Solution

CHAPTERWISE SAMPLE PAPER: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1.
(b) 0.5 V
Explanation:
ε 1.5
I= = = 0.1 A
R+ r (5 + 8)+2

P.D. across 5 Ω resistor = 0.1 × 5 = 0.5 V

2.
(c) maximum when the battery is connected across 1cm × 1

2
cm
Explanation:
As we know R = ρ ⋅ A
l
, where length is constant l=10cm.So resistance is directly proportional to 1/A. The maximum
resistance will be when the value of 1

A
is maximum, i.e., ‘A’ must be minimum, it is minimum when the area of cross-section
is 1cm × cm 1

3.
(c) acts only in closed circuit and it reduces the current
Explanation:
The internal resistance of a cell acts only in a closed circuit and it reduces the current.

4.
(c) 4P
Explanation:
2

Original power consumed, P = V

When the two halves are connected in parallel, V is the same

2 2 2
V V V
∴ P
′
=
R
+
R
= 4
R
= 4P
2 2

5. (a) 3 : 2
Explanation:
2

power dissipated in resistance P = V

As the resistor are connected in parallel to the battery, both have are potential
So, P ∝ R
1

p1 R2
=
p2 R1

= 6

= 3

P1 : P2 = 3 : 2

6.
(d) 125 : 15 : 1
Explanation:
2
ρ I ρ
2 2
I ρl dt
H = I
2
Rt = I
2 t

A
=
m
t
=
m
(∵ m = Ald)
( )
ld
2

So H ∝ l

m
2 2 2

Hence H1:H2:H3 = 5

1
:
3

3
:
1

5
= 125 : 15 : 1

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 7.
(d) the resistance of copper will decrease while that of germanium will increase
Explanation:
When cooled from room temperature to 80 K, the resistance of copper (a metallic conductor) will decrease while that of
germanium (a semiconductor) will increase.

8.
(b) P

Explanation:
P

it is given that the element of a heater is rated (P, V). If it is connected across a source of voltage V' = V/2.
we have to find power consumed by element of the heater.
here resistance of element, R = V²/P
thus P' = (V/2)2/(V2/P)
P' = P/4

9.
(b) Mobility
Explanation:
The charge carrier in most metals is the negatively charged electron. The mobility of the charge carrier is defined as the drift
velocity of the charge carrier per unit electric field. It is denoted by μ andμ = v /E is given as. The Sl unit of μ is m2V-1s-1.
d

10. (a) 4 : 1
Explanation:

2 2
Ps I R+ I R

Pp
=
I 2 I 2
=4:1
( ) R+ ( ) R
2 2

11.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
A is true but R is false.

12.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
A is false but R is true.

13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
It is clear that electrons move in all directions haphazardly in metals. When an electric field is applied, each free electron
acquires a drift velocity. There is a net flow of charge, which constitutes a current. In the absence of an electric field, this is
impossible and hence, there is no current.
14.
(b) V1 + V2 = V3
Explanation:
The voltmeter reading is the potential difference across its terminals when it is connected in the circuit , V3 and combination of
V1 and V2 (V1 + V2) are connected in parallel. So, potential in V3 must be equal to potential in (V1 + V2).

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 The potential difference across AB is given by = V3 = V1 + V2

15.
(d) 1 A
Explanation:
In first case, R + 4 = 2V
= 8Ω
0 − 25A

∴ R = 4Ω

When R is connected across 4 Ω resistance,

4 × 4
′
R = = 2Ω
4 + 4

2 V
∴ I =
V

′
=
2Ω
=1A
R

Section B
16. When the cells are connected in series, (Figure), the current in the circuit is
Is = 2E

1 + 2r

When the cells are connected in parallel (Figure), the current in the circuit is

Is = ε

r × r
= 2e

2 + r
1 +
r + r

Given Is = Ip
2ε 2ε
∴ =
1 + 2r 2 + r

or 1 + 2r = 2 + r or r = 1Ω
17. Kirchhoff's first law is known as junction rule which states that for a given junction or node in a circuit, sum of the currents
entering will be equal to the sum of currents leaving.
OR, The algebraic sum of currents meeting at a junction in a closed circuit is zero.
Kirchhoff's second law is also known as loop rule which shows that around any closed loop in a circuit, sum of the potential
differences across all elements will be zero.
Justification: The junction rule is in accordance with the conservation of charge that serves as a basis of the current rule while
loop rule is based on the law of conservation of energy.
18. Req = R + r = 4 + 2 = 6Ω
12 V
∴ I =
ε

Req
=
6Ω
= 2A
Terminal p.d. across the cell,
V = E - Ir = 12 - 2 × 2 = 8 V
P.D. across 4Q resistance = 4Ω × 2 A = 8 V
Hence, the voltmeter gives the same reading in the two cases.
19. Total resistance, R = 0.5 + 0.25 + 2.25 = 3.0 Ω
Total emf, ε = 1.5 + 1.5 = 3.0 V
Current in the circuit, I = = = 1.0 A ε

R
3.0

3.0

P.D. across the first cell

V1 = ε - Ir1 = 1.5 - 1.0 × 0.5 = 1.0 A

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 P.D. across the second cell
V2 = ε - Ir2 = 1.5 - 1.0 × 0.25 = 1.25 A
Section C
20. i. ε = P.D. measured in open circuit = 1.53 V
ii. R = =V

I
1.03
= 1.03Ω
1.00

ε − V 1.53 − 1.03
iii. r = R ( V
) = 1.03 (
1.03
) = 0.50 Ω

21. From Kirchhoff's first law, I = I1+I2

Applying Kirchhoff's second law for the loop 1 of Figure, we get

I1 × 4 + I × 2 = 5
or I1 × 4 + (I1 + I2) × 2 = 5
or 6I1 + 2I2 = 5 ...(i)
Similarly, from the loop 2, we get
I2 × 6 - I1 × 4 = 0
or 4I1 = 6I2 ...(ii)
Solving equations (i) and (ii), I2 = 11
5
A
This will be the reading of the ammeter. On interchanging the cell and the ammeter, the circuit takes the form as shown in Figure.
Again, we can show that
I2 = A5

11

22. i. To measure current upto 5A, the shunt S should have a value, such that for 5A input current through system, 4A should pass
through shunt S and 1 A should pass through given ammeter.
We know that Shunt (S) is given by
RA ig
S =
i−ig

RA is Internal resistance of the ammeter.

ig = 4A, I = 5A, RA = 0.80Ω

1 × RA = 4S ⇒ 1 × 0.8 = 4S

⇒ S = 0.2Ω

Thus, the shunt resistance should be 0.2Ω in order to measure current 5A through the circuit.
ii. Combined resistance of the ammeter and the shunt, as they are in parallel combination.
0.8S 0.8×0.2 0.16
R= = = = 0.16Ω
0.5+S 0.8+0.2 1

23. i. Here E = 12 V, I = 90 A, r = 5.0 × 10-2Ω

Terminal voltage, V = E - Ir = 12 - 4.5 = 7.5 V.
ii. The maximum current can be drawn from a battery by shorting it.
ε
Then V = 0 and Imax = r
=
12

500
A = 24 mA.
Clearly, the battery is useless for starting the car and must be charged again.
iii. During discharge of the accumulator, the current inside the cells (of the accumulator) is opposite to what it is when the
accumulator discharges. That is, during charging, current flows from the + ve to -ve terminal inside the cells. Consequently,
during charging V = E + Ir
Hence V must be greater than 12 V during charging.
Section D

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24. i. The free electrons, in a metal, (flowing by themselves), have a random distribution of their velocities. Hence the net charge
crossing any cross-section, in-unit time, is zero.
The 'drift velocity’ equals the average (time dependant) velocity acquired by free electrons, under the action of an applied
(external) electric field. or The drift velocity is defined as the average velocity with which free electrons in a conductor get
drifted under the influence of an external electric field applied across the conductor.
We have, for an applied electric field E⃗
⃗
eE
a⃗ = −
m
⃗
eE
⃗ = (v1
∴ vd ⃗ ) = − (t)
average m average
The average time, between successive collisions, is called the 'Relaxation time' and is denoted by τ
→
e E
⃗ = −(
∴ vd )τ
m

Because of the drift, we can write

I Δt = +neA ∣ ⃗ ∣
∣vd ∣ Δt
2
ne A ⃗
= τ Δt|E |
m

But I = |J |A
⃗

2
⃗ ne ⃗
∴ |I | = τ |E |
m
→
But |J |⃗ = σ| E |
2

∴ σ = conductivity = ne

m
τ

Also we can write I = neAv d

ii. We have
1 m
ρ = =
σ 2
ne τ
1
∴ ρ ∝
τ

25. i. Without using Kirchhoff's laws

Consider a battery connected between A and B. The circuit now has a plane of symmetry. This plane of symmetry passes
through the mid-points of AB and CD and the vertex O. So, the currents are same in (i) AO and OB (ii) DO and OC. Now, OA
and OB can be treated as a series combination which gives resistance 25. Also DO and OC are in series combination. This
2

gives 2r. It is in parallel with DC. This gives a resistance of 2r×r

2r+r
or 2r

3r
=
2r

3
. This is in series with resistances AD and CB.
2r 8r 8r
This gives 3
+ 2r i.e. 3
. Now, 3
, resistor AB and combination of AO and BO i.e. 2r are in parallel. If R is the equivalent
resistance, then
1 3 1 1 3+8+4 15
= + + = =
R 8r r 2r 8r 8r
8r
R=
15

ii. By using Kirchhoff's laws

Using Kirchhoff's second law in loop DOCD, we get
-I3r - I3r + (I2 - I3) = 0
or, -3I3r + I2r = 0
I2
or I 3 =
3
...(i)
Again, using Kirchhoff's second law to loop AOBA, we get
-I1r - I1r + (I - I1 - I2)r = 0
or 3I1 + I2 = 1 ...(ii)
Considering loop ADCBA, we get
-I2r - (I2 - I3)r - I2r + (I - I1 - I2)r = 0
or Ir - I1r - 4I2r + I3r = 0
I2
or I = I1 + 4I2 - I3 or I = I 1 + 4I2 −
3

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 Using equation (i),
11
I = I1 + I2
3

Using equation (ii),

3I1 + I2 = I1 +
11

3
I2 or I
2 =
3

4
I1

From equation (ii),

3 15
I = 3I1 + I1 = I1
4 4

Considering circuit ABEA,

E - (I - I1 - I2)r = 0
or E = (I - I1 - I2)r
15 3
= ( I1 − I1 − I1 ) r
4 4

or E = 2I1r
If R is the total resistance then E = I r
or E = I R 15

4
1

2I1 r =
15

4
I1 R (from (iii))
15 8r
∴
4
R = 2r or R = 15

26. i. Drift Velocity : It the average velocity with which electrons move along the conductor under influence of electric field. Or
Average velocity acquired by the electrons in the conductor in the presence of external electric field.v = d
I

neA

ii. Specific resistance or resistivity of the material of a conductor is defined as the resistance of a unit length with unit area of
cross-section of the material of the conductor.
The unit of resistivity is ohm-meter or Ω -m.
we know that
R = ρ(l/A)

⇒ ρ = RA/l

From Ohm's law, we get

V = IR
⇒ El = neAvdR

⇒ R = El/neAvd and v d
= eEτ /m
El×m ml
So, R = 2
=
2
n e AEτ n e Aτ

Substituting the value of R = ml

2
in Eq. (i), we have
n e Aτ

2
ρ = (ml/ne Aτ ) ⋅ A/l

⇒ Resistivity of the material is given by, ρ = m/ne τ 2

where τ = average relaxation time.

From the above formula, it is clear that resistivity of a conductor depends upon the following factors:
a. ρ ∝ 1

n
, i.e., the resistivity of material is inversely proportional to the number density of free electrons . As the free
electron density depends upon the nature of material, so resistivity of a conductor depends on the nature of the material.
b. ρ ∝ 1/τ , i.e. the resistivity of a material is inversely proportional to the average relaxation time τ of free electrons in the
conductor. As the value of τ depends on the temperature as temperature increases, τ decreases, hence ρ increases.

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iii. Alloys like Constantan and Manganin are used for making standard resistors because
a. they have high value of resistivity
b. temperature coefficient of resistance is less

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