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    III.-AC-Generator

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    Tricia Merculio

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    III.-AC-Generator

    Uploaded by

    Tricia Merculio
    7 views9 pages

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    7 views9 pages

    III.-AC-Generator

    Uploaded by

    Tricia Merculio

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    AC Generator

    (Alternator)
    EE311 – DC and AC Machinery
    Engr. John Renzo M. Galinato
    AC Generator (Alternator)
    An AC Generator also known as alternator is a machine that converts
    mechanical energy into electrical energy, generated as an alternating
    current sinusoidal output waveform.
    Faraday’s Experiment
    In this experiment, Faraday takes a magnet and a coil
    and connects a galvanometer across the coil. At starting,
    the magnet is at rest, so there is no deflection in the
    galvanometer i.e the needle of the galvanometer is at
    the center or zero position. When the magnet is moved
    towards the coil, the needle of the galvanometer
    deflects in one direction.

    When the magnet is held stationary at that position, the needle of galvanometer returns to
    zero position. Now when the magnet moves away from the coil, there is some deflection in
    the needle but opposite direction, and again when the magnet becomes stationary, at that
    point respect to the coil, the needle of the galvanometer returns to the zero position.
    Similarly, if the magnet is held stationary and the coil moves away, and towards the magnet,
    the galvanometer similarly shows deflection. It is also seen that the faster the change in the
    magnetic field, the greater will be the induced EMF or voltage in the coil.
    Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
    (referred to as Faraday’s law) is a basic law of electromagnetism
    predicting how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to
    produce an electromotive force (EMF). This phenomenon is known as
    electromagnetic induction.
    Generated EMF per Phase
    𝐸𝑝 = 2.22𝑘𝑝 𝑘𝑑 𝑓𝜑𝑍
    𝑘𝑝 = sin[90° 𝑥 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ] Where:
    𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 Ep = generated emf per phase (Volt)
    𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ =
    𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
    kp = pitch factor or coil span factor
    𝑛𝛿
    sin kd = distribution factor or belt factor
    2
    𝑘𝑑 =
    𝛿
    𝑛 sin 2 f = frequency (Hertz)

    180° ɸ = flux per pole (Weber)


    𝛿=
    𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 Z = number of conductors in series per phase
    𝑃𝑁 n = number of slots per pole per phase
    𝑓=
    120
    Generated EMF per Phase
    (Electric Circuit Relationship)
    𝐸𝑝 ∠± 𝛼 = 𝑉𝑝 ∠0° + 𝐼𝑝 ∠± 𝜃(𝑅𝑎 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿𝑎 )
    𝐸𝑝 = √[(𝑉𝑝 cos 𝜃 + 𝐼𝑝 𝑅𝑎 )2 + (𝑉𝑝 sin 𝜃 + 𝐼𝑝 𝑋𝐿𝑎 )2 ]
    Where:
    Ep = generated emf per phase (Volt)
    Vp = load voltage per phase
    Ra = armature winding resistance per phase
    XLa = inductive reactance of the armature
    winding per phase
    Ip = current per phase
    For Wye: For Delta: α = angle between Ep and Vp
    ϴ = angle between Ip and Vp
    ELL = 3 Ep ELL = Ep
    Examples:
    1. A two-pole three phase 50 Hz Y-connected AC generator has 9 slots per pole
    and 6 conductors per slot. What is the flux per pole if the voltage on open
    circuit is 1.1 kV. Assume a coil span of unity.
    2. A 6-pole, 3-phase, 60-cycle alternator has 12 slots per pole and four conductors per slot.
    The winding is 5/6 pitch. There are 2,500,000 Maxwells entering the armature from each
    north pole, and this flux is sinusoidally distributed along the air gap. The armature coils are
    all connected in series. The winding is wye-connected. Determine the open circuit emf of
    the alternator.
    3. A three-phase star-connected AC generator supplies a load of 10 MW at p.f. of 0.85
    lagging and at 11 kV terminal voltage. Its resistance is 0.1 ohm per phase and synchronous
    reactance of 0.66 ohm per phase. Calculate the line value of emf generated.

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