UNIT 1 SOCIAL LANGUAGE

UNIVERSITE POLYTECHNIQUE DE BINGERVILLE
LICENCE 1
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UNIT 1: SOCIAL LANGUAGE
The first time you meet someone, you spend some time “relationship building”. Every language has
fixed expressions which are used on particular social occasions. The topics discussed in this unit
will help you decide what to say, how to behave, and how to address someone in a particular
situation – how to use some of the most important English expressions of this kind.
Brainstorming
1) In your country, do the people talk socially to new or potential business partners, to get to know a
bit about them, before starting business meeting or negotiation?
Why is (or isn’t) this considered important?
2) Which countries and cultures do you think find social relations very important in business? Put the
following countries in order. Which of them do you think spend the most time in small-talk or
socializing before a meeting, or before agreeing to do business?
Brazil China Germany Russia
Britain Egypt Japan USA
3) Have you ever met visitors from abroad? Is it easy to have a conversation?
4) How do you greet and introduce visitors?
I-BEING POLITE
Excuse me! is used:
 To politely get someone’s attention: Excuse me, is this your stapler?
 to call a waiter in a restaurant
 Before interrupting or disturbing somebody: Excuse me. Could I get past? Excuse me for a moment.
 To disagree politely with someone: Excuse me, but I don’t think that’s true.
Sorry! is used:
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 After interrupting or disturbing someone: Sorry, did I step on your foot? Sorry to disturb you -
could I speak to you for a moment?
 To ask people to repeat: Bill’s on the phone. – Sorry? – I said Bill’s on the phone.
 For correcting yourself: My phone number is 41 376548, sorry, 41576548
I’m afraid is used:
 To introduce a polite refusal, or bad news. It often means “I’m sorry to tell you:
 I’m afraid I can’t help you. I’m afraid I forgot to buy the stamps.
 In short answers: Is there any left? – I’m afraid not. It’s going to rain. – Yes, I’m afraid so.
I-GIVING PERSONAL INFORMATION

Personal information questions are the basis for any conversation in English and are so important,
when you meet somebody for the first time. They are the building blocks from which the rest of the
conversation can be developed.
A. Giving one’s profile
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1-Names
What is your name? 2-Education
My name is Robert
What do you study?
What is your surname / last name?
Are you a graduate or an undergraduate student?
My surname / last name is Jackson.
Are you a part-time or a full-time student?
Do you have a nickname?
Which degree will you earn when you graduate?
Yes, my nickname is Freddy or No, I don’t.
In which area do you intend to major or
specialize?
3-Work and Occupation 4-Marital Status
What do you do? Are you married / single?
I am a doctor. Yes, I am. Or No I’m not.
Where do you work? Do you have a boyfriend / girlfriend?
I work at GSW. Yes, I do. Or No, I don’t.
Do you like your job? What is your partner’s name?
Yes, I do. Or No, I don’t. My partner’s name is John/ Mary.
Why do you like your job?
I like my job because _______.
5-Age 6-Contact Information
How old are you? Where are you from?
I am 21 years old. I am from Ivory Coast
When is your birthday? What is your address?
My birthday is on the 22nd of July. My address is 12 PO Box 3456 Abj. 12.
Where were you born? What is your phone number?
I was born in Abidjan. My phone number is 225 225678954.
What is your cell phone number?
My cell phone number is 08657435
Do you live with your parents?

Yes, I do. Or No, I don’t.
Do you live alone?
Yes, I do. Or No, I don’t.
Who do you live with?
I live with my parents.
Do you live in a house or an apartment?
I live in a/an apartment.
What is your e-mail address?
My e-mail address is nicky@yahoo.fr
7-Free time activities

What do you do in your free time?
In my free time I read.
What are your hobbies?
My hobbies are playing back music and
swimming.
What type of music do you like?
I like country music.
Do you have a favourite singer or group?
My favourite singer is Sean / group is….. .
What types of movies do you like?
I like western movies.
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B-An Example of personal information
My name is Pablo. I am from Barcelona, in Spain. I am Dutch. I am married and have two
children. My wife, Jennifer, is American. She is from Boston in The United States. Her family
is still in Boston, but she now works and lives with me in Milan. We speak English, Spanish,
German and Italian! Our children are pupils at a local primary school. The children go to school
with other children from all over the world. Jessica, our daughter, has friends from France,
Switzerland, Austria and Sweden. Hans, our son, goes to school with students from South
Africa, Portugal, Spain and Canada. Of course, there are many children from Italy. Imagine,
French, Swiss, Austrian, Swedish, South African, American, Italian, Spanish and Canadian
children all learning together in Italy!
EXERCISES
Exercise 1
Complete the Personal Information Form below
IGH Company
Form to be completed by supervisor and signed by both supervisor and employee.

Employee Name (last, first):…………………………………………………………………….
Address:…………………………………………………………………………………………
Telephone number (home):……………………………………………………………………..
Telephone number (cell):………………………………………………………………………..
Emergency contact name:……………………………………………………………………….
Relationship: ……………………………………………………………………………………
Telephone number (work):………………………………………………………………………
Telephone number (cell):………………………………………………………………………..
Supervisor’s name:………………………………………………………………………………
Signature:………………………………………. Date:…………………………………………
Employee Signature:…………………………….Date:………………………………………...
Exercise 2
Write a paragraph giving personal information about yourself by using a variety of verbs
correctly.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Exercise 3:
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Write a paragraph about someone else. You can write about a friend or someone from
your family.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
GRAMMAR
I- THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
 Formula
[VERB] + s / es in third person as an exception we have the verb to be.
Please see below with the verb to be.
To form the Present Simple Tense we use the verb's base form (go, work, speak, study). In 3rd
person singular (he, she, it), the base form of the verb takes -s/es. (Auxiliary verbs "be," "do,"
"have", which can also be used as main verbs, are exceptions.)
We use the Present Simple Tense:
when we talk about things that happen repeatedly or habitually.
With Present Simple Tense we often use time expressions such as always, often, sometimes,
usually, seldom, on Saturdays, rarely, never, every day, etc.
Examples
1. Philip gets up at 6 o'clock every morning.

2. I go to school every day.
3. She sometimes goes out on Friday night.
4. I usually sleep late on Sunday morning.
5. Peter works for 8 hours every day.
6. We usually start work at 8 o'clock.
7. My children often watch TV in the afternoon.
8. He always forgets his keys.
A. Affirmative form
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I, you, we, they work
he / she / it works /-s/
go - goes /-es/
watch - watches /-es/
play - plays /-s/
study - studies /-es/
We use the Present Simple Tense:
1. When we talk about permanent or long-lasting situations.
Examples
1. I work in a bank.
2. Kate speaks English very well.
3. Tom lives in London.
2. When we talk about people or things in general
Examples
1. People make choices because they can't have everything they want.
2. Nurses work in clinics and hospitals.
3. Football is a very popular sport in Bulgaria.
3. to indicate general truths, facts and scientific laws
Examples
1. The Earth is spherical.

2. My birthday is in May.
3. California is in the United States.
4. The sun rises in the east.
5. Water freezes at 0°C (32°F).
4. When we talk about travel plans and timetables (mainly with verbs such as go, leave, arrive,
start, come, return etc.)
Examples
1. We arrive in Rome at 6 p.m.

2. The train leaves in five minutes.
3. The course starts next Thursday.
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5. With state (or stative) verbs such as like, dislike, love, think, seem, look, know, feel,
understand, want, need, hate, remember, forget, prefer, believe, mean, taste, hear, see,
have(when the meaning is "possess"), own, belong, etc. These verbs are not normally used in
the Continuous Tense (but there are exceptions).
Examples
1. She loves jazz music.

2. My aunt hates travelling by train.
3. I like ice cream. I don't like spinach.
4. I think she is a wonderful person.
5. Do you believe in God?
6. I have no money at the moment.
7. My brother has a new car.
8. That bicycle belongs to me.
6. To give instructions/directions
Examples
1. Pour all ingredients into a mixing bowl and mix until smooth.
2. Walk down the street to the corner and then turn right.
!Remember:
to be
I/you/we/they are
he/she/it is
to do
I/you/we/they do
he/she/it does
to have
I/you/we/they have
he/she/it has
b. The Present Simple Tense is also used in:
sentences after "when", "after", "while", "till" / "until", "before", "as soon as" - When
the rain stops, we'll go out.
I'll call you back as soon as I return home.
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Zero conditional sentences (when the result of the condition is always true) - If you heat
water to 100°C (212°F), it boils.
First conditional sentences (Often called the "real" conditional because it is used for real (or
possible) situations. These situations take place if a certain condition is met.) - If you finish
your homework I'll bring you to the zoo.
c. Negative form
I, you DO NOT /don't/

we, they WORK
he/she/it DOES NOT

/doesn't / WORK
Examples
1. She doesn't often go to the cinema.

2. I don't get up early at the weekend.
3. They don't speak English very well.
d. Interrogative form
I
DO you WORK?
We
they
DOES he/she/it WORK?

Examples
1. Do they speak foreign languages?
2. Do you want a banana?
3. Does your sister play the piano?
Examples
Yes, I do.
No, I don't.
Yes, she does.
No, she doesn't
Notes about formation of the 3rd person singular (he, she, it):
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If the verb ends in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x or -o, add -es to the base form:
If the verb ends in consonant + y change y to i and add -es:
Examples
kiss - kisses, finish - finishes, watch - watches, mix - mixes, go – goes
study - studies, copy - copies, try - tries, carry - carries
II- PRESENT CONTINUOUS
 Formula
TO BE + VERB+ING
Am + VERB+ING
Is + VERB+ING
Are + VERB+ING
 Spelling of ING
End of verb Ing form
Rule 1 Consonant + e ... drop the e and add ING

Example: to smile smiling
To write writing
Rule 2 One vowel+ Consonant ... double the consonant and add ING
Example: to sit sitting
To run running
Rule 3 Two vowel+ one Consonant ... add ING do not double the consonant
Example: to rain raining
To read reading
Rule 4 Consonant + e ... drop the e and add ING
Example: to smile smiling
To write writing
Please see the board below. With the example
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Affirmative statement Negative statement Interrogative form
I am looking We are looking I am not We are not Am I Are we
looking looking looking? looking?
You are You are you are not You are not Are you Are you
looking looking looking looking looking? looking?
He is looking He is not Is he Are they
They are looking looking? looking?
She is looking looking She is not They are not Is she
looking looking looking?
It is looking It is not looking Is it looking?
 Usage
The present continuous is used for:

 Action taking place at the time of speaking.
Example: It's raining. Who is Kate talking to on the phone?
 The action is true at the present time but we don't think it will be true in the long term.
Example: I'm looking for a new apartment.
He's thinking about leaving his job.
 The action is at a definite point in the future and it has already been arranged.
Example: I'm meeting her at 6.30.
They aren't arriving until Tuesday.
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EXERCISES
Exercise 1
1- Present simple or continuous
At work Mark is talking to Alan in the corridor. Complete their conversation.

Put in the present continuous or simple of the verbs.
Mark: Are you looking (you / look) for someone?
Alan: Yes, / need (I / need) to speak to Neil. He isn't in his office.
Mark: (1)…………(He / talk) to the boss at the moment. (2)…. (I / think) (3)……… (They /
discuss) money.
Alan: Oh, right. And what about you? (4)………………(You / look) for someone too?
Mark: Yes, Linda. (5)...................................(You / know) where she is?
Alan: Oh, she isn't here today. She only (6)……………(work) four days a week.
(7)...............................(she / not / work) on Fridays. She'll be here on Monday.
Mark: Thank you. (8) ......................(you / know) a lot about Linda.
Alan: Well, most days (9) ..................(I / give) her a lift, Or(10.......................(she / give) me
one. (11) ………(she / live) quite close to me. (12)....................(it / save) petrol.
Mark: Yes, of course. Good idea. Yes, (13)......................... (1/ agree). Well, (14) ........... ....(I /
waste) my time here then. I'll get back to my computer.
2 -present simple or continuous

Complete the sentences. Put in the present continuous or simple of the verbs.
Today (be) ……the second day of my trek around Mount Annapurna. I am exhausted and my
legs (shake) ; I just hope I am able to complete the trek. My feet (kill, really)…….me and my
toes (bleed)……, but I (want, still)……..to continue. Nepal is a fascinating country, but I have
a great deal to learn. Everything (be)……so different and I (try)…….to adapt to the new way of
life here. I (learn)……a little bit of the language to make communication easier; unfortunately,
I (learn, not)………foreign languages quickly. Although I (understand, not)…………much yet,
I believe that I (improve, gradually)……….I (travel, currently)…….with Liam, a student from
Leeds University in England. He (be)……..a nice guy, but impatient. He (walk, always)………
ahead of me and (complain)………that I am too slow. I (do)………. my best to keep up with
him, but he is younger and stronger than I am. Maybe, I am just feeling sorry for myself
because I am getting old.
Right now, Liam (sit)……….with the owner of the inn. They (discuss)……….the differences
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between life in England and life in Nepal. I (know, not)………..the real name of the owner, but
everybody (call, just)………..him Tam. Tam (speak) English very well and he (try)
…………..to teach Liam some words in Nepali. Every time Tam (say)……..a new word, Liam
(try)………to repeat it. Unfortunately, Liam (seem, also)………..to have difficulty learning
foreign languages. I just hope we don't get lost and have to ask for directions.
UNIT 2 : FAME
READING FOR COMPREHENSION
His early life
On 25 October, 1881, a baby boy was born in Malaga, Spain it was a difficult birth and to help
him breathe. Cigar smoke was blown into his nose! This baby grew up to be one of the
twentieth century’s greatest painters - PABLO PICASSO.
Picasso showed his genius from a very young age. His first word was lapiz (Spanish for pencil)
and he could draw before talk. He was the one son in the family, so was thoroughly spoiled. He
hated school and often to go unless he was allowed to take one of his father’s pet pigeons with
him!
A part from pigeons, his great love was art. When in 1891 his father got a job as an art teacher,
Pablo went with him to work and watched him paint. Sometimes he was allowed to help. One
evening his father was painting a picture of their pigeons when he had to leave the room. When
he returned, Pablo had completed the picture. It was so beautiful and lifelike that he gave his
son his palette and brushes and never painted again. Pablo was just thirteen.
His life as an artist
His genius as an artist was soon recognized by many people, but others were shocked by his
strange and powerful paintings. He is probably best known for his Cubist pictures. His portraits
of people were often made up of triangles and squares with their features in the wrong places.
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One of his most famous portraits was the American writer Gertrude Stein, who he met after
he’d moved to Paris in 1904.
His work changed ideas about art around the world, and to millions of people, modern art
means the work of Picasso. Guernica, which he painted in 1937, records the bombing of that
small Basque town during the Spanish Civil War and undoubtedly one of the masterpieces of
modern painting.
His final years
Picasso married twice and also had many mistresses. He had four children. The last, Paloma,
was born in 1949 when he was 68 years old. At the age of ninety he was honoured by an
exhibition in the Louvre in Paris. He was the first living artist to be shown there.
Picasso created over 6,000 painters, drawings and sculptures. Today, a Picasso costs millions of
pounds. Once, the French Minister of Culture was visiting Picasso, the artist accidentally spilled
some paint on the minister’s trousers. Picasso apologized and wanted to pay for them to be
cleaned but the Minister said,” Non! Please, Monsieur Picasso, just sign my trousers”!
Picasso died of heart failure during an attack of influenza in 1973.
COMPREHENSION CHECK
1) What is the text about?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………
2) When did Picasso start painting?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
3) How can you describe the live of Pablo Picasso?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
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4) Summarize each paragraph in 3 lines.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………
SPEAKING / LISTENING
A-Discuss the questions below.
1) Have you ever seen a celebrity in person? What did you do?
2) Which celebrity would you like to meet? What would you do if you could spend a day with this
person?
B-Work in pairs
1) Do you think famous people have the right to have a private life?
2) Do you think it's moral to sell your private life to the media?
3) Would you like to be famous? Why?
GRAMMAR
PAST TENSE AND PAST CONTINUOUS
A/ DEFINITION OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
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The simple past tense, sometimes called the preterit, is used to talk about a completed action in
a time before now. The simple past is the basic form of past tense in English. The time of the
action can be in the recent past or the distant past and action duration is not important.
EXAMPLES
 John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.

 My father died last year.
 He lived in Fiji in 1976.
 We crossed the Channel yesterday.
You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated
with certain past time expressions
 frequency: often, sometimes, always

I sometimes walked home at lunchtime.
I often brought my lunch to school.
 a definite point in time: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago
We saw a good film last week.
Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
She finished her work at seven o'clock
I went to the theatre last night
 an indefinite point in time: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago People lived in
caves a long time ago.
 She played the piano when she was a child.
Note: the word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into the past. It is placed after the
period of time: a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.
FORMING THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE
PATTERNS OF SIMPLE PAST TENSE FOR REGULAR VERBS
Affirmative
Subject + verb + ed
I skipped
Negative
Subject + did not + infinitive without to
They didn't go
Interrogative
Did + subject + infinitive without to
Did she arrive?
Interrogative negative
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Did not + subject + infinitive without to
Didn't you play?
TO WALK
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I walked I didn't walk Did I walk?
You walked You didn't walk Did you walk?
He walked He didn't walk Did he walk?
We walked We didn't walk Did we walk?
They walked They didn't walk Did they walk?
SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO

Subject Verb
Be Have
I was had
You were had
He/She/It was had
We were had
You were had
They were had
NOTES ON AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE, & INTERROGATIVE FORMS
AFFIRMATIVE
The affirmative of the simple past tense is simple.
 I was in Japan last year

 She had a headache yesterday.
 We did our homework last night.
NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE

For the negative and interrogative simple past form of "do" as an ordinary verb, use the
auxiliary "do", e.g. We didn't do our homework last night.
The negative of "have" in the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary "do", but
sometimes by simply adding not or the contraction "n't".
The interrogative form of "have" in the simple past normally uses the auxiliary "do".
EXAMPLES
 They weren't in Rio last summer.
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 We didn't have any money.
 We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
 We didn't do our exercises this morning.
 Were they in Iceland last January?
 Did you have a bicycle when you were young?
 Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?
Note: For the negative and interrogative form of all verbs in the simple past, always use the
auxiliary 'did''.
SIMPLE PAST, IRREGULAR VERBS
Some verbs are irregular in the simple past. Here are the most common ones.
TO GO
 He went to a club last night.
 Did he go to the cinema last night?
 He didn't go to bed early last night.
TO GIVE
 We gave her a doll for her birthday.
 They didn't give John their new address.
 Did Barry give you my passport?
TO COME
 My parents came to visit me last July.

 We didn't come because it was raining.
 Did he come to your party last week?
EXERCISES
Exercise 1
1) I …………………….………………(Work) in a bank for ten years..
2) Where………………….……………(you/live) when you were young?.
3) She……………………..……………(not/study) French at university.
4) He……………………………………(Travel) through the middle east last year..
5)……………………………………….. (They/visit) the Louvre in Paris?
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6) She……………………………………(not/watch) TV yesterday..
7) We……………….……………………(Buy) a new car last weekend..
8) Where…………… ……………………(you/teach) before you came here?.
9) He………………………………………(not/think) that he was right..
10) I…………………………………….. (cook) steak last night..
11)…………………………………….. (Lucy/read) 'War and Peace' at school?
12) She………………………………… (not/write) to her grandmother..
13) We…………………………………. (have) a computer when I was a child..
14) Where………………………………. (you/go) on holiday?.
15) I……………………………………. (love) ice cream when I was a child..
16) They………………………………. (not/meet) yesterday..
17)………………………………………(she/swim) in the sea in Greece?.
18) We………………………………… (not/play) tennis yesterday because it was raining..
19) He………………………………….. (try) to lift the box but he couldn't...
20) What……………………………….. (you/eat) for lunch?.
Exercise 2
1) Last year I (go)………………………… to England on holiday.

2) It (be)…………………………………….. fantastic.
3) I (visit)…………………………………… lots of interesting places. I (be) with two friends
of mine .
4) In the mornings we (walk)………….. in the streets of London.
5) In the evenings we (go)……………… to pubs.
6) the weather (be)………………….. strangely fine.
7) It (not / rain)…………………………a lot.
8) But we (see)……………………… some beautiful rainbows.
9) Where (spend / you)……………. your last holiday?
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II-PAST CONTINUOUS
1. The most common use of the past continuous tense is to talk about something that was
happening around a particular time in the past.
 What were you doing at 8 o’clock last night? I was watching television.
I started watching television before 8 o’clock and I continued watching it after 8 o’clock.
 In 1994 he was working in a small town in Poland.

 At 6 o’clock on Saturday morning we were travelling to the airport.
2. We often use the past continuous and the past simple tense together. When this happens,
the past continuous describes a longer, ‘background’ action or situation and the past
simple describes the action or events.
 When I woke up this morning it was raining and my father was singing in the kitchen.
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 I was walking home, whistling happily, when I saw two masked men run out of the bank.
Often, the ‘action’ described by the past simple tense interrupts the ‘situation’ described by
the past continuous tense.
 I broke my leg when I was skiing.

 I was playing a computer game when the doorbell rang.
Notice that the past continuous describes ‘situations’ that go on for some time – ‘skiing’ and
‘playing’ but the past simple describes ‘actions’ that happen quickly – ‘broke’ and ‘rang’.
Notice too the important difference between these two sentences.
 When they arrived, Jeff was cooking dinner. Jeff started cooking before they arrived.
 When they arrived, Jeff cooked dinner. Jeff started cooking dinner after they arrived.
FORMING THE PAST CONTINUOUS

The past continuous of any verb is composed of two parts : the past tense of the verb "to be"
(was/were), and the base of the main verb +ing.
Subject was/were base + ing

They were watching
Affirmative
She was reading
Negative
She wasn't reading
Interrogative
Was She reading ?
Interrogative negative
wasn't She reading ?
Example
TO PLAY, PAST CONTINUOUS

Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I was playing I was not playing Was I playing?
You were playing You were not playing Were you playing?
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He was playing He wasn't playing Was he playing?
We were playing We weren't playing Were we playing?
EXERCISES
Exercise 1
Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the past continuous.
1. I…………… (sleep) when you called me.
2. They…………. (eat)dinner when you arrived.
3. Rita …………… (walk) when it started to rain.
4. Rick and Sue ………. (take) their dog for a walk when it started to snow.
5. While you ………….. (clean), I was watching television.
6. The children ………… (laugh) through the movie.
7. It ………… (rain) all day yesterday.
8. He ………….. (run) while she was riding her bicycle.
9. They ………… (jog) while I was sleeping.
10. The women ………….. (work) when the fire alarm rang.
Exercise 2
Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the past continuous.
1. Richard …………… (drive) very fast when the police stopped him.
2. The bird ……………. (sing)when the cat attacked it.
3. The boys ……………. (play) when the teacher told them to stop.
4. I …………….. (watch) a movie when you called.

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5. Sharon and Susan ……….. (do) their homework when the professor arrived.
6. While you ………… (complain), I was working.
7. They …………. (listen) to music while they were studying.
8. She ………….. (wash) her car when it started to rain.
9. Jim …………… (water) the plants while I was cutting the grass.
10. I …………….. (pay) attention while the man was speaking.
Exercise 3
Write the verbs in the past simple or past continuous
1) What …….. (Do) when I ………………………………………….. (Call) you last night?
2) I …………. (Sit) in a cafe when you ……………………………… (Call)
3) When you ……………. (Arrive) at the party, who ………………... (Be) there?
4) Susie …………. (Watch) a film when she ………………………….. (Hear) the noise
5) Yesterday I ………… (Go) to the library, next I ……………………..(Have) a swim, later I

………………………………(meet) Julie for coffee
6) We ………….. (Play) tennis when John ……………………………..(Hurt) his ankle...
7) What ………………………………….(They/do) at 10pm last night - it was really noisy?
8) He ……………………………….(Take) a shower when the telephone …………. (Ring)
9) He ………….. (Be) in the shower when the telephone………….. (Ring)
10) When I…………. (Walk) into the room, everyone…………….. (Work)
11) It …………. (Be) a day last September. The sun………………….. (Shine)and the birds
………………. (Sing) I …….……….. (Walk) along the street when I………………. (meet) an
old friend
12) He ………….…… (Live) in Russia when the Revolution …………..… (start)
23
13) When her train ………..……. (Get) to the station, we ………………. (wait) on the
platform
14) He ………..…….. (Be) so annoying! He ……………….. (always leave) his things

everywhere
15) On holiday we ………….…… (visit) Rome ……………… (See) the Vatican, and (spend)
a few days at the beach.
16) Why …………. (Stand) on a chair when I …………… (Come) into the room?
17) They …………. (Lived) in Germany when they………… (Be) young
18) At 7pm yesterday, we…………… (Listen) to music..
19) When I…………. (Leave) the house, it…………….. (snow)...
20) He………… (Work) in a bank when he………… (meet) his wife...
24
UNIT 3: A MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY
Task 1 – Questionnaire
Where do your parents originally come from?
• Have they always lived in your town?
• Where were your grandparents born?
• Did they ever move to another town or country? When? Why?
• Has anyone in your family ever emigrated? Where did they go? Why?
Task 2
In pairs or groups, discuss which of the following factors might decide a person’s ethnic group?
• religion
• sex
• skin colour
• language
• country of origin
• political opinions
Task 3 – Reading
Multicultural Society
25
The UK has welcomed newcomers for centuries. It is a mixture of diverse ethnic groups, each
with their own distinct culture and sometimes their own language or religion. This month is
Black History month,celebrating the contribution that Afro Caribbean people have made to
British society. Many British Asians will be celebrating Ramadan soon. There are 1.5 million
Muslims in Britain with over 6,000 mosques. Asian can be a misleading term as it refers to all
those people with roots or family connections in the former British colonies of India, Pakistan,
Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Asian does not always mean that the person is of Indian descent.
Not all Asians are Muslim. Some are Hindus and others are Sikhs. These 2 groups celebrate the
festival of Diwalli on November 6th. The Irish have come to Britain for many years, looking for
work. After World War Two Irish and other European workers were encouraged to take factory
jobs. Britain couldn’t get enough workers to help rebuild the economy and to work in the new
Health Service so employers also looked to former colonies and Commonwealth countries.
India, countries in Africa and the Caribbean had been controlled by Britain in the past and had
strong cultural links with Britain, including the language. Many arrived in the hope of building
a new life for their young families.
The descendants of these immigrants are now the teachers, the footballers, the TV presenters,
the musicians and the politicians that shape British society. There are numerous ethnic
newspapers, magazines, TV programmes, radio stations and internet sites for each community.
The largest groups live in and around the capital London and many other groups are
concentrated in the industrial centres in Yorkshire, The Midlands and the South East.
Ethnic minorities timeline

• 19th century: Jewish arrivals from Russia/Poland, escaping persecution;
• Irish people escape from poverty in rural Ireland
• 1948 –50s: Caribbean workers invited to help rebuild post war Britain
• 1950s-60s: Asians from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh escape poverty
• 1970s: East African Asians escape persecution and Vietnamese escape war
• 1980s: Eastern European refugees arrive from war and political unrest in Romania and
the former Yugoslavia.
Ethnic groups in the UK(6.5% of the British population are from ethnic minorities) • White
– 53,074,000 (includes Irish, Polish, Italian etc).
26
• Black Caribbean – 490,000
• Black African – 376,000
• Black other – 308,000
• Indian – 930,000
• Pakistani – 663,000
• Bangladeshi –268,000
• Chinese – 137,000
• Other Asian – 209,000 (includes Vietnamese, Malaysian, Thai)
Other – 424,000 (people who did not think they fitted the above categories)
Task 4 – Interpretation
• Name as many former British colonies as you can.
• Why are the colonies important in understanding the UK today?
• Did your country have any colonies? When? Where?
• What was the main reason for immigration to Britain after the war?
• Think of 2 other possible reasons for ethnic groups to change country.
• Where did most immigrants in the UK decide to live? What parts of your country might
attract immigrants? Why?
Task 5 - Your country
• Describe your own ethnic group. Why do you belong to this group? Is your group a
minority group in your own country?
• Describe the different ethnic groups that make up your country. Do you know the
numbers for each group? Which are the main minority groups? Where did they
27
originate? When and why did they move to your country? How do they contribute to the
life of your nation?
• Task 6 – Discussion
A group of immigrants or refugees will be arriving in your
school soon.
• What aspects of school life might they need help with?
• How would you make them feel welcome?
• Describe 3 things you could do to help them to get used to life in your country
UNIT 5: EDUCATION
Education can be defined as the training of mind and characters and is the key for any
development.
I-ROLE-PLAY
28
A - Part 1-style questions
Examiner: Are you studying English at a school?

Michel: Yes … I’m taking an intensive course at a local private language school … I attend
classes three times a week.
Examiner: Would you say you are a good student?

Susan: I’m OK I think … I’m pretty good at meeting deadlines and I’m keeping up with my
studies… plus I find it quite easy to learn things by heart which is useful when learning a
language.
Examiner: When you were younger did you enjoy your time at school?
Theo: Yes … I liked school … it was an ordinary state school … nothing special … a single-
sex school … which I’m not sure I liked … but the teachers were great … I had lots of friends
and I never played truant like some pupils there …
A- Part 2-style task
Describe a time during your education that you really enjoyed. You should say:
 When was this period ?

 Where were you?
 What were you studying at the time and say why you were so happy?
Caroline: I’d like to tell you about my time at university … I was a mature student … I
didn’t go to university until I was 25 … and it was my first time away from my parents so it
was very exciting … I was doing a Bachelors Degree and it was a bit of a challenge … some
people take a year out but I’d been away from education for 8 years … plus I had to work my
way through university so I was very busy … and sitting exams at the end of each year was a
new experience for me as well but I really enjoyed higher education learning about a subject I
loved … history … and the social life was great as well … I don’t think I’ve ever had so many
friends … I had my graduation ceremonylast year in the local cathedral and I know my
parents were really proud … so yes … that was a really happy time … I’m thinking of doing
29
a Master’s Degree soon … though that might be through distance learning as I have a full-
time job now …
B- Part 3-style questions
Examiner: What qualities do you think a good teacher has?

Anna: They should be patient … they should be subject specialists and be able to explain the
subject clearly … they should give feedback quickly … for examples not hang on to essay for
ages like some of my teachers …
Examiner: What are the advantages of studying on a distance learning course?

Florrie: It’s a more flexible way of studying especially if you have a job … tuition fees are
usually cheaper … but you have to be very motivated … and I would imagine more people fall
behind with their studies compared to face-to-face classes …
Examiner: Do all children get equal opportunities in education?

Julie: In my country I think it is quite equal but in the UK I’ve heard that most people who go
to the top universities have studied at public schools … you have to be very rich to study in a
school like that … they’re usually boarding schools as well so the fees are enormous …
II-VOCABULARY WORD BANK

30
WORDS MEANING
to attend classes to go to classes
A degree awarded by a college or university to a person who has completed
Bachelor’s degree undergraduate studies during three or four years.
boarding school a school where pupils live during term time
a way of studying where tuition is carried out over
distance learning the Internet or by post
as opposed to distance learning the traditional way of studying in a classroom
face-to-face classes with colleagues and a teacher
to fall behind with your studies to progress less quickly than others
to give feedback to offer guidance on a student’s work
an event where a successful student receives his
A graduation ceremony or her academic degree
education, usually in a college or university, that is followed after high school
higher education or secondary school
a student who is older than average and who has usually returned to education
A mature student after a period at work
to meet a deadline to finish a job or task in the time allowed or agreed
to play truant to stay away from classes without permission
A single-sex school a school where only boys or girls attend (as opposed to a mixed-sex school)
to take a year out to spend a year working or travelling before starting university
tuition fees the money paid for a course of study
Academic standards are public statements about what student should know and
academic standards be able to do .Academic standards define the knowledge and skills that students
are expected to learn in a subject in each grade.
to achieve high academic
standards To work hard in order to have good grade
to enrol for a course To register for a course
An amount money given by a school, college, university, or other
organization to pay for the studies of a person with great ability but little money
to win a scholarship
to be self-educated To be educated by one’s own effort, especially without formal instruction.
to have a free period To have holidays ( short time )
to be a chatterbox To be talkative
to play truant To stay away from classes without permission
to read law at IUA To learn Law at IUA
to graduate from Oxford To have diplomas from Oxford
to make progress To go ahead
to work your way through
university to have a paid job whilst studying to support yourself financially
31

1 - KNOWING UOUR ACADEMIC DEGREE
to work your way through to have a paid job whilst studying to support yourself financially
32
university
Education Possible Answers
What do you study?.....................................................................................................................
Which level are you?...................................................................................................................
Are you a graduate or an undergraduate student?..........................................................................
Are you a part-time or a full-time student?...................................................................................
Which degree will you earn when you graduate?..........................................................................
Will you hold a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree after a four-year undergraduate programme?..........
Will you hold a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree after a 4+1 year graduate programme?..................
In which area do you intend to major or specialize?.....................................................................
What is your career plan?...........................................................................................................
2- ACADEMIC DEGREE
 First degree
Bachelor’s degree
 Second degree
Master’s degree
 Third degree
Doctor’s degree, doctoral degree, Ph.D.
NOTE
Bachelor of Arts ( BA) Bachelor of Science ( BSc)
Master of Arts (MA) Master of Science (MSc)
In writing: Jake Lenard, BSc (rarely used)

Anne Stern, MA
Henry Hill, PhD
33
Examples:
She is a Bachelor of Economics.
She is a master’s degree in Economics.
She is a Master of Business Administration (MBA).
In conversation: « Mr Lenard ,…» ( no title)

« Ms Stern ,…» ( no title)
« Dr. Hill ,…» (Title)
Examples:
He has a BA in Economics.
He has received his PhD degree fromthe University of Oxford.
TOPICAL ISSUE
Part 1 –task card
How can education be a key for personal development?
Part 2
1. Is there a system of Free State education in your country?

2. Do you think school and university prepares young people adequately for real life?
3. Do you think schools provide enough careers advice to young people?
Example of Answer
Qu.1: Is there a system of Free State education in your country?
34
In my country there is a state education system offering free education for children from 3-18,
although parents still have to pay for food, materials, school trips and other extra-curricular
activities. This is only one part of the system, however, because there are also private schools
and semi-private schools, which are partly funded by the state. So on the one hand it appears
that we do have Free State education, but in actual fact it isn’t available to everyone because
places are limited.
READING
Before you read the text answer the following questions.
1. Do you use the Internet a lot? Why?
2. What search engine do you usually use?
TEXT: The importance of Google.
Since its start in 1998, Google has become one of the most popular search engines. It has grown
from a research project in the dormitory room of two college students to a business that now
employs approximately 20,000 people. Google’s founders, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, met in
1995 when they were in their twenties and graduate students in computer science at Stanford
University in California. They realized that Internet search was a very important field and
began working together to make searching easier. Both Page and Brin left their studies at
Stanford to work on their project. Interestingly, they have never returned to finish their degrees.
Brin was born in Russia, but he has lived in the U.S. since he was five years old. His father was
a mathematician in Russia. Page, whose parents were computer experts, has been interested in
computers since he was six years old. When Google started in 1998, it did 10,000 searches a
day. Today it does 235 million searches a day in 40 languages. It indexes 2 1 trillion Web
pages. How is Google different from other search engines? Have you ever noticed how many
ads and banners there are on other search engines? News, sports scores, stock prices, links for
shopping, mortgage rates, and more fill other search engines. Brin and Page wanted a clean
home page. They believed that people come to the Internet to search for specific information,
not to be hit with a lot of unwanted data. The success of Google over its rivals3 has proved that
this is true. Over the years, Google has added new features to its Web site: Google Images,
35
where you can type in a word and get thousands of pictures; Google News, which takes you to
today’s news; Google Maps; and more. But one thing hasn’t changed: the clean opening page
that Google offers its users. In 2009, Forbes.com listed Page and Brin as having net worths of
$12 billion each, at 36 and 35 years old.
COMPREHENSION CHECK
Tell if the sentence is true or false.
1. Google has grown over the years.
2. Sergey Brin has lived in the U.S. all his life.
3. Larry Page and Sergey Brin have known each other since they were children.
4. Larry Page has been interested in computers since he was a child.
5. Brin and Page have returned to college to finish their degrees.
6. Brin and Page have become rich.
7. The noun “Google” has become a verb.
GRAMMAR
I-THE PRESENT PERFECT
1-FORMULA
HAS /HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
36
Examples:
You have seen that movie many times.
Have you seen that movie many times?
You have not seen that movie many times
2-When to use The Present Perfect Tense
 We use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about experiences. It is important if we have done it in
our lives or not. It is not important when we did it.
Examples
I have been abroad two times.
Anna has never broken a leg.
Have you ever eaten sushi?
Tip! We often use never and ever with the Present Perfect Tense to talk about experience.
 We use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about an action which started in the past and
continuous up to now.
Examples
I have been a teacher for more than ten years.
We haven't seen Janine since Friday.
How long have you been at this school?
Tip! We often use since and for to say how long the action has lasted.
37
 We also use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about a past action that has the result in the
present.
Examples
I have lost my wallet. = I don't have it now.
Jimmy has gone to South America. = He isn't here now.
Have you finished your homework? = Is your homework ready?
Tip! We often use just, already and yet with the Present Perfect Tense for an action in the past
with the result in the present.
3-Signal Words of Present Perfect Simple
Already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now
We use the present perfect tense to show that an action or state started in the past and continues
to the present.
EXAMPLES EXPLANATION
Larry Page has been interested in computers Use for + an amount of time: for two
for many years. My sister has been a months, for three years, for one hour, for a
programmer for three years long time, etc.
Brin’s family has been in the U.S. since Use since with the date, month, year, etc.,
1979. I have had my computer since March. that the action began
Personal computers have been popular since
the 1980s
Brin has been interested in computers since Use since with the beginning of the
he was a child. I have had an e-mail account continuous action or state. The verb in the
since I bought my computer since clause is simple past.
How long has Brin’s family been in the Use how long to ask about the amount of
U.S.? How long have you had your time from the past to the present.
computer?
Larry Page has always lived in the U.S. He We use the present perfect with always to
has always been interested in computers show that an action began in the past and
continues to the present.
My grandmother has never used a computer. We use the present perfect with never to
Google has never put advertising on its show that something has not occurred from
38
opening page the past to the present.
Exercises
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the missing words.
I’ve known my best friend since we were in high school.
1. My brother has been in the U.S. ……………..1998.
2. My mother………………………. never been in the U.S.
3. How…………………………… have you been in the U.S.?
4. I’ve known the teacher since I………………….. to study at this school.
5. My sister’s……………………… married for two years.
6. She’s had the same job………………………… ten years.
7. My best friend and I…………………… known each other since we in elementary school.
8. She’……………………… been a student at this school September.
9. I’ve had my car for three years. ……………..long have you your car?
10. I’m interested in computers. I’ …………..interested in computers since I was in high
school.
11. …………….always wanted to have my own business. E
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences in Present Perfect Simple.
1. We are happy to inform you that we (establish)………….a new branch in Australia.

2. Bob Westley (sign / already)…………………….the contract.
3. We (acquire)…………….a new customer.
4. Alice Wilson (agree)……………to organise the teams.
5. I (print out / just)………………the letter.
6. Our customers (be / always)………….satisfied with our services.
7. Unfortunately, you (react / not)………..to our reminder notice.
8. Hannah (send / not)……………out the quotation yet.
39
9. (receive / you)…………..our order?
10. Which company (submit)…………..the most favourable offer?
Exercise 3
Write positive sentences in present perfect simple
The following people have just completed an action.
1. Bob / visit / his grandma……………………………………………………………..

2. Jimmy / play / on the computer………………………………………………………
3. Sue and Walter / wash / their car…………………………………………………….
4. Andrew / repair / his bike……………………………………………………………
5. Phil / help / Anne with maths……………………………………………………….
6. Brad and Louise / watch / a film……………………………………………………
7. Tamara / talk to / her best friend……………………………………………………
8. Bridgette / draw / a picture…………………………………………………………..
9. Carol / read / a computer magazine…………………………………………………
10. Tom and Alice / be / to a restaurant ……………………………………………….
Write negative sentences in present perfect simple.
The weather was wonderful today. So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not
done their household chores:
1. Sarah / not / wash the dishes…………………………………………………………

2. Anita / not / clean the kitchen……………………………………………………….
3. Maureen and Gavin / not / water the plants…………………………………………
4. Joey / not / make his bed……………………………………………………………
5. David / not / buy milk………………………………………………………………
6. Lisa / not / be to the baker's………………………………………………………..
7. Aran and Jack / not / do their homework…………………………………………..
8. Jane and Ben / not / tidy up their rooms……………………………………………….
9. Alex / not / feed the hamster…………………………………………………………
40
10. Hazel / not / empty the bin……………………………………………………………..
Write questions in present perfect simple.
1. you / answer / the question…………………………………………………………….

2. Jenny / lock / the door………………………………………………………………….
3. Walter / call / us……………………………………………………………………….
4. you / see / the picture………………………………………………………………….
5. your parents / get / the letter…………………………………………………………..
6. it / rain / a lot…………………………………………………………………………
7. how often / we / sing / the song……………………………………………………..
8. Maureen / watch / the film…………………………………………………………..
9. how many books / Bob / read……………………………………………………….
10. ever / you / be / to London ………………………………………………………….
41
UNIT 5: EDUCATION
Education can be defined as the training of mind and characters and is the key for any
development.
I-ROLE-PLAY
A - Part 1-style questions
Examiner: Are you studying English at a school?

Michel: Yes … I’m taking an intensive course at a local private language school … I attend
classes three times a week.
Examiner: Would you say you are a good student?

Susan: I’m OK I think … I’m pretty good at meeting deadlines and I’m keeping up with my
studies… plus I find it quite easy to learn things by heart which is useful when learning a
language.
Examiner: When you were younger did you enjoy your time at school?
Theo: Yes … I liked school … it was an ordinary state school … nothing special … a single-
sex school … which I’m not sure I liked … but the teachers were great … I had lots of friends
and I never played truant like some pupils there …
C- Part 2-style task
Describe a time during your education that you really enjoyed. You should say:
 When was this period ?

 Where were you?
 What were you studying at the time and say why you were so happy?
Caroline: I’d like to tell you about my time at university … I was a mature student … I
didn’t go to university until I was 25 … and it was my first time away from my parents so it
was very exciting … I was doing a Bachelors Degree and it was a bit of a challenge … some
people take a year out but I’d been away from education for 8 years … plus I had to work my
42
way through university so I was very busy … and sitting exams at the end of each year was a
new experience for me as well but I really enjoyed higher education learning about a subject I
loved … history … and the social life was great as well … I don’t think I’ve ever had so many
friends … I had my graduation ceremonylast year in the local cathedral and I know my
parents were really proud … so yes … that was a really happy time … I’m thinking of doing
a Master’s Degree soon … though that might be through distance learning as I have a full-
time job now …
D- Part 3-style questions
Examiner: What qualities do you think a good teacher has?

Anna: They should be patient … they should be subject specialists and be able to explain the
subject clearly … they should give feedback quickly … for examples not hang on to essay for
ages like some of my teachers …
Examiner: What are the advantages of studying on a distance learning course?

Florrie: It’s a more flexible way of studying especially if you have a job … tuition fees are
usually cheaper … but you have to be very motivated … and I would imagine more people fall
behind with their studies compared to face-to-face classes …
Examiner: Do all children get equal opportunities in education?

Julie: In my country I think it is quite equal but in the UK I’ve heard that most people who go
to the top universities have studied at public schools … you have to be very rich to study in a
school like that … they’re usually boarding schools as well so the fees are enormous …
43
II-VOCABULARY WORD BANK
WORDS MEANING
44

45
2 - KNOWING UOUR ACADEMIC DEGREE

Education Possible Answers
What do you study?.....................................................................................................................
Which level are you?...................................................................................................................
Are you a graduate or an undergraduate student?..........................................................................
Are you a part-time or a full-time student?...................................................................................
Which degree will you earn when you graduate?..........................................................................
Will you hold a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree after a four-year undergraduate programme?..........
Will you hold a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree after a 4+1 year graduate programme?..................
In which area do you intend to major or specialize?.....................................................................
What is your career plan?...........................................................................................................
3- ACADEMIC DEGREE
 First degree
Bachelor’s degree
 Second degree
Master’s degree
 Third degree
Doctor’s degree, doctoral degree, Ph.D.
NOTE
46
Bachelor of Arts ( BA) Bachelor of Science ( BSc)
Master of Arts (MA) Master of Science (MSc)
In writing: Jake Lenard, BSc (rarely used)

Anne Stern, MA
Henry Hill, PhD
Examples:
She is a Bachelor of Economics.
She is a master’s degree in Economics.
She is a Master of Business Administration (MBA).
In conversation: « Mr Lenard ,…» ( no title)

« Ms Stern ,…» ( no title)
« Dr. Hill ,…» (Title)
Examples:
He has a BA in Economics.
He has received his PhD degree fromthe University of Oxford.
47
TOPICAL ISSUE
Part 1 –task card
How can education be a key for personal development?
Part 2
4. Is there a system of Free State education in your country?

5. Do you think school and university prepares young people adequately for real life?
6. Do you think schools provide enough careers advice to young people?
Example of Answer
Qu.1: Is there a system of Free State education in your country?
In my country there is a state education system offering free education for children from 3-18,
although parents still have to pay for food, materials, school trips and other extra-curricular
activities. This is only one part of the system, however, because there are also private schools
48
and semi-private schools, which are partly funded by the state. So on the one hand it appears
that we do have Free State education, but in actual fact it isn’t available to everyone because
places are limited.
READING
Before you read the text answer the following questions.
1. Do you use the Internet a lot? Why?
2. What search engine do you usually use?
TEXT: The importance of Google.
Since its start in 1998, Google has become one of the most popular search engines. It has grown
from a research project in the dormitory room of two college students to a business that now
employs approximately 20,000 people. Google’s founders, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, met in
1995 when they were in their twenties and graduate students in computer science at Stanford
University in California. They realized that Internet search was a very important field and
began working together to make searching easier. Both Page and Brin left their studies at
Stanford to work on their project. Interestingly, they have never returned to finish their degrees.
49
Brin was born in Russia, but he has lived in the U.S. since he was five years old. His father was
a mathematician in Russia. Page, whose parents were computer experts, has been interested in
computers since he was six years old. When Google started in 1998, it did 10,000 searches a
day. Today it does 235 million searches a day in 40 languages. It indexes 2 1 trillion Web
pages. How is Google different from other search engines? Have you ever noticed how many
ads and banners there are on other search engines? News, sports scores, stock prices, links for
shopping, mortgage rates, and more fill other search engines. Brin and Page wanted a clean
home page. They believed that people come to the Internet to search for specific information,
not to be hit with a lot of unwanted data. The success of Google over its rivals3 has proved that
this is true. Over the years, Google has added new features to its Web site: Google Images,
where you can type in a word and get thousands of pictures; Google News, which takes you to
today’s news; Google Maps; and more. But one thing hasn’t changed: the clean opening page
that Google offers its users. In 2009, Forbes.com listed Page and Brin as having net worths of
$12 billion each, at 36 and 35 years old.
COMPREHENSION CHECK
Tell if the sentence is true or false.
1. Google has grown over the years.
2. Sergey Brin has lived in the U.S. all his life.
3. Larry Page and Sergey Brin have known each other since they were children.
4. Larry Page has been interested in computers since he was a child.
5. Brin and Page have returned to college to finish their degrees.
6. Brin and Page have become rich.
7. The noun “Google” has become a verb.

50
GRAMMAR
I-THE PRESENT PERFECT
1-FORMULA
HAS /HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Examples:
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You have seen that movie many times.
Have you seen that movie many times?
You have not seen that movie many times
2-When to use The Present Perfect Tense
 We use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about experiences. It is important if we have done it in
our lives or not. It is not important when we did it.
Examples
I have been abroad two times.
Anna has never broken a leg.
Have you ever eaten sushi?
Tip! We often use never and ever with the Present Perfect Tense to talk about experience.
 We use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about an action which started in the past and
continuous up to now.
Examples
I have been a teacher for more than ten years.
We haven't seen Janine since Friday.
How long have you been at this school?
Tip! We often use since and for to say how long the action has lasted.
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 We also use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about a past action that has the result in the
present.
Examples
I have lost my wallet. = I don't have it now.
Jimmy has gone to South America. = He isn't here now.
Have you finished your homework? = Is your homework ready?
Tip! We often use just, already and yet with the Present Perfect Tense for an action in the past
with the result in the present.
3-Signal Words of Present Perfect Simple
Already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now
We use the present perfect tense to show that an action or state started in the past and continues
to the present.
EXAMPLES EXPLANATION
Larry Page has been interested in computers Use for + an amount of time: for two
for many years. My sister has been a months, for three years, for one hour, for a
programmer for three years long time, etc.
Brin’s family has been in the U.S. since Use since with the date, month, year, etc.,
1979. I have had my computer since March. that the action began
Personal computers have been popular since
the 1980s
Brin has been interested in computers since Use since with the beginning of the
he was a child. I have had an e-mail account continuous action or state. The verb in the
since I bought my computer since clause is simple past.
How long has Brin’s family been in the Use how long to ask about the amount of
U.S.? How long have you had your time from the past to the present.
computer?
Larry Page has always lived in the U.S. He We use the present perfect with always to
has always been interested in computers show that an action began in the past and
continues to the present.
My grandmother has never used a computer. We use the present perfect with never to
Google has never put advertising on its show that something has not occurred from
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opening page the past to the present.
Exercises
Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with the missing words.
I’ve known my best friend since we were in high school.
1. My brother has been in the U.S. ……………..1998.
2. My mother………………………. never been in the U.S.
3. How…………………………… have you been in the U.S.?
4. I’ve known the teacher since I………………….. to study at this school.
5. My sister’s……………………… married for two years.
6. She’s had the same job………………………… ten years.
7. My best friend and I…………………… known each other since we in elementary school.
8. She’……………………… been a student at this school September.
9. I’ve had my car for three years. ……………..long have you your car?
10. I’m interested in computers. I’ …………..interested in computers since I was in high
school.
11. …………….always wanted to have my own business. E
Exercise 2
Complete the sentences in Present Perfect Simple.
11. We are happy to inform you that we (establish)………….a new branch in Australia.
12. Bob Westley (sign / already)…………………….the contract.
13. We (acquire)…………….a new customer.
14. Alice Wilson (agree)……………to organise the teams.
15. I (print out / just)………………the letter.
16. Our customers (be / always)………….satisfied with our services.
17. Unfortunately, you (react / not)………..to our reminder notice.
18. Hannah (send / not)……………out the quotation yet.
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19. (receive / you)…………..our order?
20. Which company (submit)…………..the most favourable offer?
Exercise 3
Write positive sentences in present perfect simple
The following people have just completed an action.
11. Bob / visit / his grandma……………………………………………………………..

12. Jimmy / play / on the computer………………………………………………………
13. Sue and Walter / wash / their car…………………………………………………….
14. Andrew / repair / his bike……………………………………………………………
15. Phil / help / Anne with maths……………………………………………………….
16. Brad and Louise / watch / a film……………………………………………………
17. Tamara / talk to / her best friend……………………………………………………
18. Bridgette / draw / a picture…………………………………………………………..
19. Carol / read / a computer magazine…………………………………………………
20. Tom and Alice / be / to a restaurant ……………………………………………….
Write negative sentences in present perfect simple.
The weather was wonderful today. So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not
done their household chores:
11. Sarah / not / wash the dishes…………………………………………………………

12. Anita / not / clean the kitchen……………………………………………………….
13. Maureen and Gavin / not / water the plants…………………………………………
14. Joey / not / make his bed……………………………………………………………
15. David / not / buy milk………………………………………………………………
16. Lisa / not / be to the baker's………………………………………………………..
17. Aran and Jack / not / do their homework…………………………………………..
18. Jane and Ben / not / tidy up their rooms……………………………………………….
19. Alex / not / feed the hamster…………………………………………………………
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20. Hazel / not / empty the bin……………………………………………………………..
Write questions in present perfect simple.
11. you / answer / the question…………………………………………………………….

12. Jenny / lock / the door………………………………………………………………….
13. Walter / call / us……………………………………………………………………….
14. you / see / the picture………………………………………………………………….
15. your parents / get / the letter…………………………………………………………..
16. it / rain / a lot…………………………………………………………………………
17. how often / we / sing / the song……………………………………………………..
18. Maureen / watch / the film…………………………………………………………..
19. how many books / Bob / read……………………………………………………….
20. ever / you / be / to London ………………………………………………………….
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UNIT 4: THE COUNTRYSIDE
Look at the poster. What can you see in the picture?
Which of the following adjectives would you use to describe the picture?
bleak serene peaceful picturesque boring dull
remote breathtaking rural unpolluted unspoilt remarkable
 Are these words positive, negative or neutral?
 Can you think of synonyms or antonyms (which are not already in the box)
for any of these words?
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Vocabulary
1-Look at the map below, which shows all the National Parks in the UK.
2-Watch the video of Daniel which shows him at the signposts of
British National Parks he visited in 2009.
3-Which one(s) are not mentioned?
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Discussion
1- In pairs, talk about the countryside. You should
say:
• if you like being in the countryside
• what you like to do in the countryside
• where, in your opinion, the most beautiful rural area is
2- Discuss the following question with your partner:

How important is it for us to preserve the countryside and what are the factors which threaten
its preservation?
READING
Read the interview.
• Do you think it is a good idea to have National Parks? Why?
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What are National Parks?
National Parks are extensive areas of countryside which have been given this status to
ensure they are protected to sustain their special qualities. The conservation of the natural
beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage of these parks is paramount, yet they also provide
opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the great British countryside. How
many National Parks are there and where are they?
In total, there are 15 National Parks. Ten of these are in England, two are in Scotland and three
are in Wales. The size of the parks varies from 305 to 3,800 square kilometres and they
constitute 9% of English land.
Who owns the National Parks?
A lot of the land within the National parks is privately owned by farmers and the many people
who live in the villages and towns there. Landowners also include organisations such as the
National Trust. The government-funded National Park Authorities (who work alongside the
landowners to preserve the landscape and protect its natural beauty, wildlife and historic sites)
sometimes own parts of the land, too. It is also the responsibility of park authorities to educate
visitors about the parks and facilitate their enjoyment of them.
Who pays for the National Parks?
English National Park and Broads Authorities are funded by the government. Lottery and
European grants and collaborative projects also help to pay for the upkeep of these unspoilt
areas.
Who makes decisions about the future of National Parks? Any planning or decisions made to
make changes to areas designated as National Parks is closely controlled and the conservation
of the natural beauty of the countryside is paramount. Only under exceptional circumstances
is major development allowed to take place.
The National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 designates the National Parks in
England. They are created when this designation has been confirmed by the Secretary of
State. The Welsh Assembly Government and The Scottish Government take responsibility for
the National Parks in their countries. The Norfolk and Suffolk Broads Act 1988 manages the
Norfolk and Suffolk Broads.
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When were the National Parks designated?
The first National Parks, which were designated in 1951, include the Peak District, Lake
District, Snowdonia and Dartmoor. The most recent National Park to gain its status was the
South Downs in 2010.
The Norfolk and Suffolk Broads is a network of rivers and lakes in the counties of Norfolk and
Suffolk. It is Britain’s largest protected wetland and it is the third largest inland waterway. As
such, it is not technically a designated National Park, however it was given equivalent status
and is considered part of the ‘National Park family’.
Are National Parks good places to visit?
Absolutely. Lots of people like to get involved in outdoor activities like walking, cycling,
sailing and adventure sports. Whether you want a peaceful, relaxing break, or an action-packed
holiday, you can be assured that you’ll see beautiful scenery and remarkable wildlife.
2. In his video, why did Daniel not mention two of the National Parks?
Post-reading vocabulary activity

Look at the definitions in the table below. Find words in bold from the text which have the
same meaning.
Organisations with administrative powers in a specific

field
Make up; form; compose
Paid for
Support; keep in existence
An official position/title
Made certain; guaranteed
Maintenance; keeping something in good condition
Selected; set aside for a duty/purpose
More important than anything else
Uncommon; deviating from the norm
Head of a government department
Verified; made official
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The same; an equal amount of something
Involving two or more people/ organisations working
together for the same purpose
Make easier or possible
Speaking and listening (information-gap) activity
1- In your country, is there a similar system whereby areas of land are given extra importance in
terms of conservation?
If so, do you know where all the National Parks are and have you visited any of them?
If not, do you think there should be a similar system? Why? Why not?
2- Do you think it is important for the government to spend money on National Parks?
Extension activity
Make an information leaflet for people wanting to visit an area in the countryside
You should include:
Where it is located
What the local attractions are and information about them
What activities you can do there
Reading for comprehension

Questions
a) When did the volcanic activity which is responsible for Giant’s Causeway occur?
a) When was the estate of Chatsworth bought and by which family is it owned?
a) How many people are estimated to make use of the Chatsworth estate on an annual
basis?
a) What is the Scottish word for ‘lake’?
a) What is the name of the film, set at Chatsworth House, in which Keira Knightley
takes the lead role?
a) What is the nickname of the Loch Ness Monster?
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a) What are the polygonal interlocking rock columns at Giant’s Causeway made of
and how many are there?
a) Who owns Stonehenge?
a) What is Ireland’s top tourist attraction?
a) In which year was Giant’s Causeway declared a World Heritage Site?
a) What is the name of one of Derbyshire’s most popular tourist attractions?

a) What is the name of the largest lake in Scotland (by volume) and how deep is its
deepest point?
a) What happens in Wiltshire each year at the time of the summer solstice?
a) Approximately how old is Stonehenge?
a) Why was Stonehenge constructed?
a) What is the name of Scotland’s fastest growing city?
2. In your group, discuss the following question. Which of the attractions would you most like
to visit and why?
Loch Ness is a deep, freshwater loch (Scottish Gaelic for ‘lake’) in the remote highlands of
Scotland. It is a very popular tourist destination in the UK and there are plenty of outdoor
activities to do in the area, including golf, fishing and hiking, and (for the very fit!) there is an
annual marathon. Nearby are charming towns and villages and the city of Inverness, which is
growing faster than any other city in the country. In terms of its volume, Loch Ness is
Scotland’s largest lake. It measures over 20 miles long, a mile wide and has a depth of over 700
meters at its deepest point. The thing that Loch Ness is arguably most famous for is the legend
of the monster which supposedly lurks in the water. If you visit, you could take a boat cruise
and, if you’re lucky, you might catch a glimpse of the world famous ‘Nessie’.
Giant’s Causeway, the very famous area of remarkable rock formation, is situated on the north
coast of Ireland, and has become the country’s top tourist attraction. The area is host to
approximately 40,000 interlocking columns of basalt rock, and was formed as a result of
volcanic activity between 50 and 60 million years ago. Visitors are enticed to see the polygonal
(multi-sided) basalt columns which look like stepping stones going downwards to the sea.
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Declared as Ireland’s first World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986, the Giant’s Causeway is
now owned and run by The National Trust and is home to numerous species of rare birds and
plants.
th
Chatsworth House is an 18 -century stately home and is one of the most popular tourist
attractions in Derbyshire. Set in picturesque grounds, the serene gardens are spectacular and are
home to a huge maze, rare trees, fountains and ponds. The estate of Chatsworth was bought in
1549 by Sir William Cavendish. He soon started building the house and it has remained in the
family ever since. The Chatsworth estate covers more than 35,000 acres of Derbyshire and
Staffordshire and is situated along the River Derwent.
Inside the house there are more than 30 rooms, a large library and a magnificent collection of
paintings. In 2002, more than 620,000 people visited the estate and it is estimated that more
than a million people use it in some way every year. In 2008, it was the setting for the film The
Duchess starring Keira Knightley and Ralph Fiennes.
Stonehenge is a breathtaking prehistoric monument in the rural county of Wiltshire in the south
of England. It is composed of enormous standing stones which are set into the ground to form a
circular shape and archaeologists believe it dates back to anywhere from approximately 3000
BC to approximately 2000 BC. In 1986, UNESCO added the site and its surroundings to its list
of World Heritage Sites. The Crown owns Stonehenge and it is managed by English Heritage,
however the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust. Although many years and a lot of
money have been spent on researching the site, the reason behind the construction of
Stonehenge remains a mystery. Each year, at the time of the summer solstice, the monument is
in alignment with the sun. This attracts many visitors, including those who view this as having
religious significance.
UNIT 6: JOBS AND OCCUPATIONS
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In this unit, we shall focus on some of the common words, terms and expressions that we use to
talk about various aspects of your profession, job and your work.
Vocabulary word bank
1- Words linked to job
To hire, to fire, and to quit one's job
Unemployed, jobless; to look for a job; to apply for a job;
Letter of application for a job, resume, CV, interview;
Contract, work agreement
Employer, employee, staff member; to be on staff;
Temporary worker, freelance worker, freelancer, season worker;
To work full-time, to work part-time, to have a part-time job, to work overtime;
Pay, wages, salary, income, bonus, tips;
To be paid by the hour, to be paid by the month;
Monthly pay, weekly pay, hourly pay, yearly pay, annual pay;
Gross pay, net pay, take-home pay, overtime pay;
Taxes, expenses, deductions;
Fringe benefits, sick leave, maternity leave, holiday, vacation, pension plan;
Medical insurance, health insurance, accident insurance, life insurance.
2- Questions and phrases linked to job
 How to ask someone what they do for a living.
What do you do? What business are you in?
What do you do for a living?
What is your occupation?

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What do you do to make a living?
 Possible responses
I am a teacher. I am a car dealer. I am a freelance writer.
I am a sales representative. I sell computers.
I work as a psychologist. I work as a stockbroker.
I work at a bank. I work at a small travel agency.
I work at a hotel. I work at a transportation company.
I work for a newspaper. I work for a film company.
I am in real estate. I am in advertising.
I have a small business of my own.
I am a homemaker. I work at home.
I am unemployed at the moment. I am looking for a job right now.
I am looking for a job in marketing. I am looking for a job as a driver.
I am seeking a position as librarian. I am seeking a position as office clerk.
 Using phrasal verbs
Let’s begin by answering the question, “Where do you work?” This seems like a simple
question, but there are many ways to answer it:
I work at….. I work in… I work for… I work with…
You’re going to learn when to use each preposition.
 I work at /for… (Name of company)
For example, “I work at Espresso English” or “I work for Nike.”
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You can also use “for” if you work directly for a famous person: “I work for Tom Cruise. I’m
his public relations manager.
 I work in…
I work in… (a place) :
I work in an office.
I work in a school.
I work in a factory.
I work in… (a city/country):
I work in Paris.
I work in France.
I work in… (a department):
I work in the marketing department.
I work in human resources.
I work in sales.
I work in… (a general area):
I work in finance.
I work in medical research.
I work in consulting.
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 I work with… (Things / people that are the objects of your day-to-day work)
I work with computers.
I’m a teacher. I work with special-needs children.
If you want to add more details about your work, you can say “I’m responsible for…”
I’m responsible for updating the company website.
I’m responsible for interviewing candidates for jobs.
After “I’m responsible for…” use the -ING form of the verb.
Let’s review
I work at (a company).
I work for (a company / a person)
I work in (a place, city, country, department, or general area)
I work with (people / things)
In conversational English, the question “Where do you work?” is commonly phrased as “What
do you do?” or “What do you do for a living?”
How do you answer this question if you don’t have a job?
You can say “I’m unemployed” - or, more indirectly, “I’m between jobs at the moment.”
If you work for yourself, you can say “I’m self-employed.” If you have your own company, you
can say, “I own a small business,” or more specifically, “I own a restaurant” or “I own a
graphic design company.”
If you decide to leave your job, there are three verbs you can use:
I’m going to quit my job.
I’m going to leave my job.
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I’m going to resign.
“Quit” is informal, “resign” is formal, and “leave” can be formal or informal.

When an old person decides to stop working, the verb for this is retire. In most countries,
people retire around age 65.
ROLE-PLAY
Mr. Jones is talking to Mr. Rooney who he has just met in a café. They are having a
conversation when Mr. Jones asks Mr. Rooney what he does for a living . . .
Mr. Jones: -What do you do for a living?
Mr. Rooney: -Am sorry I don’t understand the question.
Mr. Jones: -What is your occupation?
Mr. Rooney: -I'm a mechanic; I work in a garage on Oxford street.
Mr. Jones: -A mechanic? You must do a lot of work and get very dirty.
Mr. Rooney: -yes I do lots of work. Every day I fix cars and it takes a long time to get clean after
work.
Mr. Jones: -That is really interesting. How many cars do you think you fix in a day?
Mr. Rooney: -On average I probably fix about seven cars every day I do get tired.
Mr. Rooney: -What, sort of job do you have Mr. Jones?
Mr. Jones: -I don’t have a job at the moment.
Mr. Rooney: -why?
Mr. Jones: -I’m at college learning English at the moment.
Mr. Rooney: -Thanks for the chat I have to get back to work now.
Mr. Jones: -yes, thanks also.
SPEAKING/ LISTENING
Think about two jobs you could talk about. Use the questions below to help you. Add any other
information that you think would be relevant. Use the words and phrases in the vocabulary
bank.
Practice 1
A job you would like to do

What do you think the advantages of the job would be?
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What makes you think you might be good at it?
Do you know anyone who does it?
Can you think of any drawbacks?
Practice 2
A job you would hate to do
What do you think the downsides of the job would be?
Do you know anyone who does it?
Have you ever done anything similar?
Can you think of any positive sides of the job?
GRAMMAR PAST PERFECT

1-Forming Past Perfect
Form the past perfect with had + the past participle of the main verb. Form the negative by
adding not after had.
The form is the same for all subjects:
Elyse and Paula did not grow up together. They had lived with different families.
They were available for adoption because their birthmother had given them up.
"Had she talked about the study to anyone at the time?""No, she hadn’t."
"What had you heard about this study before that time?" "I’d heard very little about it."
2-Using Past Perfect with Simple Past

a. Use the past perfect to describe later time earlier time
an event in a time period that She learned that she had been part of a secret study.
leads up to another past event or later time earlier time
time period. Use the simple past The twins discovered that they had both studied
to describe the later event or time psychology.
period.
b. The prepositions before, by,or until earlier time later time

can introduce the later time period. Their mother had known about the study before her
death.
earlier time later time
Sue hadn’t met her sister until last year.
earlier time later time
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Studies on twins had become common by the 1960s.
c. The past perfect is often used to give reason

reasons or background information She was late. She had forgotten to set her alarm clock.
for later past events. background information. later past event
He had never taken a subway before he moved to New
York.
In writing, these verbs are commonly used in the past perfect: come, have, leave, make, and
take.
Had been is the most common past perfect formin speaking and writing.
Examples:
The twins had not gone to the same school as children.
The family thought that they had made the right decision.
Psychologists praised the study because the researchers had been very careful in their work.
The researchers had not been aware of each other’s work on twins until they met.
EXERCISES
Exercise 1
Put the verbs into the correct form (Past Perfect simple).
A. My little brother ate all of the cake that I _____________________ (make).
B. The waitress brought a dish that we _____________________ (not / order) .
C. Last night I couldn't get in because I _____________________ (forget) my keys.
D. When we arrived at the station, the train _____________________ (go).
E. They didn't have any money because they _____________________ (pay) all the bills.
F. We had a big party because we _____________________ (pass) all our exams.
G. I got to the cinema at 6.30 but fortunately the film ____________________ (not start) .
H. I was exhausted because I _____________________ (study) too much
Exercise 2
Put the Past Simple or the Past Perfect.
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1. When their mum _______________ (come) home last night, the children _______________
(eat) their dinner.
2. Yesterday I _______________ (see) a woman who _______________ (be) at school with my
grandfather. Isn't it strange?
3. It started to rain and I _______________ (remember) that I _______________ (forget) to
close my bedroom window.
4. I _______________ (find) a book that I ______ never _______________ (read)
5. We _______________ (try) to change the plane tickets but it was too late they ______
already ___________ (edit) the boarding pass.
6. I _______________ (think) I _______________ (met) this girl before
Exercise 3
Fill the gaps with the verb in brackets using the Past Perfect.
1. By the time we got to the cinema the film _________________ (start), so we missed the first
five minutes.
2. When I rang the bell there was no answer. The neighbour told me that they
__________________ (go) about half an hour ago.
3. I saw New York for the first time last night. I __________________ (not see) it before.
4. There was so much to see in London. I ___________________ (plan) to see a lot of things
but there wasn't enough time. I'll have to come back.
5. If she _______________________ (take) my advice, it wouldn't have happened.
6. We wouldn't have had an argument, if they _______________ (not mention) politics.
7. If you _______________ (not park) there, you wouldn't have got a parking fine.
8. John told me he _______________ (buy) a new car.
9. When we arrived in Ireland, the airline company _______________ (lose) our luggage, so
we had to wait two days to get it back. Fortunately they delivered it to the hotel.
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UNIT 7: PRESENTATION IN ENGLISH
The purpose of this course is to teach the basic rules needed for a successful professional
scientific presentation, both orally and written.
VOCABULARY WORD BANK
1-Thank people for coming Good morning / afternoon etc.
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Good morning / afternoon, ladies and That's all I have to say about...
gentlemen. We've looked at...
Hello / Hi everyone.
I’d like to take the opportunity to thank So much for...
you for…….. 5-Starting a new section
First of all, let me thank you all for Moving on now to …

coming here today.
Turning to...
It’s a pleasure to welcome you today.
I’m happy / delighted that so many of you Let’s turn now to …
could make it today. The next issue/topic/area I’d like to focus
It’s good to see you all here
on …
2-Introducing the topic
I’d like to expand/elaborate on …
The subject/topic of my talk is ... Now we'll move on to...
I'm going to talk about ... I'd like now to discuss...
My topic today is… Let's look now at...
My talk is concerned with...
3-Overview (outline of presentation)
6-Analysing a point and giving
I’m going to divide this talk into four parts.
recommendations
There are a number of points I'd like to
make. Where does that lead us?
Basically/ Briefly, I have three things to Let's consider this in more detail...
say. What does this mean for...?
I'd like to begin/start by ... Translated into real terms...
Let's begin/start by ... Why is this important?
First of all, I'll... The significance of this is...
… and then I’ll go on to … 7-Giving examples
Then/ Next ... For example,...
Finally/ Lastly ... A good example of this is...
As an illustration,...
To give you an example,...
4-Finishing a section
To illustrate this point...
8- Summarising and concluding
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To sum up ... 9-Paraphrasing and clarifying
To summarise...
Simply put...
Right, let's sum up, shall we?
In other words.......
Let's summarise briefly what we've looked
So what I’m saying is....
at...
To put it more simply....
If I can just sum up the main points...
To put it another way....
Finally, let me remind you of some of the
10-Invitation to discuss / ask questions
issues we've covered...
To conclude... I’m happy to answer any queries/ questions.
In conclusion ... Does anyone have any questions or
In short ... comments?
So, to remind you of what I’ve covered in Please feel free to ask questions.
this talk, … If you would like me to elaborate on any
Unfortunately, I seem to have run out of point, please ask.
time, so I’ll conclude very briefly by saying Would you like to ask any questions?
that ….. Any questions
I'd like now to recap...
EXAMPLE OF PRESENTATION
Topic: For example:“Babies need to be fed, held, and loved.”
1) Greeting your audience
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a) “Ladies and gentlemen, thank you very much for coming along here today.
I hope my presentation isn’t going to take too long and that you will find it interesting.
b)“Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen, Thank you for finding the time to come and join
me for this presentation this afternoon.
2) Outline your presentation to include the introduction, body with main point, and
conclusion.
 Optionally/depending on the circumstances: Begin the presentation by telling who you

are, and why you are qualified to speak on the topic at hand.
For example:
My name is _____, and I have two children –and they both have survived so far.
Today I am going to speak about how to care for your baby.
 The introduction often continues with an interesting example, illustration, or question.

For example: Most of you will become parents someday. But do you know how to
take care of a baby?”
 After this introduction, add your thesis statement from above. You may add a goal
statement, or some more brief information about the order of what is to follow.
Babies need to be fed, held, and loved, and today I will teach you how.
3) You will then have 2-3 sections, where you will elaborate on each of the 2-4 points previously
presented.
 First of all, babies need to be fed………………………………………………….
 Secondly, babies need to be held. I will give you some tips on how to do this and keep
baby happy………………………………………………
 Finally babies need to be loved. Research has shown that babies may “fail to thrive”,
that is, not grow properly, or even die, if they are not given affection and attention… .
4) The conclusion briefly restates your main points.
 Begin the conclusion by quickly restating the principal ideas of your presentation.
Today I have showed you how to care for a baby. A baby will need to be fed,
held, and loved, and I have given you tips and advice on doing all those things.
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 Your final statement can be a future prediction based on what you have shown in the
presentation.
For example: When and if you become parents, you’ll need to perfect these skills
in order for your baby to grow.
77
Exercise
a) Complete this presentation introduction with the words below.

talk about look at points of view
questions brief finally
hear act as go along
Good afternoon and thank you for making the effort to be here with us today. My name’s John
Smith and I’m responsible for marketing. What I’d like to do today is ……………..our recent
product promotion campaign. This……………talk will hopefully…………………a springboard
for discussion. I’m going to…………….the marketing campaign from three……………: firstly,
the customers; secondly, the financial institutions; and………….,the shareholders. If you have
any……………, just interrupt me as I…………... Your point of view may well be different, and
we’d like to………………..from you.
b) Complete the following presentation common expressions and phrases:

Today we will……………at . . . ……………..
I’d like to……………….. by . . . …………….
This………………….. us to the next……. . . . .
Let me…………………you an example . . . …..
A case in………………. is . . . ………………….
On……………………..whole . . . ………………
Let me end by ………………………………. . . .
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GRAMMAR
Transitions and Linking Words
Transitions and linking words play an important function in writing. They show to the reader the direction
the writer is taking. They do this by connecting or linking ideas within a paragraph and providing a bridge
between paragraphs.
Let’s say I want to show the relationship between these two sentences:
The river was gradually changing its course. The cliff continued to erode.
Is the river causing the erosion or not? Adding a transitional can help the reader to know the answer:
The river was gradually changing its course; therefore the cliff continued to erode.
Different transitional modifiers imply different meanings; how does the meaning change in each of the
following?
The river was gradually changing its course. In addition, the cliff continued to erode.
The river was gradually changing its course; however, the cliff continued to erode.
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List of transitional words and phrases
To compare or link similar ideas:

also moreover in addition too
besides furthermore in the same way each of
similarly both and likewise
To contrast or limit ideas:

however nevertheless on the other hand still
even so although and yet but
conversely in spite of neither…nor on the contrary
instead
To indicate time or position:

meanwhile eventually first (second, etc.) before
afterward nearby later soon
To show cause and effect:

therefore as a result accordingly
consequently thus because
To offer a summary, an example or a conclusion:

for instance for example after all
in fact in conclusion in other words
on the whole in short on the other hand
as a result therefore thus
.
80
DISCUSSION TOPICS
With your friends choose a topic for an oral presentation.
1) Do people drive well in your country?

2) Do you think that art is important to society? Why?
3) Does your country have a lot of entrepreneurs? Why do you think so?
4) Can natural disasters ever be a good thing?
5) What are some of the benefits of travelling with a group?
6) What’s the best way for a country to bring in more tourists?
7) Smoking
8) Pollution
9) Prostitution
10) Drug addiction
81
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UNIT 1 SOCIAL LANGUAGE

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UNIVERSITE POLYTECHNIQUE DE BINGERVILLE

I-GIVING PERSONAL INFORMATION

A. Giving one’s profile

Do you live with your parents?

7-Free time activities

Complete the Personal Information Form below

Form to be completed by supervisor and signed by both supervisor and employee.

I- THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

We use the Present Simple Tense:

when we talk about things that happen repeatedly or habitually.

1. Philip gets up at 6 o'clock every morning.

We use the Present Simple Tense:

1. When we talk about permanent or long-lasting situations.

2. When we talk about people or things in general

3. to indicate general truths, facts and scientific laws

1. The Earth is spherical.

1. We arrive in Rome at 6 p.m.

1. She loves jazz music.

b. The Present Simple Tense is also used in:

I, you DO NOT /don't/

he/she/it DOES NOT

1. She doesn't often go to the cinema.

DOES he/she/it WORK?

If the verb ends in consonant + y change y to i and add -es:

study - studies, copy - copies, try - tries, carry - carries

II- PRESENT CONTINUOUS

End of verb Ing form

Rule 1 Consonant + e ... drop the e and add ING

Please see the board below. With the example

The present continuous is used for:

At work Mark is talking to Alan in the corridor. Complete their conversation.

2 -present simple or continuous

READING FOR COMPREHENSION

His early life

His life as an artist

His final years

Picasso died of heart failure during an attack of influenza in 1973.

1) What is the text about?

A-Discuss the questions below.

PAST TENSE AND PAST CONTINUOUS

A/ DEFINITION OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

 John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.

 frequency: often, sometimes, always

SIMPLE PAST TENSE OF TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO

NOTES ON AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE, & INTERROGATIVE FORMS

 I was in Japan last year

NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE

 They weren't in Rio last summer.

 My parents came to visit me last July.

1) I …………………….………………(Work) in a bank for ten years..

2) Where………………….……………(you/live) when you were young?.

3) She……………………..……………(not/study) French at university.

4) He……………………………………(Travel) through the middle east last year..

5)……………………………………….. (They/visit) the Louvre in Paris?

7) We……………….……………………(Buy) a new car last weekend..

8) Where…………… ……………………(you/teach) before you came here?.

9) He………………………………………(not/think) that he was right..

10) I…………………………………….. (cook) steak last night..

11)…………………………………….. (Lucy/read) 'War and Peace' at school?

12) She………………………………… (not/write) to her grandmother..