DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF MAPLE LEAF SHAPED

MONOPLOE ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS UWB

APPLICATIONS

A Design and Simulation of Antennas report

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

by

KAVATI CHAITANYA SREE

(23765A0402)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
LAKIREDDY BALI REDDY COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)
L.B.Reddy Nagar, Mylavaram – 521 230.
Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Accredited by NBA and NAAC
Certified by ISO 9001-2015
November-2024
 LAKIREDDY BALI REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
L.B.Reddy Nagar, Mylavaram – 521 230.
Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Accredited by NBA and NAAC, Certified by ISO 9001-2015

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Design and Simulation of Antennas report

entitled “DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF MAPLE LEAF SHAPED
MONOPOLE ANTENNA FOR UWB APPLICATIONS” is duly
presented and submitted by KAVATI CHAITANYA SREE
(23765A0402) in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of
Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication
Engineering in Lakireddy Bali Reddy College of Engineering (A),
Mylavaram, during the academic year 2024-2025.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task

would be incomplete without the mention of people whose ceaseless co-operation
made it possible, whose constant guidance and encouragement crown all efforts with
success.

I humbly express my thanks to our Principal Dr. K. Appa Rao for extending
his support and for providing us with an environment to complete our project
successfully.

I would also like to thank our Vice Principal, Dr. B. Ramesh Reddy for
encouraging us which certainly helped to complete the project in time.

I deeply indebted to our Head of Department Dr. G. Srinivasulu, who

modeled us both technically and morally for achieving greater success in life.

I extremely thankful to my guides Dr. P. Rakesh kumar, Dr. V. Ravi

Sekhara Reddy, Dr. Y.V.N.R. Swamy Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, for their excellence guidance, timely and valuable
suggestions and encouragement that enabled the success of the project.

I would like to thanks Advanced Communication lab technician Mr M.Anji

Reddy, Department of Electronics and Communication for his support throughout the
period of our project work for making it a successful one.

I would like to express my heart full thanks to our parents for their unflinching
support and constant encouragement throughout the period of our project work for
making it a successful one.

I would like to thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff members of
Electronics and Communication Engineering who have extended their full co-
operation during the course of our project.

I thank all my friends who helped us sharing knowledge and by providing

material to complete the project in time.

KAVATI CHAITANYA SREE

(23765A0402)
 CONTENTS PAGE NO
List of Figures i-iii
List of Tables iv
Abstract v
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-9
1.1 Introduction to Antennas 1
1.2 Microstrip Antennas 1
1.3 Substrates 2
1.4 Feeding techniques 3
1.4.1 Microstrip line 4
1.4.2 Co-axial feed 4
1.4.3 Aperture coupling 4
1.4.4 Proximity coupling 4
1.5 Radiation Mechanism 5
1.6 Simulation tool used 7
1.6.1 Application of HFSS 8
1.6.2 System Requirements to run 8
HFSS
1.7 Organization of the project 9
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 10-13
2.1 Microstrip Patch Antennas 10
2.2 Omni directional multiband 10
antennas
2.3 Dual band 11
2.4 Broadband and Wideband Antennas 11
2.5 Multiport Antennas 11
2.6 Antennas for 5G Applications 11
CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS 14-17
3.1 Proposed design 14
3.2 Dimensions of the Proposed antenna 15
3.3 Design specifications 15
3.3.1 Frequency of operation (F) 15
3.3.2 Dielectric constant of the 16
substrate (E)
3.3.3 Height of the substrate (H) 16
3.4 Formulas for calculation of 16-17
parameters and Return loss
CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF PATCH ANTENNA USING 18-32
HFSS
4.1 Overall view of Antennas 18
4.2 Overall view of design 19
4.3 Creation of Ground 20-21
4.4 Creation of Strip 22
4.5 Creation of Substrate 23
4.6 Creating Patch and Strip 24-26
4.7 Creating Feed 27
 4.8 Excitation and Boundaries 28
4.8.1 Excitation 28
4.8.2 Boundaries 28
4.9 Creation of Radiation Box 29
4.10 Analysis setup and Analysis 30
4.10.1 Solution Setup 30
4.10.2 Add Frequency sweep 30
4.10.3 Model Validation 31
4.10.4 Analyze 31
4.11 Results 32
CHAPTER 5 EXPRIMENTAL RESULTS 33-48
5.1 Analysing of various Substrate 33
5.1.1 Iteration-1 33-34
5.1.2 Iteration-2 35
5.1.3 Iteration-3 36
5.1.4 Comparison of Iterations 37
5.1.5 Analyzing of various substrates 37
5.2 Modification of Patch 38
5.2.1 Rogers RT/Duriod 5880 38-39
5.2.2 FR4 EPOXY Substrate 40-41
5.2.3 Gallium Arsenide Substrate 42-43
5.2.4 Analyzing THREE Substrate 43-44
Together
5.3 Parametric analysis 45-46
5.4 Conclusion 46-47
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 48
6.1 Conclusion 48
6.2 Future scope 48
REFERENCES 49-52
 List of Figures
Figure No Figure Name Page No
1.1 Structure of Micro strip Antenna 2
1.2 Representing various feeding 3
Techniques
1.3 Representing radiation pattern of 5
patch antenna
1.4 Curved wire structure 6
1.5 Bent wire structure 6
1.6 Discontinuous wire structure 6
1.7 Terminated wire structure 7
1.8 Two wire structure 7
3.1 Proposed structure of antenna 14
4.1 Representing the overall view of 19
proposed antenna
4.2 Representing the side view of the 19
proposed antenna
4.3 Representing the logo of ANSYS 20
Software
4.4 Representing the properties of the 20
Ground
4.5 Representing the dimensions of the 21
Ground
4.6 Representing the created ground 21
Structure
4.7 Representing the dimensions of a strip 22
4.8 Representing the overall strip 22
4.9 Representing the properties of substrate 23
4.10 Representing the dimensions of 23
substrate
4.11 Representing the creating substrate 24
4.12 Representing the properties of patch 24
4.13 Representing the dimensions of the 25
Patch
4.14 Representing the creating patch 26
4.15 Representing the dimensions of the 27
Feed
4.16 Representing the overall of the 27
Feed
4.17 Representing the Project Manager 28
4.18 Representing the leaf shaped patch 29
with strip and feed
4.19 Representing the structure with 29
radiation box

i
4.20 Representing the frequency sweep 30
4.21 Representing the validation check 31
4.22 Representing the message manager 31
4.23 Representing the S11 plot 32
4.24 Representing the VSWR plot 32
5.1 Representing the iteration-1 structure 33
5.2 Representing the properties of substrate with
Material FR4 EPOXY 34
5.3 Representing the S11 and VSWR
plots of iteration-1 FR4 EPOXY 34
5.4 Representing the properties of substrate with
Material Gallium Arsenide 35
5.5 Representing S11 and VSWR plots for
Gallium Arsenide Substrate 36
5.6 Representing the S11 and VSWR plots for
Rogers RT/Duriod 5880(tm) Substrate 36
5.7 Representing the S11 plots for three substrate 37
5.8 Representing the VSWR plots for three
Different substrate 37
5.9 Representing the Substrate with material
Rogers RT/Duroid 5880(tm) 38
5.10 Representing the S11 and VSWR plots for
Rogers RT/Duroid 5880(tm) 39
5.11 Representing the structure along 40
with the properties of substrate with
material FR-4 Epoxy
5.12 Representing the S11 and VSWR 41
plots for FR-4 Epoxy substrate
5.13 Representing the structure along 42
with the properties of substrate with
Gallium arsenide material
5.14 Representing the S11 and VSWR 43
Waveforms for Gallium arsenide substrate
5.15 Representing the S11 plots for three Substrate 43
5.16 Representing the VSWR plots for three 43
Different Substrate

ii
 List of Tables
Table No Table Name Page No
1.1 Representing various substrates 2
1.2 Representing the characteristics of 5
different Feeding techniques
3.1 Representing the dimensions of the 15
Antenna
5.1 Representing the parametric variations 44

iii
 Abstract

A sharply rejected dual notch band UWB monopole antenna is presented in this paper. The
proposed antenna consists of maple leaf shaped radiating element, a 50 Ω microstrip feed
line and truncated ground plane. The proposed antenna shows the UWB operation in the
frequency range (1.7 GHz–11.1 GHz) with VSWR < 2 except the notch bands and two band
notches centered at 4.3 GHz and 7.7 GHz. The band notches are achieved by introducing a
meandered slot in the radiating element and U-shaped slot in feed line. The substrate used
for designing of UWB antenna is low loss Rogers 5880 having relative permittivity of 2.2.
The novelty of the proposed antenna is its shape and ability to support UWB bandwidth
requirements, and it also rejects two bands to avoid possible interference with existing
communication system. Good agreement between the simulated and measured results is
observed. The proposed antenna has good gain and efficiency at pass bands.

iv
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ANTENNAS

Antennas are defined as a means for radiating or receiving radio waves. There are
various types of antennas: Wire Antennas, Aperture antennas, Microstrip
antennas, Reflector antennas, Lens antennas etc[22]. Among all of them,
microstrip antennas became very much popular for space bourn applications.
Microstrip patch antennas consist of a dielectric substrate with a ground
conducting plane on the other side [25].
Antenna is usually a metallic device (as a rod or wire) for radiating or receiving
radios waves. In other words, an antenna is a transitional structure between free
space and a guiding device which is used to transport electromagnetic energy
from the transmitting source to the antenna and also from receiver to antenna.
Antennas can be classified into two types. They are omni directional and
directional antennas. In omni directional antennas radiating energy equally in all
directions whereas directional antennas radiate energy along one direction. Sir
Jagadeesh Chandra Bose, pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave
optics. His remarkable microwave research is that he had reduced the waves to
the millimeter level about 5mm wavelength and also, he is the first person to
detect radio waves using semiconductor junction. Antennas are characterized by a
number of performance measures which a user would be concerned with in
selecting or designing an antenna for a particular application. The parameters of
antenna are gain, beam-width, radiation pattern, impedance and polarization.[21]
1.2 MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS
In telecommunication, a microstrip antenna means an antenna fabricated using
microstrip techniques on a printed circuit board and are mostly used at
microwave frequencies[24]. The RF current is given between the antenna and
ground plane. In recent years, these antennas have their importance due to their
thin planar structure used in various products, aircraft and missiles, their ease of
fabrication using different techniques etc. A patch antenna is a narrow-band, large
beam antenna fabricated by removing the antenna element pattern in metal trace
bonded to an insulating dielectric substrate, such as a printed circuit board, with a

Page 1 of 53
 metal layer attached to the opposite site of the substrate which creates a ground
plane. Microstrip patch antenna is made of three materials as shown in figure.1.1.
They are 1) ground 2) patch 3) substrate

Figure 1.1 structure of micro strip antenna

Microstrip antennas can be of different like square, rectangular, circular, elliptical

and also any continuous possible shape.

1.3 SUBSTRATES
The usage of substrate is principally needed in microstrip antennas for the
mechanical support of the antenna. In order to support stability substrate should
consist of a dielectric material which effects the electrical performance of the
antenna and transmission line [29] .

Table 1.1 Representing various substrates

Page 2 of 53
Dielectric Substrate: FR-4 (high loss, low gain antenna, cheap, easy availability); low
loss and low permittivity (RT Duroid 6002, PTFE, high gain antennas); portable n
mobile (RO4730, high performance, low weight, low permittivity, low loss, low
distortion); ceramic (Rogers RO 3200, low cost, GPS patch antenna) etc. Dielectrics
are used for improved mechanical and electrical stability. They are utilized to
decrease the size of the antenna (higher permittivity, lower size) and can assist with
creating displacement current which produces time changing Magnetic Field (by
Ampere's Law). This can thus deliver time differing Electric Field (by Faraday's law)
and a propagating EM field is created. Thus, a substrate can improve antenna's
radiation capacity.

1.4 FEEDING TECHNIQUES

Microstrip antenna can feed by variety of methods. Those methods are of two
categories-contacting and non-contacting schemes. The foremost popular feeding
techniques are microstrip line, co-axial, proximity coupling and aperture
coupling.

Figure 1.2 Representing various feeding techniques

Page 3 of 53
1.4.1 Microstrip line feed
In this feeding technique, a conducting strip is directly connected to the edge
of the patch as shown in figure 1.3(A). This type of feed also called Offset
Microstrip line feed (contacting scheme). The advantage is that the feed can be
etched on the same substrate to provide a planar structure. It provides ease of
fabrication, impedance matching.
1.4.2 Co-axial feed
The most common feeding technique used for microstrip antennas is Coaxial
feed (or probe feed). An inner conductor of co-axial connector extends
through the dielectric substrate and is soldered or attached to the radiating
patch and the outer conductor is connected to the ground plane as shown in
figure 1.3(B). The advantage of probe feed is that the feed can be placed at
any desired position to provide impedance matching.
1.4.3 Aperture coupling
Aperture coupled feed is an indirect method of feeding the patch (non-
contacting scheme) shown in figure 1.3(C). It couples the patch antenna with
microstrip line through an aperture and creates an electric filed in the aperture
which induces surface currents on the patch. The disadvantage of this
technique is that difficult to fabricate because of having multiple layers, also
increases the thickness of the antenna.
1.4.4 Proximity coupling
This feeding technique also called as electro-magnetic coupling scheme. In
this feeding, two substrate materials are used so that the feed line is given in
between those two substrates and the patch is on top of the upper substrate
material shown in figure 1.3(D). Here, also the thickness of antenna increases.

Page 4 of 53
 Table 1.2 Representing characteristics of different feeding techniques

1.5 RADIATION MECHANISM

The main purpose of an antenna is power radiation or reception. The Antenna can
be attached to the circuitry at the station through a transmission line. The
performance of an antenna depends upon the radiation mechanism of a
transmission line. The radiation from an antenna occurs when the
Electromagnetic field is generated by a source is transferred to an antenna
equipment through the Transmission line and separated from the Antenna into
free space[21].

Figure 1.3 Representing radiation pattern of patch antenna

Page 5 of 53
 Radiating mechanism is of two types
1. single wire 2.two wire
1. Single-wire: radiation in an antenna occurs if the wire is curved,
discontinuous, bent and terminated and when the charge is oscillating in time-
domain, it radiates even the wire is straight. Different wire configurations for
single wired antenna radiation are
(i) Curved wire: helical antenna and loop antennas comes under this category
these type of antennas are used for high frequency portable transceivers which are
used in ultra-wide band communications.

Figure 1.4 Curved wire structure

(ii) Bent wire: The radiation takes place more efficiently when the wire is bent,
either it may be single end or at both the ends of the wire because the flow of
transmitted energy tries to escape from the transmission line.

Figure 1.5 Bent wire structure

(iii) Discontinuous wire: The flow of transmission of energy is very high when
the wave is transmitting from one boundary to another, this discontinuity in the
medium is called as discontinuous wire.

Figure 1.6 Discontinuous wire structure

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 (iv) Terminated wire: the perfect termination in an antenna occurs when the
wire is properly terminated, this type of wired antennas can work even in noisy-
environment without any tuners.

Figure 1.7 Terminated wire structure

2. Two-wire: Let us assume that a voltage source is connected to a two-

conductor transmission line which is connected to an antenna. By introducing the
voltage across the two-conductor line transmission produces a strong electric
filed between the conductors. Both linear and half dipole comes under this two-
wire radiation mechanism.

Figure 1.8 Two wire structure

1.6 SIMULATION TOOL USED

HFSS is a predominant full wave electromagnetic (EM) field test system for
subjective three-dimensional volumetric detached gadget demonstrating that
exploits the common place Microsoft Windows graphical UI. It coordinates
reproduction, portrayal, strong displaying, and mechanization in an easy to learn
condition where answers for your 3D EM issues are quickly and precise gotten.
Ansoft- HFSS uses the Limited Component Technique (FEM), versatile cross
section, and magnificent illustrations to give you unmatched execution and
knowledge to the majority of your 3D EM issues. Ansoft HFSS can be used to
determine parameters, for example, S-Parameters, Resounding Recurrence, and
Fields.

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 Typical uses include:
• Package Displaying – Flip-Chip, QFP, BGA
• PCB Load up Displaying – Power or Ground planes, Work Network
Grounds, Back planes. Silicon/GaAs-Winding Inductors, Transformers.
• Connectors – Cajole, XFP/SFP, Back plane, Advances.
• Waveguide – Channels, Resonators, Changes, Couplers.
• Filters – Pit Channels, Miniaturized scale strip, Dielectric.
• HFSS is an intelligent reproduction framework whose essential work
component is a tetrahedron. This enables you to unravel any subjective 3D
geometry, particularly those with complex bends and shapes, in a small amount
of the time it would take utilizing different methods.
• The name HFSS represents High Recurrence Structure Test system. Ansys
spearheaded the utilization of the Limited Component Strategy (FEM) for EM
recreation by creating/executing advances, for example, digressive vector limited
components, versatile cross section, and Versatile Lancozos - pade Breadth
(ALPS). Today, HFSS keeps on coming out on top with advancements, for
example, Modes to Hubs and Full-wave Zest.
• Ansys HFSS has advanced over a time of years with contribution from
numerous clients and businesses. In industry, Ansys HFSS is the apparatus of
decision for High profitability research, advancement, and virtual prototyping.

1.6.1 APPLICATIONS OF HFSS

HFSS is utilized in different field to mimic and get required examples. Some of
them are
• Antennas
• Microwave advances
• Waveguide segments
• RF channels
• Three-dimensional discontinuities
• Passive circuit components

1.6.2 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS TO RUN HFSS

ANSYS, CFX, Familiar, AUTODYN, HFSS, and MAXWELL are altogether

bolstered on Windows 7 64-bit. This stage gives the investigation network incredible

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figuring limit while conveyed at item estimating. A multicore 64-bit processor
framework can address a lot of Smash and permit huge document sizes. A
recommended examination framework might be something like: - Double Six Center
or Eight Center Processors - Windows 7 64bit - 1 GB (or higher) illustrations card
(DRD has had great involvement with NVIDIA cards). - 12-48 GB of Smash - DVD
R/W Drive.

1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THE PROJECT

The Thesis is organized into 7 chapters

Chapter 1: Discuss about the introduction to microstrip antennas, mainly about

feeding techniques, HFSS simulation software and system requirements of it.
Motivation towards the present work is also discussed.

Chapter 2: Antennas in literature for different applications are reviewed. Also,

antennas with different Defected ground structures are surveyed for both wideband
and multiband frequencies.

Chapter 3: Theoretical analysis of the proposed antenna is discussed and also design
specifications are mentioned. The design flow of the proposed antenna is discussed.

Chapter 4: Describes how proposed antenna is designed using HFSS simulation

software and shows step by step procedure to design a microstrip patch antenna.

Chapter 5: Gives a detailed analysis of the proposed antenna performance and final
results are shown. The characteristics of the proposed antenna are observed and
plotted.

Chapter 6: Concludes the highlights of our work in the project and future scope of
the antenna are discussed.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY
In this literature survey, how a microstrip antenna is designed is observed through
different research papers. The following survey describes the step-by-step
analysis of design of a microstrip patch antenna. The limitations of microstrip
antenna are less data transmission capacity and low gain. These limitations are
improved by using various shapes of patch antenna, defected ground structure etc.

2.1 MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNAS

Houda Werfilli et al designed a rectangular microstrip patch antenna whose
reflection coefficient is less than -10dB, operates at 3.1-5.1GHz, in which they
explained about different feeding techniques but works only for few
applications [27].
Gazala Pravin et al proposed a low cost microstrip patch antenna array for
wireless communications which is designed for high-speed wireless local area
networks, in which a good VSWR value was observed but this antenna
operates only at 5GHz frequency band [28].
2.2 OMNI-DIRECTIONAL MULTIBAND ANTENNAS
Jiaqian Cui et.al proposed an omni directional multiband antenna for rail way
applications [30]. It not only works for Railway applications but also it is
meant to work for GSM, LTE and Wi-fi communications. The antenna has a
double-sided planar dipole configuration with a single port. The dimensions of
the antenna are 116mm x 40mm x 1.6mm. the gain is obtained in the range of
4.27 to 9.82 dB. It can be operated at frequencies in the range of825–960
MHz, 1.7–2.7 GHz and 5.7–5.9 GHz with a return loss better than -10 dB. It
has the advantages of low cost and easy fabrication.

Page 10 of 53
2.3 DUALBAND ANTENNAS

Nada alaa et.al proposed a dual band millimeter wave circularly polarized
antenna for mobile communications [1]. This antenna is designed to operate at
38 GHz. The dimensions of the patch are 2.9mm x 2.9mm with the thickness
of 0.25mm. the achieved gain is 6.6dBi and radiation efficiency of 92%
respectively.

2.4 BROADBAND AND WIDEBAND ANTENAAS

Xiaocheng wang et.al proposed a broadband D-band patch antenna array in

wafer-level package based on BCB process. Here Benzocyclobutene(BCB)
material is used as substrate for antenna and as well as inter connection layer
by enabling low loss interconnection [2]. The 2 x 2 tacked antenna array
features a stable high gain broadside radiation pattern. It achieves a bandwidth
of 18.9%. and gain more than 35dB across the whole operating band.
Quing-Xin-Chu et.al proposed a compact ultra-wide band antenna with3.4/5.5
GHz dual band notched characteristics [13]. With the help of this WIMAX
/WILAN applications are achieved. The dimensions are given as 30mm x
26mmon FR-4 epoxy substrate with the thickness of 1.6mm, the gain
produced is about 2-5dBi.

2.5 MULTIPORT ANTENNAS

Wen duan et.al proposed a multiport patch antenna for flexible power
combining and feeding choice. It is designed to operate at 1.5 GHz [8]. The
substrate used is Rogers 4003C with relative permittivity of 3.38 and thickness
of 1.524mm. it produces a gain of -10dB.they are compared to further prove
the proposed power combining method in multiport antennas.

2.6 ANTENNAS FOR 5G APPLICATIONS

Peter Njogu et.al proposed 3D printed finger nail antennas for 5G applications.
They operate at 15 GHz frequency [16]. The dimensions are given as 19mm
x 15mm. and it perfectly matches at -10dB gain. The proposed on-body
antennas can find application in the Internet of Things (IoT) where large
amount of sensing data can be shared at the microwave and millimeter

Page 11 of 53
wave spectrum of future 5G communications. The removable finger nails
could include other electronic devices such as on-body sensors, computational,
storage and communication systems.
Julien Hautcoeur et.al proposed a 60 GHz frequency sensor antenna for short-
range millimeter wave detection application [4]. The design is based on the
following dimensions, they are: 47mm x 35mm with the thickness of 0254mm
resulting in high range radiation efficiency for image detecting systems. It
produces a gain of 22dBand fractional bandwidth of 2.5%. it acts as a
suitable solution for the low-cost realization of short range networks in 60
GHz band.
Demayana A Saleeb et.al proposed a technique for early detection of brain
cancer using circularly polarized reconfigurable antenna array. The antenna is
meant to operate at 2.4 GHz [5]. It is designed with FR-4 substrate with the
thickness of 0.035 mm and the dimensions are 200mm x 78mm. the measured
s11 and radiation pattern are in excellent argument with simulated ones.
Ka Ming Mak et.al proposed a circularly polarized patch antenna for future
fifth-generation mobile phones is presented in this paper [11].The impedance
bandwidth of the antenna is over 10%, and the 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth is
3.05%. The proposed antenna covers a wide elevation angle and complete
azimuth range. A parametric study of the effect of the metallic block and the
surrounding dielectric substrate on the gain at a low elevation angle and the
axial ratio of the proposed antenna are presented.
Mauricio Sanchez Barbetty et.al proposed a very simple surface-mount dual-
polarized active antenna module consists of up/down converter ICs mounted
directly on top of a patch antenna radiator. Measurements of both single- and
dual-polarized 10-GHz prototypes show a normal co-polarized radiation
pattern and less than 12 dB of cross polarization [12].
Le zou , et.al proposed a novel Ka-band compact monopulse radar antenna
design with a highly directional 2D series-fed microstrip array antenna [7].
The measured reflection coefficients of each port are lower than
−10 dB across 34.5 GHz to 35.5 GHz working band meanwhile isolation
between these ports is better than 25 dB. Furthermore, the first side lobe level
(FSLL) in the sum beam, which is remarkably suppressed by Taylor synthesis

Page 12 of 53
design method, achieves about −24 dB both in E and H planes. The measured
gain of the sum pattern achieves 25.3 dBi at 35 GHz center frequency, while
the nulling depth of the difference patterns in both planes are lower than −30
dB.
Qianwen Liu et.al proposed a differentially fed dual-band hybrid antenna with
broadside radiation, enhanced bandwidth, and high selectivity. For
demonstration, a prototype antenna with the dual bands at 3.5 and 5.8 GHz is
fabricated and tested [9]. The measured results show that the antenna has
achieved an improved bandwidth (|Sdd11| < −10 dB) from 3.26 to 3.58 GHz
and 5.60 to 5.90 GHz, respectively, with stable broadside gains of around 8.5
dBi. In addition, in the stop band, three radiation nulls are created at 3.71,
5.32, and 6.12 GHz for effective enhancement of dual-band frequency
selectivity.
Jia-Yi Szeet.al proposed the loading of a pair of right-angle slots and a
modified U-shaped slot in a rectangular microstrip patch, novel bandwidth
enhancement of microstrip antennas is demonstrated [14]. Required
dimensions of the right-angle slots and modified U-shaped slot for bandwidth
enhancement with good radiating characteristics have been determined
experimentally in this study and the obtained antenna bandwidth can be as
large as about 2.4 times that of a corresponding unslotted rectangular
microstrip antenna. Details of the antenna design and experimental results are
presented and discussed.
Rajesh Nema et.al designed an antenna to work for X-band applications[29].
The resonant frequency is taken 10 GHz and height of the dielectric substrate
is kept constant i.e., 1.5mm for all the five antennas. The antenna is showing
good results on 8 GHz frequency. This shift in the frequency is due to the
fringing fields along the edges. This study will help for authors and
researchers to get a fair idea of which substrate should be given preference and
why to fabricate microstrip patch antenna.

Page 13 of 53
 CHAPTER 3

THEORETICAL

ANALYSIS

3. 1 PROPOSED DESIGN

According to knowledge on patch antennas the present design is also designed

accordingly. First the ground is created according to the dimensions 25.9mm x
30.48mm on which the substrate is laid with the height of 1.575mm. Then a patch of
rectangle shape is created which is then made into a maple leaf shaped using two
rectangles of dimensions 10mm x 9mm. Later for a better improvement of the design
a few modifications are made with a circle at middle of the patch of radius 2.8mm.
And two small rectangles are placed at corners of the patch. With the above
specification the structure got finalized. The substrate material used is Rogers
RT/duriod 5880 (tm) with relative permittivity ℇr = 4.4. The proposed design is a
multiband patch antenna used for wireless applications.

Page 14 of 53
Figure 3.1 Proposed structure of antenna

Page 15 of 53
3.2 DIMENSIONS OF THE PROPOSED ANTENNA

The dimensions of the proposed antenna are as follows:

Parameters Notation Dimensions (mm)

Length of the ground Lg 25.9
Width of the ground Wg 30.48
Length of the substrate Ls 71.12
Width of the substrate Ws 30.48
Height of the substrate Hs 1.575
Length of the patch Lp 20
Width of the patch Wp 30
Length of the strip(feed Lx 4
length)
Width of the strip(feed Wx 10
width)
Length of rect Ly 10
Width of rect Wy 9
Radius of circle Rs 2.8

Table 3.1 Representing the dimensions of the proposed antenna

3.3 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

The three essential parameters for the design of a rectangular Microstrip Patch
Antenna is:

3.3.1 FREQUENCY OF OPERATION (F)

The resonant frequency of the antenna must be chosen properly. The Personal
Communication system (PCS) utilizes the frequency range from 1850-1990 MHz’s.

Page 16 of 53
Hence the antenna structured must be able to operate in this frequency range. For our
design 3 GHz resonant frequency is selected.

3.3.2 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF THE SUBSTRATE (E)

For our design FR4 EPOXY dielectric material is selected which is having dielectric
constant of 4.4. To reduce the dimensions of the antenna substrate with a high
dielectric constant is selected. Here, FR indicates Fire Retardant and number 4
indicates glass epoxy resin.

3.3.3 HEIGHT OF THE DIELECTRIC SUBSTRATE (H)

For the micro strip patch antenna to be used in cellular mobiles, it is important that the
antenna should not bulky in size. Hence, the height of the dielectric substrate is
selected as 1.6 mm.

3.4 FORMULAS FOR CALCULATION OF PARAMETERS AND

RETURN LOSS

1) Calculation of the width

𝑐
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ =
2𝑓0 √
𝗌𝑟+1
2

2)Calculation of the Effective dielectric constant

𝖥 ⎤
𝜀𝑟 + 1 𝜀𝑟 − 1 1
𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ⎢ ⎥
2 + ⎢ ℎ ⎥
√1 + 12 ( )
2
[ 𝑤 ]

3)Calculation of length
𝜀 (𝜀
𝑤

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑐 𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 0.3) ( + 0.264)

= 𝑟
ℎ
)
2𝑓 √𝜀 − 0.824ℎ (
(𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 −
�

0 𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 0.8)
�

0.258) (
ℎ

Where f0 is Resonant frequency, h is height of the substrate, ℇr is relative permittivity

Page 17 of 53
4) Return Loss

Return loss is a figure that means the proportion of radio waves appearing at the input
of the antenna that are eliminated as a ratio against those signals that are taken. For
example, a reception apparatus. In the system that the power given to the antenna
under-test (AUT) is P (in) and the power returned back to the input port is P(ref), the
level of difference between the occurrence and returned power in the travelling waves
is given by the proportion Pin/Pref. If this level results higher then, the better the
impedance matching is obtained.
𝑃𝑖

𝑅𝐿 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑑𝐵
𝑛

�𝑟𝑒
�𝑓

Expressed in dB, return loss is Which is a positive quantity if ref in P < Pi. Also
defined in another way, RL is the difference in decibels between the power transferred
towards the AUT and the power reflected. It is a positive non-dissipative term
representing the decrease in strength of the reflected wave in comparison with the
incident one. This is the situation for a passive AUT. A negative return loss is
possible with active devices. Expressing the power in terms of voltage (similar to field
strength) in a transmission line (assuming a passive AUT), then above equation
becomes

1
𝑅𝐿 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑑𝐵
𝜌2
Where ρ is the reflection coefficient at the input of the antenna under test AUT. That
is, return loss is the negative of the reflection coefficient expressed in terms of
decibels.

𝑅𝐿 = −20 log 𝜌 𝑑𝐵

Page 18 of 53
 CHAPTER 4

DESIGN OF PATCH ANTENNA USING HFSS

4.1 OVERALL VIEW OF ANTENNAS

Antennas are defined as a means for radiating or receiving radio waves. There are
various types of antennas: Wire Antennas, Aperture antennas, Microstrip antennas,
Reflector antennas, Lens antennas etc. Among all of them, microstrip antennas
became very much popular for space bourne applications. Microstrip patch antennas
consist of a dielectric substrate with a ground conducting plane on the other side. It
consist of a metallic patch on the grounded substrate. The configuration of patch may
differ upon the applications and operating frequencies. The proposed antenna consists
of the rectangular patch.

The dimension of the patch is defined by the patch length(L) and width(W). The
choice of substrate is also important. The essential factors like temperature, humanity
and environmental ranges of operation should be considered. The thickness of the
substrate(h) plays a significant role on the resonant frequency(fr) and bandwidth of
the antenna. The desirable advantages of microstrip patch antenna makes them
useful in many wireless communication applications. They have low profile,
lightweight, low volume, easy fabrication with low cost and supports both linear and
circular polarization, easily integrated with microwave integrated circuits, capable of
dual and triple frequency operations, mechanically robust.

They are well suited for applications like wireless communication systems, cellular
phones, pagers, radar systems and satellite communication system. The most
important advantage is the design of microstrip patch antenna using mictrostrip
transmission line feeding technique is so much easy to fabricate and easy to match
them by inset position control and to model.

However narrow bandwidth, low efficiency, large ohmic loss, capability to handle
low RF power and low gain in microstrip patch antenna are considered as the main
disadvantages. The bandwidth of microstrip patch antenna can be increased by
increasing the thickness of the substrate but within permissible limit. In this paper and
8 shaped slot microstrip patch antenna is designed.

Page 19 of 53
4.2 OVERALL VIEW OF DESIGN

Figure 4.1 Representing the overall view of proposed antenna

Figure 4.2 Representing the side view of the proposed antenna

Page 20 of 53
4.3 CREATION OF GROUND

The design begins with creation of ground. To create ground first open Ansys
electronic desktop version 18.

Figure 4.3 Representing the logo of ANSYS software

After opening the software on top you will find HFSS. Go to HFSS and click on insert
new HFSS. The coordinate system along with grid lines will be displayed on the
screen. Now from top select rectangle shape to draw ground. Because ground is a
two-dimensional structure. Now draw a rectangle randomly. To the left rectangle gets
displayed. Double click on rectangle and give the name as ground. And select the
transparency as 0. For vision refer the below figure.

Figure 4.4 Representing the properties of Ground

Page 21 of 53
 After this select create rectangle and enter the dimensions and positions and then
enter. For proper display select CTRL+D. Hence the ground is selected.

Figure 4.5 Representing the dimensions of Ground

The created ground is shown in the diagram below.

Figure 4.6 Representing the created Ground structure

Page 22 of 53
4.4 CREATION OF STRIP

Create another rectangle on the ground for desired shape by using the dimensions which
are shown in figure

Figure 4.7 Dimensions of strip

The overall strip is displayed below:

Figure 4.8 Representing Overall Strip

Page 23 of 53
4.5 CREATION OF SUBSTRATE

Substrate is a three-dimensional structure; hence we chose to draw a box. So,

select draw box and draw box at random position. Now click on box and give the
name as substrate, and select the transparency as 0. Refer the figure below.

Figure 4.9 Representing the properties of substrate

Now give required dimensions and then click ok

Figure 4.10 Representing the dimensions of the substrate

Page 24 of 53
The substrate will be created at required position.

Figure 4.11 Representing the created substrate

Hence substrate is created on top of the ground with the substrate height as 1.575mm.
Now select the substrate material as Rogers RT/duroid 5880 which has relative
permittivity of 2.2. which is shown in above figure.

4.6 CREATION OF PATCH WITH STRIP

Patch is a two dimensional structure. To draw a patch select draw rectangle.

Rectangle will be displayed on the left side. Double click on it, give the name as
patch. And also select the transparency as 0.

Figure 4.12 Representing the properties of the patch

Page 25 of 53
Now double click on create rectangle, and enter the required dimension to create
patch. Then click ok. Hence patch will be created

Figure 4.13 Representing the dimensions of the patch

LINE NUMBER POINT 1 POINT 2

Line 1 22.86, -13.79 ,0 7.62, -13.79 ,0

Line 2 7.62, -13.79 ,0 9.49, -15.79 ,0

Line 3 9.49, -15.79 ,0 9.49, -15.79 ,0

Line 4 3.89, -21.39 ,0 5.89, -22.39 ,0

Line 5 5.89, -22.39 ,0 4.69, -26.19 ,0

Line 6 4.69, -26.19 ,0 8.14, -24.2 ,0

Line 7 8.14, -24.2 ,0 8.14, -27.25 ,0

Line 8 8.14, -27.25 ,0 12, -22.7 ,0

Line 9 12, -22.7 ,0 11.24, -31.2 ,0

Line 10 11.24, -31.2 ,0 14, -29.7 ,0

Line 11 14, -29.7 ,0 15.24, -34.7 ,0

Line 12 15.24, -34.7 ,0 16.48, -29.7 ,0

Line 13 16.48, -29.7 ,0 19.24, -31.2 ,0

Page 26 of 53
Line 14 19.24, -31.2 ,0 18.515, -22.7 ,0

Line 15 18.515, -22.7 ,0 22.34, -24.248 ,0

Line 16 22.34, -24.248 ,0 22.34, -24.198 ,0

Line 17 22.34, -24.198 ,0 25.79, -26.19 ,0

Line 18 25.79, -26.19 ,0 24.59, -22.39 ,0

Line 19 24.59, -22.39 ,0 26.59, -21.39 ,0

Line 20 26.59, -21.39 ,0 20.99, -15.79 ,0

Line 21 20.99, -15.79 ,0 22.86, -13.79 ,0

Figure 4.14 Representing the creating patch

Page 27 of 53
4.7 CREATION OF FEED

Feed is also a two-dimensional structure. For that adjust the axis into ZX Plane. Then
zoom in, draw a rectangle in the dimension of the strip. Hence the feed is created

Figure 4.15 Representing the dimensions of the feed

Figure 4.16 Representing the overall structure of the feed

Page 28 of 53
4.8 EXCITATION AND BOUNDARIES

4.8.1 EXCITATION

To assign excitation right click on feed --> excitation --> lumped port -->then
we will get a cursor of triangle shaped drag it from bottom to top on the feed. Verify the
excitation in project manager.

4.8.2 BOUNDARIES

Set back to XY mode after assigning excitation. Then right click on ground > assign
boundaries>select perfect E. Verify the assigned boundary in project manager.

Repeat the same for patch also. Hence boundaries are assigned.

Figure 4.17 Representing the project manager

Page 29 of 53
 ,

Figure 4.18 Representing the leaf shaped patch with strip and feed

4.9 CREATION OF RADIATION BOX

To create radiation box go to HFSS>model>create open region, then select

frequency as 3GHz then click ok. Hence the radiation box is created.

Figure 4.19 Representing the structure with radiation box

Page 30 of 53
4.10 ANALYSIS SET UP AND ANALYSIS

After design is completed, it is ready to run. Now, we have to give analysis setup. To create an
analysis setup, select the menu item HFSS > Analysis-Setup > Add.

4.10.1 SOLUTION SETUP

In the Solution-Setup window, click the general tab, Solution frequency is 5 GHz,
Maximum Number of Passes are 19 and loss tangent per Pass is 0.02.

4.10.2 ADD FREQUENCY SWEEP

To add a frequency sweep, select the menu item as HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add
Sweep. Select Solution Setup: Setup-1. Click OK button. Then Edit Sweep Window.
Sweep Type: Fast, Frequency Setup Type: Linear Count, start: 2 GHz, Stop: 15 GHz,

Click OK button.

Figure 4.20 Representing the frequency sweep

Page 31 of 53
4.10.3 MODEL VALIDATION

To validate the designed model, select the menu HFSS > Validation Check. Click the
Close button. If any errors or warnings messages occurred go to the Message Manager

Figure 4.21 Representing the validation check

4.10.4 ANALYZE

To run the simulation, click the green exclamation point in the toolbar (located next to
the green validation check mark). This will run all simulation setups associated with
the current design. Alternatively, you may right-click on an individual solution setup
(such as in the Project Manager and select 'Analyze').

Figure 4.22 Representing the message manager

Page 32 of 53
 4.11 RESULTS

After converging to obtain results go to HFSS results>create new modal solution

report>then select S11and units as dB then click ok. S11 graph is obtained.

Figure 4.23 Representing the S11 plot

Similarly obtain the VSWR plot.

Figure 4.24 Representing the VSWR plot

Page 33 of 53
 CHAPTER 5

EXPRIMENTAL RESULTS

5.1 ANALYSING OF VARIOUS SUBSTRATES

We perform several modifications on patch for better performance of the antenna.

5.1.1 ITERATION-1 FR4-EPOXY

Iteration -1 is the same as original structure with the same dimensions but different
substrate.

Figure 5.1 Representing the iteration-1 structure

Page 34 of 53
 Figure 5.2 Representing the structure along with properties of substrate with
material FR4 EPOXY

Wave forms for iteration-1

Figure 5.3 Representing the S11 and VSWR plots of iteration-1 FR4 Epoxy
Page 35 of 53
Changing the substrate in the iteration-1

5.1.1 ITERATION-2 Gallium Arsenide SUBSTRATE

Structure from iteration-1 was finalized. In the same structure analysis of antenna
with different substrate material is observed.

Figure 5.4 Representing the structure along with properties of substrate with
material Gallium_Arsenide

Page 36 of 53
 Figure 5.5 Representing the S11 and VSWR plots for Gallium Arsenide
Substrate

5.1.1 ITERATION-3 Rogers RT/Turoid 5880(tm)

Figure 5.6 Representing the S11 and VSWR plots for Rogers RT/Duroid 5880(tm)
Substrate

Page 37 of 53
5.1.4 COMPARISON OF ITERATIONS

Here all the three iterations are compared together and found that the iteration-3
seems to give better performance compared to iteration 1 and iteration 2.

5.1.5 ANALYSING THREE SUBSTRATES TOGETHER

According to the analysis it is found that the antennas give better performance only
with the Rogers RT/Duroid 5880(tm) substrate. Hence it is finalized for the design.

Figure 5.7 Representing the S11 plots for three substrates

Figure 5.8 Representing the VSWR plots for three different substrates

Page 38 of 53
5.2 MODIFICATIONS ON PATCH

Here the patch is lightly modified. A small circle of radius 2.82mm is placed at
the center of the patch. This turned into iteration 2

5.2.1 Rogers RT/duroid 5880 (tm) SUBSTRATE

Structure from iteration-3 was finalized. In the same structure analysis of antenna
with different substrate material is observed.

Figure 5.9 Representing the structure along with properties of substrate with
material Rogers RT/duroid 5880 (tm)

Page 39 of 53
Wave forms are as follows

Figure 5.10 Representing the S11 and VSWR plots for Rogers RT/duroid 5880
(tm) substrate

Page 40 of 53
5.2.2 FR4 EPOXY SUBSTRATE

Changing of substrate is very simple, just click on substrate and edit the material as
“FR4 EPOXY”

Figure 5.11 Representing the structure along with the properties of substrate
with material FR4 EPOXY.
Wave forms are as follows:

Page 41 of 53
Figure 5.12 Representing the S11 and VSWR plots for FR4 EPOXY material
substrate

Page 42 of 53
5.2.3 Gallium Arsenide SUBSTRATE

similarly change the substrate as Rogers RO3006 and observe the result.

Figure5.13 Representing the structure along with properties of substrate

with Gallium arsenide material

Waveforms are as follows:

Page 43 of 53
 Figure 5.14 Representing the S11 and VSWR wave forms for Gallium Arsenide’s
substrate

5.2.4 ANALYSING THREE SUBSTRATES TOGETHER

Figure 5.15 Representing the S11 plots for three substrates

Figure 5.16 Representing the VSWR plots for three different substrates

Page 44 of 53
 5.3 PARAMETERIC ANALYSIS

S.no Parameter Frequency Operating Impedance Obtained

variation band frequency bandwidth gain(dB)
(%)
1. Iteration 1 6.85-8.2 8.09 17.9 -14.3
12.8-14 13.8 8.9 -11.3
1.1 Iteration 2 6.23-6.3 6.02 1.11 -28.3
8-8.20 8.18 2.46 -10.9
1.2 Iteration 3 6.23-6.8 6.62 8.74 -30.24
6.89-8.19 8.09 17.2 -12.74
2. Substrate 6.23-6.8 6.62 8.74 -30.24
FR-4
6.89-8.19 8.09 17.2 -12.74
2.1 Substrate 8.45-9.2 9.13 8.50 -18.34
Duroid TM
10.4-11.4 11.2 9.17 -13.2
2.2 Substrate 14.3-14.7 14.4 2.75 -13.06
Rogers
3. Feed width 6.23-6.8 6.62 8.74 -30.24
(2mm)
6.89-8.19 8.09 17.2 -12.74

Page 45 of 53
 3.1 Feed 6.2-6.4 6.23 3.17 -24
width(4mm)
8.0-8.15 8.12 1.87 -34.7
10.63-12.6 12.1 16.9 -28.56

Table 5.1 Representing the parametric variations

5.4 CONCLUSION

The design is finalized according the analysis of different iterations, substrate

materials and feed widths. The design using iteration 2 and Rogers RT/duroid
5880(tm0 substrate with feed width of 4mm is finalized and observed results and
verified.

Figure 5.25 Representing the overall structure of proposed antenna

Page 46 of 53
Page 47 of 53
Graphical results

Figure 5.26 Representing the overall S11 and VSWR plots for the proposed
structure

Page 48 of 53
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 CONCLUSION

The design is finalized according the analysis of different iterations, substrate

materials and feed widths. The design using iteration 3 and FR-4 epoxy substrate with
feed width of 4mm is finalized and observed results and verified.

It is an maple leaf shape patch antenna, with patch dimensions 20mm x 30mm, with
the thickness of 1.6mm, using FR-4 epoxy substrate with relative permittivity ε r=4.4.
The Eight-shaped patch is modified using a circular slot in the middle and two small
rectangular slots at the opposite of the patch, which turned into a better result by
providing the frequencies at 6.5GHz (Wi-Fi), 8.12GHz (C and X bands), 12.1GHz
(WIMAX). It is used for wireless communications as mentioned above. The simulated
and measured results are in good agreement. a maple leaf shape UWB antenna with
dual band notch functionality. The antenna is simulated and fabricated on the low loss
material of a Rogers 5880 substrate. The antenna system has compact dimensions of
33 ×34 ×1.575 mm. Notches in the proposed antenna are created by optimally placing
notching structures in the radiation element and feeding line. The antenna system is
analyzed in term of return loss, VSWR, surface current density and radiation
characteristics and gain. A good agreement is observed between the simulated and
measured results.

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE

The future scope for the designed antenna is, the antennas can be designed with low
and a smaller number of dimensions to work at high number of frequencies. It also
can be achieved by further modifications on the patch like using different shapes of
patches.

This helps to develop high applications with a minimum effort in future.

Page 49 of 53
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