antigen-
presenting
cell
Pathogen Antigen
fragment

Class II
MHC
molecule
Antigen
receptor Accessory
protein

Helper T cell
Cytokines
 Clone of activated helper T cells

Cytotoxic
B cell T cell

HUMORAL CELL-
IMMUNITY MEDIATED
(secretion of IMMUNITY
antibodies (attack on
by plasma infected cells)
cells)
 Cytotoxic
T cell

Accessory
protein
Antigen
Class I receptor
MHC
molecule

Infected
cell Antigen
fragment
1
 Cytotoxic Granzymes
T cell

Accessory
protein
Antigen
Class I receptor Perforin
MHC
molecule Pore

Infected
cell Antigen
fragment
1 2
 Cytotoxic Granzymes Released
T cell cytotoxic
T cell
Accessory
protein
Antigen Dying
Class I receptor Perforin infected
MHC cell
molecule Pore

Infected
cell Antigen
fragment
1 2 3
Antigen- Pathogen
presenting
cell

Antigen
fragments MHC
Antigen CD4
receptor

1 Helper T cell
Antigen- Pathogen
presenting
cell B cell

Antigen
fragments MHC
Antigen CD4
receptor
Cytokines

Activated
1 Helper T cell 2 helper T cell
Antigen- Pathogen
presenting
cell B cell

Antigen Memory B cells

fragments MHC
Antigen CD4
receptor
Cytokines

Activated Plasma Secrete

1 Helper T cell 2 helper T cell 3 cells antibodies
 HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE

Key
Antigen (1st exposure)
+ Stimulates
Engulfed by Gives rise to

Antigen-
+ presenting cell +

+
Cytotoxic
B cell + Helper T cell + T cell

Memory
helper T cells

+ + +
Antigen (2nd exposure)
Plasma Memory + Memory Active
cells B cells cytotoxic T cells cytotoxic T cells

Secreted Defend against Defend against

antibodies extracellular pathogens intracellular pathogens
and cancer
HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE

Key
Antigen (1st exposure)
+ Stimulates
Engulfed by Gives rise to

Antigen-
+ presenting cell +

Cytotoxic
B cell + Helper T cell + T cell
 HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE

Key
+ Stimulates
Gives rise to Cytotoxic
B cell + Helper T cell + T cell

Memory
helper T cells

+ + +
Antigen (2nd exposure)
Plasma Memory + Memory Active
cells B cells cytotoxic T cells cytotoxic T cells

Secreted Defend against Defend against

antibodies extracellular pathogens intracellular pathogens
and cancer
What we are

What we want