DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY

PERIYAR UNIVERSITY
PERIYAR PALKALAI NAGAR
SALEM - 636 011

M.Phil. Biochemistry
OBE Syllabus
(For candidates admitted from 2018-2019 onwards)
 M.Phil. BIOCHEMISTRY SYLLABUS BASED ON OBE
(For candidates admitted from 2018-2019 onwards)
Full Time

1. Introduction

The Department of Biochemistry was established in the year 2005. The department is
known for its commitment to the self development of students into well-molded
individuals who can take on leadership role in Industry, Academic or Government
organization. The Department aims in developing human resources in
Biochemistry and to expand and transfer knowledge in particular to the rural
community residing in and around Salem district of Tamil Nadu, India. There
is a greater demand globally, for trained manpower in the areas of
Biochemistry for Research and Development in multinational companies,
public sectors, quality control labs, biopharmaceutical companies, food
industries as well as in universities. The Department is inbuilt and established with
numerous research facilities such as high speed ultra centrifuges, spectrophotometers,
semi autoanalyser, colorimeter, deep freezers, Cold room, sonicator, Gel
documentation system, orbital shakers, PCR machines, CO2 incubators, ELISA
Reader, centrifuges, incubators, laminar flow, electronic balance, etc.

2. Programme Objectives

PO1: To demonstrate comprehensive knowledge on various areas of biochemistry.

PO2: To acquire skills in current and emerging trends in the areas related to the
theoretical and practical aspects of biochemistry.
PO3: To communicate, plan and execute the concepts, experiments, constructs and
techniques of the subject learnt in a clear, concise and lucid manner.
PO4: To apply critical thinking, scientific reasoning and mathematical skills in studied
areas of Biochemistry.
PO5: To train the students to be able to work independently in a group or individually.
PO6: To make a student life long learner with moral and ethical values
3. Programme outcomes

After successful completion of M.Phil. Programme, the students are expected to have
the following:

acquire good understanding of major concepts, theoretical principles and

PO-1
experimental findings in Biochemistry.
acquire skills in areas related to the current and emerging developments in the
PO-2
field of Biochemistry
to solve a wide range of problems associated with Biochemistry by identifying
PO-3
and applying appropriate biochemical principles
Learn to communicate the results in a clear and concise manner in writing and
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oral skills.
to plan and execute the experiments and to investigate, analyse and interpret
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data in a clear and lucid manner
have the ability to employ critical thinking, scientific reasoning and efficient
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problem solving skills
ability to acquire generic and competency skills so as to work both
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independently and in a group
To follow moral and ethical practices and by becoming life long learner
aimed at personal development and for improving knowledge/skill
PO-8 development to become an entrepreneur in the field of Biochemistry and
employed as a researcher / scientist in Research organizations / faculty in
academic institutions.

4. Eligibility for admission

 Candidate who have qualified for post graduate degree in Biochemistry or
Biological Science of any recognized university shall be eligible to register
for the Degree of Master of Philosophy (M.Phil) in Biochemistry.
 For full-time M.Phil registration, candidates shall be required to have
obtained a minimum of 55% marks.
 In case of a teacher or other candidates registering for part –time
M.Phil candidates belonging to SC/ST community, the minimum
percentage of marks for registration is 50%.
5. Duration
The duration of the M.Phil course shall extend over a period of one year from the
commencement of the course.
6. Structure of the Course
The course of study for the degree shall consist of Part –I comprising
three written papers according to the Syllabus prescribed from time to time.
Part I shall consist of Paper I Research Methodology and Paper II Analytical
Technique. Paper III shall be the guide paper relating to the proposed
Dissertation.

Part Course Course code Name of the Course Credits Marks

I 18MPBC01 Research Methodology 4 100
I II 18MPBC02 Analytical Techniques 4 100
III 18MPBCE01 Guide Paper 4 100
II IV 18MPBCD01 Dissertation and Viva voce 12 200
Total 24 500

7. Scheme of Examination
Part –I : Written Examination (Papers I, II and III)
The examination of paper I, II and III shall be held at the first six months. The
duration for each paper shall be 3 hours.
Paper – III examination will be conducted by the University along with
paper I and II.

Part II : Dissertation
The broad area of research shall be intimated within one month after the
completion of the written examination. Candidates shall submit the Dissertation
to the University through the Supervisor and Head of the Department at the end
of the year from the commencement of the course which shall be valued by
internal examiner (supervisor) and one external examiner appointed by he
University from a panel of four names sent by the Supervisor through the Head of
the Department/ at the time of submitting the Dissertation.
Submission or resubmission of the Dissertation will be allowed twice a
year. On receipt of satisfactory evaluation reports, the student shall undergo a Viva-
voce Examination.
The allotment of marks for (i) Theory (ii) Dissertation and Viva Voce are as
follows:
(i) Theory Papers

Internal : 25 Marks
External : 75 Marks
Total : 100 Marks

(ii) Project Dissertation

Dissertation : 150 Marks

Viva Voce : 50 Marks
Total : 200 Marks

(iii) Internal assessment for course I, II and III

Test : 10 Marks
Seminar : 10 Marks
Attendance : 05 Marks
Total : 25 Marks

8. Passing Minimum
 A candidate shall be declared to have passed Part-I of the examination if he/she
secures not less than 50% of the marks in each paper including Paper-III.

 A candidate shall be declared to have passed Part-II of the examination if

his/her scores 50% of the marks in the Dissertation as well as Viva-voce. All
other candidates shall be declared to have failed in the examination.
9. Restriction in number of chances
No candidate shall be permitted to reappear for the written examination in
any paper on more than two occasions or to resubmit a Dissertation more than
once. Candidates shall have to qualify for the degree passing all the written papers
and dissertation within a period of two years from the date of commencement of
the course. The University may grant extension of time for not more than one year
on the recommendation of his/her supervisor for submission of dissertation only.

10. Conferment of Degree

No candidate shall be eligible for conferment of the M. Phil degree unless
he/she is declared to have passed both the Part I and Pat II of the examinations as
per the regulations.
The Degree and provisional certificate certifying that the Degree has been
awarded in accordance with the provisions of 2016 regulations of the UGC.
 Paper-I

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Course code: 18MPBC01 4 Credits

Course Objectives:

To improve scientific research through scientific writing, understanding the concept of

bioinformatics, biostatistics and to have awareness of various government funding agencies
and to follow the ethics in research.

Course Outcomes:

After completing this course, the students will be able :

CO1 To Understand the principles of research methods and instruments. Understand the
methods of literature collection and publishing research works. Identify research
problems and design
CO2 To Use bioinformatics tool for research analysis.
CO3 To use biostatistics as a research analysis tool.
CO4 To know about the various funding agencies for applying
fellowships/scholarships
CO5 To understand and follow the bioethics, IPR and patenting

UNIT I
Scientific Research
Overview of scientific research, improvement through research and
applications of research. Choosing a topic and formulation of hypothesis.
Designing and investigation techniques to be employed, analysis of results. Use
of microorganisms, animals, plants and humans in experimentation.
Scientific writing – logical format for writing thesis and papers – abstract,
introduction, review of literature, materials and methods, results – illustration by
tables and figures, discussion, and bibliography – Harvard and Vancouver
systems.
UNIT II
Bioinformatics
The scope of bioinformatics. The internet. The world wide web. File
formats. Biological data bases-sequence and structure-NCBI,PDB. Data
retrieval – the Entez system. Searching sequence databases – sequence similarity
searches, substitution matrices. Database search-FASTA and BLAST. Protein
multiple sequence alignments-CLUSTAL.

UNIT III
Biostatistics
Collection and classification of data – diagrammatic and graphic
representation of data – measurement of central tendency, Measures of dispersion,
Correlation and Regression analysis, Test of significance based on large samples
and small samples, Student t test , Chi square test, ANOVA, DMRT, Normal
distribution, Use of SPSS software.

UNIT IV
Safety, general guidelines and funding agencies
Biosafety – Introduction. Levels of Biosafety. General guidelines and
practices. Guidelines for DNA research activities. General guidelines for research
in transgenic plants, Good laboratory practices. Containments – Types, Basic
Laboratory and Maximum Containment Laboratory.
Research bodies & funding agencies – UGC, CSIR, ICMR, DST, DBT,ICAR,
DAE, DRDO, DOD, Fellowships – Junior, Senior Research Fellowships and Research
associates.

UNIT V
Bioethics and Patenting
Declaration of Bologna, Ethics in animal experimentation, CPCSEA
guidelines – animal care and technical personnel, environment, animal
husbandry, feed, bedding, water, sanitation and cleanliness, waste disposal,
anesthesia and euthanasia.
Composition of (human) Institutional evaluation Ethical Committee (IEC)
– Beneral ethical issues. Specific principles for clinical evaluation of drugs,
herbal rededies and human genetics. Ethics in food and drug safety.
Environmental release of microorganisms and genetically engineered organisms.
Ethical issues in human gene therapy, cloning and embryonic stem cel l.
Patenting – definition of patent – different types of intellectual property
rights, Case studies of patents (basmati rice, turmeric, neem). Product and
process. Patenting multicellular organisms, Patenting and fundamental
research.

Reference Books
th
1. Gupta,S.P. 2011. Statistical Methods, 4 Edition, Sultan Chand & Son
Publishers.
2. Lesk, A.M. 2002. Introduction to Bioinformatics, Oxford University Press.
3. Kothari C.R. 2013. Research Methodology : Methods and Techniques, 3 rd
Edition, New Age Publishers
4. Day.R.A. 1989. How to write and publish a scientific paper. 3rd Edition,
Cambridge University Press.
5. CPCSEA Guidelines for Laboratory Animal Facility.
6. Ethical guidelines for Biomedical Research on human subjects. ICMR, New
Delhi, 2006.
7. Cooray. P.G. Guide to scientific and technical writing.

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 Paper-I
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

Course code: 18MPBC02 4 Credits

Course Objectives:
To improve the applications of various instrumentations and techniques in the field of
biochemical research.

Course Outcomes:

After completing this course, the students will be able:

CO1 To Understand the principles of spectroscopy and centrifugation

CO2 To handle chromatography and electrophoresis for research analysis.
CO3 To know about the various principles and application of Radiation and
Immunotechniques
CO4 To apply molecular biology techniques in the field of Biochemistry
CO5 To Understand the proper applications of either plant or animal cell cultures
techniques in their research endeavors

UNIT I
Spectroscopy and Centrifugation
Principle, instrumentation, and applications of UV-visible
spectrophotometry, Vibrational spectroscopy, NMR, ESR, Spectrofluorimetry
and luminometery. X-ray diffraction. Atomic spectroscopy – principle and
applications of atomic flame and flameless spectrphotometry. Uses of
LASER for spectroscopy.
Principle, instrumentation and applications of centrifugation. Preparative
ultracentrifugation – differential centrifugation, density gradient
centrifugation (rate-zonal & isopycnic). Analytical ultracentrifugation –
molecular weight determination.
 UNIT II
Chromatography and Electrophoresis
General principles, instrumentation and applications of chromatography –
TLC, GLC, HPLC, ion exchange, molecular exclusion, affinity
chromatography.
General principles and instrumentation. Electrophoresis of proteins –
native gels, gradient gels, SDS Page, Isoelectric focusing, 2-D PAGE,
Detection, estimation and recovery of proteins in gels. Western blotting.
Electrophoresis of nucleic acids – agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA
sequencing gels, pulsed – field gel electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis.

UNIT III
Radiation and Immunotechniques
Principles and applications of tracer techniques in biology. Radiation
hazards, prevention and safety measures. Detection and measurement of
radioactivity, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, phosphoimaging, solid and
liquid scintillations counting – Cerenkov radiation. Autoradiography.
Production and applications of antisera and monoclonal antibodies, Antigen –
antibody interaction – precipitation reaction, immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis,
immunofluorescence. RIA and ELISA – hormonal assay. HLA typing. Lymphocyte
isolation and complement fixation. Immunohistochemistry, immunoelectron microscopy.

UNIT IV
Molecular Biology Techniques
Preparation of probes, Sequencing DNA – Maxam and Gilbert method,
Sangers method, Next generation sequencing, Blotting techniques
– Southern, Northern and western analysis. DNA finger printing,
footprinting. DNA makers
– RFLP and RAPD. PCR – principle and applications – RT PCR, real time PCR In
situ hybridization and FISH. DNA and protein arrays.
Genome and proteome analysis – EI – MS, MALDI, SELDI, CI & MALDI
– TOF. DNA protein interaction – yeast two hybrid system, EMSA

UNIT V
Cell and Tissue Culture Plants and Animals
Animal cell and tissue culture – laboratory facilities, culture media and procedures,
primary culture and cell lines, pluripotent stem cell lines, organ and embryo culture. 3D
cell culture systems.

Plant cell and tissue culture media and cell culture, tissue culture,
micropropagation and somoclonal variation, production and uses of haploids,
protoplast culture, regeneration and somatic hybridization. Gene transfer methods
in plants.

Microscopy – Principles and application of light, phase, contrast

fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, fixation and
staining, Confocal microscopy, super resolution microscopy.

Reference Books
1. Wilson,K. and Walker,J. 2010. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, 7 th Edition, Cambridge University. Press.
2. Upadhyay,A. Upadhyay,K. and Nath,N. 2016. Biophysical Chemistry:
Principles and Techniques, 4th Edition, Himalaya Publishing. 11 th Edition.
3. Heldt,H.W. and Piechulla,B. 2016. Plant Biochemistry, 4 th Edition, Academic
Press.
th
4. Lodish et al. 2012. Molecular Cell Biology, 7 Edition, W.H. Freeman
and Co.
th
5. Brown,T.A. 2010. Gene cloning and DNA analysis: An introduction, 6
Edition, Wiley-Blackwell Publishers.
th
6. Owen,J.A. et al., 2013. Kuby Immunology, 7 Edition, W.H. Freeman
and Company.
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 BIOCATALYST
COURSE CODE : 19 MPBCE01
MARKS 100

COURSE OBJECTIVES : To understand the classification, kinetics, mechanism

of action, regulation and applications of enzymes.

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)

After completion of the course, the students will be able to,

CO1 Understand the isolation, extraction and purification of enzymes

CO2 Understand the concepts of enzyme kinetics and its application in research
CO3 Understand the application of various techniques in enzymology
CO4 Study the different techniques for enzyme immobilization and understand the
applications of Enzyme Engineering
CO5 Choose the correct enzymes for application in various industries by realizing
their current and future potential

UNIT‐I

Isolation, Extraction and Purification of Enzymes

Enzymes general introduction, source of enzymes, isolation of enzymes, extraction of
soluble enzymes, membrane bound enzyme, cell disintegration and extraction. Purification
of enzymes, Recombinant proteins, membrane protein and purification of antibodies.
Development of enzyme assay, quantification of enzyme activity. Mechanism of enzyme
catalysis.
UNIT‐ II

Enzyme Kinetics

Kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reaction kinetics of single substrate enzyme; the Eadie
Hofstee, Hanes plot and Dixon plot, rapid reaction kinetics; pre steady state kinetics,
relaxation kinetics, King and Altman procedure, multi‐substrate enzyme catalyzed reactions;
steady state and non steady state methods. Enzyme inhibition; reversible inhibition and
Irreversible inhibition. Mixed inhibition, partial inhibition, substrate inhibition, Allosteric
inhibition and regulation.
UNIT‐ III

Techniques of Enzymology

Instrumental techniques: Electrochemical methods, Radio chemical methods and

Dry–reagent techniques. Automation in enzymatic analysis: Fixed–time methods fixed
concentration methods and methods involving continuous monitoring. Biosensors,
Application of biosensors–Analysis‐ measurement of protein and enzyme activity–UV
Absorption, Lowry, Dye binding, Bicinchonic acid. Active site–Investigations of active site
structure, Trapping ES complex, Use of substrate analogues, Modification by using chemical
procedures, enzymes modification by treatment with protease, enzyme modification by site
directed mutagenesis
UNIT‐ IV

Immobilization of Enzymes and Enzyme Engineering

Preparation of immobilized enzymes: properties of immobilized enzymes.

Application of immobilized enzymes. Bioconversion studies with immobilized enzyme
packed‐Bed bioreactor. Determination of protein structure: Primary structure and its
determination, secondary structure prediction and determination of super secondary structure
and domain in protein, quaternary structure, and methods to determine tertiary and
quaternary structure, X‐ray crystallography, sequencing. Protein database analysis, methods
to alter primary structure of protein, examples of engineered protein, protein design,
principles and examples.
UNIT‐ V

Industrial Utilization of Enzymes

Large Scale application of microbial enzymes in food and allied industries. Leather
industry, textiles, paper industries, Medical application of enzymes. Enzymes in aqueous
biphasic system, Inter esterification of lipids.
REFERENCE BOOKS.

1. Enzymes By Dixon, E.C Webb, CJR Thorne and K.F.Tipton, Longmans, London.
2. Fundamentals of Enzymology 2 ed., (1998) By Nicholas C. Price, Lewis Stevans, Oxford
University Press, First Edition (1990).
3. Understanding Enzymes, Trevor Palmer, Ellis Hor wood Limited, Third Edition (1991).
4. Protein Biotechnology, Gary Walsh and Denis Head on, John Wiley and Sons, 1994.
5. Protein Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gary Walsh and John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
2002.
6. Enzyme kinetics and Mechanism–Paul F. Cook
7. The Chemical kinetics of enzyme action by K.J Laidler and P.S. Bunting
8. Enzymes structure and Mechanism 2nd ed., (1985) by Alan Fersht, W.H. Freeman and
company
9. Enzymatic reaction mechanism (1979) by Christopher Walsh Freeman Pub, San Francisco
10. Immobilized enzymes by Ichiro Chibata, Halsted press Book
11. Enzyme structure and function by S. Blackburn (1976) Marcel Dekker, Inc.,NY

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 PLANT THERAPEUTICS

COURSE CODE : 19 MPBCE02

MARKS 100

COURSE OBJECTIVES : To provide an core principle and concepts of Indian

Traditional system of medicine , clear understanding on the
screening and characterization protocols of isolation and
purification of secondary metabolites(phytochemicals)
Educating and familiarizing the terms and concepts and
physiology of kidney and its functions, research concepts
and scientific knowledge on kidney markers and molecular
aspects and impart knowledge and basics of antioxidants
and free radicals.

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)

After completion of the course, the students will be able to,

CO1 Understand the basic knowledge on Indian medicinal practice and overview of
secondary metabolites
CO2
Will kniw the structure, function and application of secondary metabolites
CO3
Understand the screening, isolation and characterization of the secondary metabolites
CO4 liver metabolism and its functions and anatomy and physiological significance of
liver and kidney disorders
CO5
Acquired scientific information and updations on antioxidants and free radicals status

UNIT – I
Overview of secondary metabolites : Definition, types. Classification, Metabolism,
Distribution, Significance, Economic importance of secondary metabolism. Clinical
applications and as natural remedial source.
UNIT – II
Seconday metabolites: definition, types (alkaloids, steroids, glycosides and flavonoids).
Structure chemistry, biosynthesis, metabolism and regulation of secondary metabolites,
secondary metabolites as plant therapeutics, economic importance of secondary products.
UNIT – III
Screening of secondary metabolites – Phytochemical analysis, Biochemical methods,
quantative and qualitative analysis. Separation procedures, purification and structural
elucidation of secondary compounds of ;therapeutic potential- by HPLC & NMR
spectroscopy.
UNIT – IV
An overview of liver metabolism and its functions. Anatomy and physiological
significance of liver and kidney disorders. Liver toxicity, nephrotoxicity, animal models-
basis of liver and kidney studies. Therapeutic options for hepatic and kidney disease,
inflammatory diseases. Allopathy and ayurveda.
UNIT – V
Free radicals – Introduction, modern theory of free radical, Oxidative stress, free radical
scavengers. Antioxidants – Definition, property and biological significance. Antioxidants –
Enzymes and vitamins. Antioxidants as markers for various disorder diseases. Medicinal
plants as a source of Direct and indirect antioxidant activity.
Reference:
1. Handass., Kaul.M.K.,1996. Supplement to cultivation and utilization of medicinal
plants. Regional research laboratory . Chapter 1, 2 & 5.
2. Colleen smith, Allan D., Marks. Lieberman., Basic medical biochemistry- a clinical
approach. Second edition. 2005. Cippincott Williams and wilkings publishers 439 :
842.
3. Trivedi.P.C. Plant Biotechnology. Recent advances. 2000. Panima publishing
corporation. 350
4. Irfen A.Khan. Atiya khanum . Role of Biotechnology in medicinal and Aromatic
plants, volume II,First edition 1999. Ukaaz publications. 392.
5. Peter J.Lea. Richard.C.Leegood. Plant biochemistry and molecular biology, 2 nd
edition, 1999. John wiley and sons publication 2000.
6. Thoma M.Devlin. Textbook of Biochemistry with clinical correlations, 5 th edition
2002 wiley – liss publications -480.
7. Geoffrey L. Zubay. Biochemistry. 4th edition,1998. WCB Mc Graw- Hill
Publications. Chapter 17.
8. Gajera HP, Patel Sr. Gdakiya BA 2005. Antioxidant properties of some
therapeutically active medicinal plants – an overview. Journal of medicinal and
aromatic plant sciences. 27.91-100.
9. Seth SD, Bhawana Sharana. Medicinal Plants in India, Indian journal of medical
research 120, July 2004,pp 9-11.
10. Buchanan, B.Gruissem. W.Jones.R.L. Biochemistry and Molecular biology of Plants.
1st edition. 2004. I.K. International .Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 24.

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 CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY & TOXICOLOGY

COURSE CODE : 19 MPBCE03

MARKS 100

COURSE OBJECTIVES : to understand the basics of mechanism in health and in

disease

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)

After completion of the course, the students will be able to,

CO1 Grasp the importance of serum enzyme activities in various diseases

CO2
understand the acute, subacute and chronic toxicity studies
CO3
understand the basics of cancer biology
CO4 Imbibe the fundamental and applications of cell culture
CO5
Comprehend the applications of nanoscience in research

UNIT-1
Serum enzyme activities in diseases
Principle and assay of transaminases, phosphatases, isocitrate dehydrogenase,
5’ nucleotidase, streptokinase, asparaginase, α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase,
ceruloplasmin, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, creatine kinase, lactate
dehydrogenase, amylase, lipase, choline esterase. Enzyme pattern in disease -
Hepatobiliary disease, myocardial infarction.

UNIT-2
Toxicology
Principles of toxicology and treatment of poisoning. Heavy metals antagonists.
Non-metallic environmental toxicants. Methods involved in development of
new drug. Preclinical toxicological studies. Calculation of LD50 ED50. Acute,
subacute and chronic toxicity studies. Irwin profile test. Pre-clinical
pharmacokinetic and dynamic studies. Lipinski’s rule for drug like molecule.
High throughput screening (in-vivo and in-vitro) for preclinical
pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies.

UNIT-3
Cancer biology
Introduction: Cancer cell - morphology and growth characteristics. Types of
growth- hyperplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia and neoplasia. Types and prevalence
of cancer. Nomenclature of neoplasms, classification based on origin/organ.
UNIT-4
Animal biotechnology
Animal cell culture: Fundamentals and applications. Organ and tissue slice
techniques. Culture media for animal cells, cultured cells - Biology and
characterization, primary culture and cell lines, cell viability and cytotoxicity,
cell transformation and cell cloning.

UNIT-5
Nano Science
Historical perspective of nano materials - specific features of nano materials
classification of nano materials - Reasons for development of nano materials
challenges in nano science and technology - Metal structure and bonding -
Quantum confinement (Reduction of size). Applications in nano technology.

Reference
1. Devlin, T.M. 2010. 7th Edtion, Text book of Biochemistry with Clinical
Correlations.
2. Williams, D.A. et al., 2008. 6th Edition, Foye’s Principles of Medical
Chemistry.
3. Lodish, Molecular Cell Biology, 5th Edition.
4. Satyanarayana Biotechnology 12th Edition.
5. Wilson. M. 2002, 1st Edition, Nanotechnology: Basic Science & Emerging
Technology.

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 FUNDAMENDALS OF CANCER BIOLOGY

COURSE CODE : 19 MPBCE04

MARKS 100

COURSE OBJECTIVES : To understand the mechanisms of cancer development,

progression and therapy.

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)

After completion of the course, the students will be able to,

CO1 Understand the basics of cancer and its progression

CO2 Comprehend the factors involved in angiogenesis and epithelial
mesenchymal transition
CO3 Grapple the genetics of cancer, its molecular mechanism and different
pathways involved in cancer
CO4 Imbibe the interaction of involvement of mitochondria and caner
CO5
Get the picture of diagnosis and therapy to counter the cancer

UNIT-I
Introduction: Theories of carcinogenesis, Knudson two hit hypothesis, Agents
causing cancer-radiation, viruses, chemicals. Phases of carcinogenesis: Initiation,
Promotion, Progression. Stages of cancer, Factors influencing cancer, Cancer cell-
morphology and growth characteristics. Classification based on origin and organ.

UNIT-II
Angiogenesis and epithelial mesenchymal transition: Angiogenesis pocess,
growth actors, inhibitors, disease arise due to insufficient and excess angiogenesis.
Epithelial mesenchymal transition markers, role in invasion and metastasis, genes
regulating EMT process.

UNIT-III
Genetics of cancer: Types of genetic mutations, Cell cycle and cancer, Control of
cell cycle-cyclins and CDKs. Molecular mechanism of oncogenesis - proto
oncogenesis, oncogene, oncoproteins, tumour suppressor genes involved in cancer,
Key signaling pathways P13K/Akt/mTOR,Ras/af/MEK and wnt/beta catenin
pathway and its pisological process modulation.

UNIT-IV
Mitochondria and cancer: mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, mDNA,
mitochondrial metabolism, mutant metabolic enzymes, mitochondrial membrane
potential, mitochondria in chemoreistance, inflammation. Apoptotic pathways, role
of Bcl2, Bax, caspases, p53. Cellular defense mechanism involved in cancer.
UNIT-V
Diagnosis and Therapy: Principles and methods of cancer diagnosis-Biochemical,
genetic, cytotoxic, cell growth and viability tests. Principles of cancer biomarkers
and their applications. Immunoediting. Therapy via natural resources - Nanoparticle
application in cancer , Nanoparticles preparation and characterization using
analytical techniques FTIR, XRD,EDAX,TEM,SEM. Properties of nanopaticles.
Advantges and disadvantages of nanoparticles.

Text Books

1. Franks,L.M. and Teich,N.M. 1991. An introduction to Cellular and Molecular

Biology of cancer, 2 nd Edition, Oxford University Press.
2. Vincent,T. et al., 2011. Principles and Practice of Oncology: Primer of the
Molecular
Biology of Cancer, 1 st Edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
3. Weinberg,R.A. 2013. The Biology of Cancer, 2 nd Edition, Garland Science.
4. Hesketh,R. 2013. Introduction to Cancer Biology, Cambridge University Press.
5. 5. PDF research articles from google.

Reference Books

1. McKinnell, R.G. et al., 2006. The Biological Basis of Cancer, 2 nd Edition,

Cambridge University Press.
2. Pelengaris,S. and Khan,M. 2002. The Molecular Biology of Cancer, 2 nd
Edition, Wiley Blackwell.

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 MICROBIAL FERMENTATION AND MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES

COURSE CODE : 19 MPBCE05

MARKS 100

COURSE OBJECTIVES : To understand the basics of fermentation technology and to

have a basic knowledge in various molecular techniques to
be applied in the field of Biotechnology and allied subjects.

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)

After completion of the course, the students will be able to,

CO1 Comprehend the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell organization and their
functions
CO2 Understand the basic concepts of fermentation technology
CO3 Grapple the mode of different types of fermentation and down stream
processing
CO4 Imbibe the role of microbes and how its is helpful in environmental
management
CO5 Understand the techniques involved in techniques molecular biology

UNIT-1
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell organization, Microbial growth factors, Bacterial
growth-Lag phase, Exponential phase, linear phase and continuous phase, Diauxic growth.
Bacterial membranes-Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, structure and biosynthesis
of cell wall components.

UNIT-II
Introduction to fermentation technology- Isolation and screening of industrially important
microbes, Innoculam preparation. Strain improvement for better yield. Primary and
secondary detection of fermentation products.

UNIT-III
Mode of fermentation-Fed Batch, Batch and Continuous culture process and its control.
Submerged and solid state fermentation, Fermentation design. Down stream processing-
recovery and purification of intracellular and extra cellular products.

UNIT-IV
Microbes and Environment- Microbes in mineral recovery-Bioleaching and Biosorption,
Microbial recovery of petroleum, Microbial degradation of xenobiotics, Seawage
biodegradation, biodegradation-production of biomass, production of single cell protein and
mushroom cultivation.
UNIT-V
Isolation and purification of cellular and plasmid DNA, Agarose gel electrophoresis,
Methods for labeling nucleic acids and probes, Methods of DNA sequencing, Analysis of
DNA , RNA and Protein by Blotting techniques. PCR techniques and its applications.

Reference books
1. Principles of Fermentation technology. Peter F Stanbury, Allan Whitaker & Stephan
Hall. 3rd edition, Elsevier Science & technology.
2. Principles and applications of fermentation technology. Arindam Kuila, Vinay
Sharma. Scrievener Publishing.
3. Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology. Mansi El Mansi and Charlie Bryce.
Taylor and Francis Ltd.

MAPPING

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19 MPBCG06: NANOTECHNOLOGY IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE

COURSE CODE : 19 MPBCE06

MARKS 100

COURSE OBJECTIVES : To make the students aware of the applications of

nanotechnology in health and medicine

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)

After completion of the course, the students will be able to,

CO1 Understand the basic concepts of nanotechnology

CO2
comprehend the tools and techniques used in nanotechnology
CO3
Understand the properties, methods of preparation and application of different
types of nanomaterials
CO4 Imbibe the role nanotechnology in medicine
CO5
Understand the ethical issues and limits of nanotechnology

UNIT-I
Introduction to Nanotechnology:- Nanotechnology- Nanometer, Richard Feynman’s idea
of nanotechnology, General purpose of nanotechnology, History of nanotechnology, uses
and future of nanotechnology

UNIT-II
Tools & Techniques:- Basic idea of nanotechnology, Tools and Techniques used in
nanotechnology, Electron Microscope- imaging in the TEM, drawbacks of TEM,
applications of the TEM, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)- functions of SEM,
Difference between SEM & TEM. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)-working and possible
imaging modes of AFM, advantages and disadvantages of AFM over SEM.

UNIT-III
Nanomaterials:- Nanomaterials- Properties of nonmaterial, methods to prepare nano
materials and applications of nanomaterials. Carbon nanomaterials- different forms, methods
to produce carbon nonocones, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes. Properties, industrial
applications and toxicity of carbon nanotubes. Nanowires- types, properties, applications,
production, structure and uses.

UNIT-IV
Nanotechnology in Medicine:- Nanomedicine- Nanotechnology in medical field,
application of nanotechnology in the treatment of cancer, health and environmental impacts
of nonmaterial, how nanoparticles behave inside the organism, lab safety guidelines for
handling nonmaterials.
UNIT-V
Ethical issues and limits of nanotechnology:- Ethical issues and some limits of
nanotechnogy- safety, hazard and public policy issues, information loss, physical limits and
nonsense, solution cause problems, change cause problems, clean, decentralized production
cause problems, even wealth and leisure cause problems, changing employment cause
problems.

Reference books

1. Introduction to nanoscience and nanotechnology. Alain Nouailhat, Gabor L Hornyak,

Harry F Tibbals, Joydeep Dutta, John Moore. CRC Press, Taylor and Francies Ltd.
2. Introduction to nanotechnology. Charles P Poole, Frank J Owens. John Wiley and
Sons publication.

MAPPING

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 MEDICINAL HERBS & ETHANOMEDICINE

COURSE CODE : 19 MPBCE07

MARKS 100

COURSE OBJECTIVES : The purpose of this course is to introduce the

students to the secondary metabolites in traditional
Indian medicine for various its application in various
ailments

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)

After completion of the course, the students will be able to,

CO1 Understand an overview and therapeutic potential medicinal plants

CO2 Understand types , structure, biosynthesis and mechanism of
secondary metabolites
CO3 Understand the screening, separation and structure identification of
secondary metabolites
CO4 Understand an overview of Liver metabolism
CO5 Imbibe the definition of free radicals and oxidative stress

UNIT- I

Introduction : An overview of Indian Medicine Ayurveda. Traditional medicine

/Ethnomedicine. Classification, taxonomy and phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants.
Therapeutic potential of Medicinal plants- A global perspective. Recent development of
some natural products.

UNIT- II

Secondary Metabolites : Definition, types ( Alkaloids, Steroids ,glycosides and flavonoids).

Structure, Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Regulation of Secondary Metabolites,
Secondary metabolites as plant therapeutics, Economic importance of Secondary products.

UNIT- III

Screening of Secondary Metabolites –Phytochemical analysis, Biochemical methods,

qualitative and quantitative analysis –Separation procedures, Purification, and Structural
elucidation of secondary compounds of therapeutic potential by HPLC and NMR
Spectroscopy .

UNIT- IV

An overview of Liver metabolism and function. Anatomy and Physiological Significance

of Liver and kidney .Liver disease, Kidney disorders, Molecular basis of Liver and Kidney
disorders, Liver toxicity, Nephrotoxicity. Animal Models–Basis for clinical studies,
Inflammatory disease – Allopathy and Ayurveda.

UNIT- V

Free radicals –Introduction, Modern theory of free radical, Oxidative Stress, Free Radical
Scavengers. Antioxidants-Definition ,property and biological significance, Antioxidants –
Enzymes and Vitamins. Antioxidants as markers for liver and kidney disease. Medicinal
plants as a source of Direct and Indirect antioxidant activity.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Supplement to cultivation and utilization of medicinal; plants. Handass ,Kaul.M.K,1996.
2. Basic Medical Biochemistry –A Clinical approach second edition, Collen Smith Allan.D.
3. Plant Biochemistry –Recent Advances by Trivedi .P.C.
4. Role of Biotechnology in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants ,Volume-II, Irfen.A.Khan, Atiya
Khanum
5. Plant Biochemistry by Dev and J.B. Harborne
6. Plant biochemistry and Molecular biology,Peter J .Lea, Richard C.Leegood
7. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants – Buchanan, 2009. Grussem Jones
8. Methods in Plant biochemistry and Molecular biology, William .V.Dashek
9. Introduction to plant Biochemistry, T.W.Goodwin and E.I .Mercer.
10. Biochemistry, Zubay G L.,1988. 4th edition, W M C Brown Publishers.
11. Medicinal plants in India , Indian Journal of Medical Research Seth
S.D.Bhavana Sharma .
12. Antioxidants properties of some therapeutically active medicinal plant –an
overview Gajera.H.P,Patel Sr .Gdakiya

MAPPING

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 METABOLIC DISORDERS AND NATURAL THERAPEUTICS

COURSE CODE : 19 MPBCE08

MARKS 100

COURSE OBJECTIVES :. To understand different types of metabolic disorders and

the availability of tools to identify them.

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)

After completion of the course, the students will be able to,

CO1 Understand the glucose homeostasis and its abnormality

CO2 Understand the basics of diabetes and its metabolism
CO3 Know the causes, types and changes happening in obese patients
CO4 Understand the pathophysiology of obesity
CO5 Understand the biochemical tests and analysis in diabetes and obesity

Unit I
Diabetes: Introduction, Glucose Homeostasis- role of tissues and hormones. Diabetes
mellitus - classification (Type I, II and Gestational diabetes). Insulin, Insulin resistance,
mechanism of action. Role of natural products in the control of diabetes mellitus.

Unit II
Blood pressure measurement –Tai 1 cuff method, Current therapy in the treatment
of diabetes. Streptozotocin and nicotinamide mode of actions. Insulin signaling and glucose
metabolism, hypoglycemic agents.

Unit III
Obesity- Epidemiology of Obesity: Global to Local. Obesity - Causes, types,
metabolic changes. Therapeutical properties of natural products against obesity.

Unit IV
Pathophysiology of obesity. Roles of leptin and adiponectin. Prevention-adult,
pediatric obesity. Treatment- Diet and physical exercise, Medical and Surgical approaches to
Obesity.

Unit V
Biochemical analysis: Blood glucose, Plasma Insulin (RIA method), lipids profile,
antioxidants (enzymic and nonenzymic), Primer designing, RT-PCR analysis. Role of
antioxidants in diabetes and obesity.

Reference Book
1. Handass ,Kaul.M.K, 1996 Supplement to cultivation and utilization of medicinal;
plants.
2. Plant Biochemistry –Recent Advances by Trivedi .P.C.
3. Methods in Plant biochemistry and Molecular biology by William V. Dashek
4. Antioxidants properties of some therapeutically active medicinal plant–an overview
Gajera.H.P,Patel Sr .Gdakiya
5. Medicinal plants in India ,Indian Journal of Medical Research Seth S.D, Bhavana
Sharma

MAPPING

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CO1 H M M M L L H L
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CO5 H M L L L M H L
6.

H-High; M-Medium; L-Low

 19 MPBCG09: PHARMACOGNOSY

COURSE CODE : 19 MPBCE09

MARKS 100

COURSE OBJECTIVES : To make aware of students the identification,

physicochemical characterization, cultivation, extraction,
preparation, quality control, and biological assessment of
drugs.

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)

After completion of the course, the students will be able to,

CO1 Understand an overview of traditional medicines of india

CO2 Understand the plant secondary metabolites, importance and its
metabolism
CO3 Understand the screening of secondary phytoconstitutents
CO4 Understand the free radical generation and oxidative stress
CO5 Understand the applications of few examples of Indian medicinal
plants

UNIT I

Introduction: An overview of Indian medicine, Ayurveda. Traditional medicine

/Ethnomedicine. Classification, taxonomy and phytochemistry of medicinal plants.

UNIT II
Secondary metabolites: Definition, types (alkaloids, steroids, glycosides and
flavonoids).Structure, chemistry, biosynthesis, metabolism and regulation of secondary
metabolites. Economic importance of secondary products.

UNIT III
Screening of secondary metabolites-Phytochemical analysis, biochemical methods,
qualitative and quantitative analysis-Separation procedures, purification and structural
elucidation of secondary compounds of therapeutic potential by HPLC and NMR.

UNIT IV
Free radicals-Introduction, Modern theory of free radicals, oxidative stress, Free radicals
scavengers. Antioxidants-Definition, property and biological significance. Enzymes and
vitamins as antioxidants. Medicinal plants as a source of direct and indirect antioxidant
activity.

UNIT V
Properties, uses and therapeutic applications of medicinal plants - Azadirachta indica,
Curcuma longa, Piper nigrum, Punica granatum.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Plant Biochemistry by Dey and J.B.Harborne. 1st Edition, Kindle Edition
2. Biochemistry and Molecular biology of plants-Buchanan,Grussem Jones. Academic
press.
3. Introduction to Plant Biochemistry by T.W.Goodwin and E.I.Mercer. Second
Edition. Pergamon Press.
4. Antioxidants properties of some therapeutically active medicinal plants-An overview
by Gajera.H.P,Patel Sr.Gdakiya.
5. Indian Medicinal plants. P.K.Warrier, V.P.K Nambiar and C. Ramankutty.
Volume 1, 4.University press.
6. Indian Medicinal plants. Ram P. Rastogi and B.N. Mehrotra. Volume 5, Central Drug
Research Institute, Lucknow.

MAPPING

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 CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS AND ENZYMOLOGY

COURSE CODE : 19 MPBCE10

MARKS 100

COURSE OBJECTIVES : To describe the role of enzymes in health and disease

particularly the application of enzymes in diagnosis,
prognosis and treatment.

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)

After completion of the course, the students will be able to,

CO1 Understand the definition and basics of clinical Biochemistry and

enzymology in health and disease
CO2 Understand and analyze the disorders of amino acid, protein and nucleic
Acid Metabolism
CO3 Understand and analyze disorders of carbohydrate and lipid Metabolism
CO4 Understand the basics of liver and kidney disease
CO5 Understand various clinical tests in disease diagnosis and will be able to
have the basics of cancer and its mechanism.

Unit I: Basics of Clinical Chemistry and Enzymology

Definition and scope of clinical biochemistry in diagnosis, a brief reviews of units used in
expressing clinical values and standard solutions. Quality control. Manual vs automation in
clinical laborotary. Clinical enzymology- Definitions of function and non-functional plasma
enzymes. Isozymes and diagnostic tests. Enzyme pattern in health and disease special
mention of plasma lipase, amylase, cholinesterase, ALP, ACP, SGOT, SGPT, LDH and
CPK.

Unit II: Disorder of Amino Acid, Protein and Nucleic Acid Metabolism
Disorder of amino acid metabolism- Pertaining to tyrosine, phenyl alanine, tryptophan and
cysteine. Disorder of protein metabolism- protein deficiency disease, plasma proteins
significance and variation in disease- agammaglobulinemia, multiple myeloma,
proteinuria.Disorder of nucleic acid metabolism- Gout- primary and secondary.

Unit-III: Disorders of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism

Blood sugar homeostasis: Role of tissues and hormones in the maintenance of blood sugar-
modified glucose tolerance test- laboratory diagnosis of early and lateral diabetics, diabetic
coma and secondary degenerative damage associated with diabetes mellitus, glycogen
storage disease. Galactosemia, Fructosuria. Disorders in Lipid Metabolism: Lipid
metabolism in liver and adipose tissues, plasma lipoprotein and hypolipoproteinaemia, hyper
cholesterolemia, lipidemia associated with ketosis, atherosclerosis and obesity.
Unit IV: Liver and Kidney Diseases
Liver disease – jaundice and types of jaundice, Crigler-Najjar syndrome, cirrhosis, hepatic
coma, fatty liver. Liver function test, laboratory findings in jaundice. Kidney and relation to
blood pressure, routine qualitative analyses of urine and urinary sediments -renal function
test-free water clearance, renal function in acute and chronic glomerularnephritis, acute and
chronic renal failure. Laboratory test for peritoneal and haemodialysis, renal calculi.
Biochemical findings in recurrence of stones, abnormal constituents of urine diagnostic
significance (blood, bilirubin, ketones bodies, bile salts, porphyrin, uric acid and protein)

Unit V: Clinical tests and oncology

Clinical tests in blood (HbA1c test, E.S.R. screening for sickle cell anemia, prothrombin
time), body fluids (C-reactive protein test, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), immunologic test for
pregnancy); amniotic fluid (Origin, composition, analysis of amniotic fluid); Cerebro spinal
fluid (meningitis, convulsive stages, cerebral haemorrhage and thrombosis). Oncology:
Cancer cell – morphology and growth characteristics. Biochemical changes in tumor cells.
Tumor markers – AFP, CEA and HcG agents causing cancer – radiation, viruses, chemicals.
Multistep carcinogenesis – initiation, promotion, progression. Oncogenes and proto
oncogenes – mechanisms of protooncogene activation. Tumor suppressor gene – p53. BAX,
BCL2.

Books for Reference:

1. Practical Clinical Biochemistry-Herald Varely, 1954
2. Practical Clinical Biochemistry Methods and Interpretations- Chawla, 2003
3. Clinical Chemistry-lawrence A. Kaplan, 2004
4. Medicinal Biochemistry –A. Aroor, 2011
5. Text Book of Clinical Biochemistry- Burtis, 2012
6. Clinical Biochemistry –Tietz, 2015
7. Biochemistry – Devlin, 2016
8. Biochemistry- Chatterjee, 2016
9. Text Book of Medical lab Technology- Praful B. Godkar, 2016

MAPPING

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 NANOMATERIALS AND NANOSCIENCE

COURSE CODE : 19 MPBCE11

MARKS 100

COURSE OBJECTIVES : Application of various tools and techniques to understand

the different types of nanaomaterial application in health
industry.

COURSE OUTCOMES (CO)

After completion of the course, the students will be able to,

CO1 Understand the basic concepts of phytochemicals and its characterization

using various techniques
CO2 Understand the properties of materials and nanoparticles
CO3 Understand the nanostructured material characterization techniques
CO4 Understand the bottom-up synthesis-Top-down Approach of
nanocomposites
CO5 Understand the applications of Bioinformatics tools in research

Unit I:
Phytochemistry:
Phytochemicals: Classification, Qualitative and Quantitative analysis, methods of extraction,
isolation, separation. Identification and characterisation of phytochemicals: HPTLC, HPLC,
GLC, NMR, IFTR and GC-MS. Primary and secondary metabolism, functions of secondary
metabolites. Beneficiary of secondary metabolites in Agriculture, Pharmacy, Medicine and
Industry.

Unit II:
Introduction to Nanomaterials:
Properties of materials & nanomaterials, role of size in nanomaterials, nanoparticles,
semiconducting nanoparticles, nanowires, nanoclusters, quantum wells, conductivity and
enhanced catalytic activity compared to the same materials in the macroscopic state

Unit III:
Nanostructured Materials Characterization Techniques:
X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, EDAX, TEM, IR, Elemental mapping, FTIR, UV-Visible
spectrophotometer, Laser Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS),
Electrochemcial Characterization measurements.

Unit IV:
Nanocomposites:
Preparation methods: Bottom-up Synthesis-Top-down Approach, Metal-Metal
nanocomposites, Polymer-Metal nanocomposites, Ceramic nanocomposites: Nanoparticles
polymer ensembles; Applications of Nanopolymers in Catalysis. (One example for each
type).

Unit-V:
Bioinformatics:
Outline of Bioinformatics, Introduction and Applications of Bioinformatics. The internet.
Useful search engines. Classification of biological databases. Structural databases- PDB,
SCOP - Structural Classification of Protein, MMDB – Molecular Modeling Database.
Comparison of structures by tools – PyMOL, Chimera.

Reference Books:
1. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants by Bob B.Buchanan, Wilhelm
Griuessm and Russel L.Jones,2nd Edn 2007.Published by I K International Pvt
Ltd.India
2. Phytochemical techniques By Dr.Raman’2005. Saunders Publication,NewDelhi
3. Introduction to Phytochemicals: Secondary Metabolites from Plants with Active
Principles for Pharmacological Importance. byBy Nadia Mendoza and Eleazar M.
Escamilla Silva-Open Acess- 2018
4. Phytochemical Methods A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis
by Harborne, A.J.,1998, Springer Netherlands.
5. NANO: The Essentials, T. Pradeep, McGraw-Hill, 2007.
6. Biomaterials, SV Bhat, Ed. 2, Narosa publishers, 2009
7. Textbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, B S Murty, P Shankar, Baldev Rai,
B.B Rath and James Murday, Univ. Press, 2012.
8. Nanotechnology, AIP Press, Springer-Verlag, Gregory Timp, editor, 1999, New
York, (ISBN 0-387-98334-1)
9. Trends in Bioinformatics, Shanmughavel, P. 2006. Pointer Publishers, Jaipur, India.

MAPPING

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CO4 H L L H L M M L
CO5 H M L L L M H L

H-High; M-Medium; L-Low