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MSA)

Lecture 6:
VOLTAGE SOURCES IN SERIES AND PARALLEL

Total Voltage in Series Connection: The net voltage is determined by summing the sources with the same polarity and
subtracting the total of the sources with the opposite polarity. The net polarity is the polarity of the larger sum.

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Total Voltage in Parallel Connection: voltage sources can be placed in parallel only if they have the same voltage, because the
voltage is the same across parallel elements.

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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):

The algebraic sum of the potential rises and drops around a closed path (or closed loop) is zero.
i) The application of KVL requires a closed path/loop of investigation, permitting us to start at one point in the network, travel
through the network, and find our way back to the original starting point.
ii) When applying KVL, be sure to concentrate on the polarities of the voltage rise or drop rather than on the type of element.

The applied voltage of a series dc circuit will equal the sum of the voltage drops of the circuit.
The sum of the voltage rises around a closed path will always equal the sum of the voltage drops.

Kirchhoff’s voltage law can also be written as:

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KVL Examples:
Example 1: Determine the voltage drop across the resistor, R1.

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Example 2:

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Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):

The algebraic sum of the currents entering and leaving a junction (or region or Node) of a network is zero.
OR,
The sum of the currents entering a junction (or region or Node) of a network must equal the sum of the currents leaving the
same junction (or region).
Node is commonly used to refer to a junction of two or more branches.

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KCL Examples:
Example 1: Determine currents I1, I3, I4, and I5 for the network shown below.

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Example 2: For the parallel dc network, determine: the source current Is, source voltage E, R3, and RT.

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Voltage divider rule (VDR for series circuit):

Voltage divider rule (VDR) is applied for finding the voltage across a resistor in a series circuit. VDR permits the determination of
the voltage across a series resistor without first having to determine the current of the circuit.
The voltage across a resistor in a series circuit is equal to the value of that resistor times the total applied voltage divided by the
total resistance of the series configuration.

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VDR Example:
Using the voltage divider rule, determine voltages V1, V3 and V′ (across the combination of R1 and R2) for the series circuit.

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Current divider rule (CDR for parallel circuit):

Current divider rule (CDR) is applied for finding the current through a resistor in a parallel circuit.
 The current through any branch of a parallel resistive network is equal to the total resistance of the parallel network
divided by the resistance of the resistor of interest and multiplied by the total current entering the parallel
configuration.
- For two parallel elements of equal value, the current will divide equally.
- For parallel elements with different values, the smaller the resistance, the greater is the share of input current.
- For parallel elements of different values, the current will split with a ratio equal to the inverse of their resistance
values.
The total current IT splits between the N parallel resistors and then gathers itself together again at the bottom of the configuration.

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Ratio Rule (Voltage and Current):

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Lecture 6: Series-Parallel Networks:

A series-parallel configuration is one that is formed by a combination of series and parallel elements.
A complex configuration is one in which none of the elements are in series or parallel.

 There are no new laws or rules to learn—simply an approach that permits the analysis of such structures.
 You need to examine each network as a separate entity and define the approach that provides the best path to determining
the unknown quantities.
 To define the best route to a solution - exposure, practice, and patience, and a firm understanding of the concepts introduced
for series and parallel networks.

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Simplification of Circuits (Reduce and Return Approach):

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Example 1: Apply the reduce and return approach to find I3.

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Example 2: Check the below circuit and determine I4, IS, and voltage V2.

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Block Diagram Approach:

Occasionally the R-R approach is not as obvious, and you may need to look at groups of elements rather than the individual
components; and grouping of elements reveals the most direct approach to slove the circuit.

Example: Examine the following network and determine all the currents and voltages of this network.

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General Example 1: Calculate the voltages V1, V3, and Vab and the source current Is for the below electrical network.
Solution:

Applying VDR, we get:

Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) around the indicated loop:

Using Ohm’s law:

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Applying Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL),

General Example 2: Determine the voltages V1, V2, and the current I in the below circuit.

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Solution:

We can easily find that,

Thus, the chosen polarity for V2 in the fugre is opposite to that of the actual voltage.

Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the indicated loop, we get:

Applying Kirchhoff’s current law to node a yields,

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Example:

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Ladder Network:

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Lecture X – Wye (Y) and Delta (∆) Configurations

 Circuit configurations are often encountered in which the resistors do not appear to be in series or parallel.
 Under these conditions, it may be necessary to convert the circuit from one form to another to solve for any unknown quantities
if mesh or nodal analysis is not applied. Two such circuit configurations: Wye (Y) and Delta (∆) // also referred to as the tee
(T) and pi (π), respectively.

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Wye (Y) and Delta (∆) Conversions: (∆-Y or Y-∆ conversions):

Converting from ∆ to Y (or vice versa) normally leads to a network that can be solved using the techniques described before.

Ra-b (Y) = Ra-b (∆)

Rb-c (Y) = Rb-c (∆)
Rc-a (Y) = Rc-a (∆)
Important to Remember:
 The resistance between any two terminals (Ra-b, Rb-c, Rc-a) of the Y configuration will be the same with the ∆ configuration
inserted in place of the Y configuration (and vice versa).
 If the two circuits are to be equivalent, the total resistance between any two terminals must be the same.

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To convert from a ∆ to a Y:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

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Subtracting (i)- (ii) yields:

(iv)
Subtracting (iv)- (iii) yields:

(v) Note (for ∆ to Y conversion): Each resistor of the Y is equal

Similarly,
to the product of the resistors in the two closest branches of
the ∆ divided by the sum of the resistors in the ∆.

(vi)

(vii)
To convert from a Y to a ∆: From equations (v), (vi) and (vii),

Note (for Y to ∆ conversion): Each resistor of the ∆ is equal to the sum of the
possible product combinations of the resistances of the Y divided by the
resistance of the Y farthest from the resistor to be determined.

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