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    Riemannian Exercise 04

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    Riemannian Exercise 04

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    Riemannian Exercise 04

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    Sommersemester 2024 17 May, 2024

    Jesse Ratzkin

    Third Exercise Sheet for Riemann Geometry


    1. (Problem 3-15 from Lee’s book) Recall that the Minkowski scalar product on R(n,1) is given by
    n
    X
    ⟨⟨(x, t), (y, τ )⟩⟩ = ⟨⟨(x1 , . . . , xn , t), (y 1 , . . . , y n , τ )⟩⟩ = −tτ + xi y i = ⟨x, y⟩ − tτ
    i=1

    and define the orthochronous group

    O(n, 1) = {A ∈ Gl(n + 1, R) : ⟨⟨A(x, t), A(y, τ )⟩⟩ = ⟨(x, t), (y, τ )⟩⟩}.

    We also let
    S = {(x, t) ∈ R(n,1) : |x|2 = t = 1.}.
    (a) Show that S is a smoothly embedded submanifold that is diffeomorphic to Sn−1 and that the induced
    metric i∗ ⟨⟨, ⟩⟩ is isometric to the usual round metric.
    (b) For each p ∈ S we denote by ⟨p⟩ the line in R(n,1) the line through p and the origin. Show that for
    each A ∈ O(n, 1) the image line A(⟨p⟩) is a single point. We define this to be the action of the group
    O(n, 1) on the sphere S.
    (c) Show that the action described above is a smooth, transitive action.
    (d) Show that each A ∈ O(n, 1) is a conformal diffeomorphism. Is it an isometry?
    2. (Problem 4-6 from Lee’s book) Let M be a smooth manifold and let ∇ be a connection on T M . Define
    the torsion tensor field τ by

    τ : X (M ) × X (M ) → X (M ), τ (X, Y ) = ∇X Y − ∇Y X − [X, Y ].

    The connection ∇ is called symmetric if τ is the 0 tensor field.


    (a) Show that τ is a tensor field of type (1, 2).
    (b) Show that ∇ is symmetric if and only if Γkij = Γkji with respect to each coordinate frame. (N.B. this
    relation does not hold for frames not induced by coordinates!)
    (c) Show that ∇ is symmetric if and only if the covariant Hessian ∇2 u is symmetric for each smooth
    function u.
    (d) Show that the Euclidean connection is symmetric.
    3. (Problem 4-14 from Lee’s book) Let M be a smooth manifold and let ∇ be a connection on T M . Let
    {E1 , . . . , En } be a local frame on an open set U ⊂ M and let ε1 , . . . , εn be its dual frame.
    (a) Show that the relation
    ∇X Ei = ωi j (X)Ej
    uniquely determines an n × n matrix of one-forms on U . These are called the connection one-forms.
    (b) (Cartan’s first structure equation) Show that

    dεj = εi ∧ ωi j + τ j ,

    where τ is the torsion tensor of the previous exercise and

    τ (X, Y ) = τ j (X, Y )Ej .

    4. (Problem 5-2 from Lee’s book) Let (M, g) be a Riemannian manifold, let ∇ be the Levi-Civita connection
    and let ωi j be the connection one-forms associated to a local frame {E1 , . . . , En } defined in the previous
    exercise. Show that
    dgij = gjk ωi k = gik ωj k
    and conclude that the matrix [ωi j ] is skew-symmetric.

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